The document provides information about various structural elements including gusset plates, cleats, base plates, column splices, stanchions, high-strength friction grip bolts, trusses, and north light trusses. It defines each element and describes their common uses. Gusset plates connect beams and columns, cleats provide support or strength, and base plates distribute loads from columns. Stanchions are vertical supports used for crowd control. High-strength friction grip bolts provide rigid connections. Trusses transfer loads through tension and compression members, and different truss types cover various spans. North light trusses maximize natural lighting through north-facing glazing.

1. ASSIGNMENT - 1
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. VIVEK
SUBMITTTED BY:
NIKITA CHAWLA
AR – 1501
B.ARCH(5TH SEM.)

2. 1. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON
GUSSET PLATE, CLEAT,
BASE PLATE, COLUMN
SPLICE?

3. Gusset plates are thick sheets of steel that are used to
connect beams and girders to columns or to connect
truss members.
A gusset plate can be fastened to a permanent member
either by bolts, rivets or welding or a combination of the
three.
Gusset plate used on the River bridge
Material steel, copper,
or aluminum
Uses Bridges, buildings,
and other structures
Connection
Methods
Welding, bolts, or
rivets

4. MATERIALS
Gusset plates are usually either made from cold rolled
or galvanized steel based upon their use.
Galvanized steel offers more protection from rust, so
this is usually used when the gusset plate is exposed
to the elements.
The gusset plate is usually painted to match nearby
steel and fixtures and to give it an extra layer of
protection.
The copper and aluminum gusset plates also provide
a more attractive finish for exposed structures.

5. USES
Gusset plates are used to connect beams and columns
together or to connect truss members.
Gusset plates are therefore used in most metal weight
bearing structures, but the material and size of the
gusset plate varies based on the structure.
The larger the force on the connecting members, the
larger the size of the gusset plate.

6. GUSSET PLATE

7. CLEAT

8. DEFINITION
• A strip of wood, metal, etc., fastened across a surface,as of a p
lank or series of adjacent planks, for strength or support.
• A projecting piece of metal or hard rubber attached to
the underside of a shoe to provide grip.
ANGLE CLEAT
A small bracket formed of angle iron, which is used to loc
ate or support a member of a structural framework.
• The main advantages of angle cleat connections are
that no welding is required, and that the 2mm bolt
hole clearances allow minor adjustments to be made
on site.

9. BASE PLATE
A solid piece of material that has
enough strength to serve as the surface to which
other things are attached to be supported.
To distribute vertical load from structural columns.

10. • Column base plate connections can also be used
to resist wind, vibratons and seismic loads.

11. COLUMN SPLICE

12. USED TO JOIN AN UPPER STANCHION LENGTH TO A
LOWER LENGTH.
THE SPLICE IS PLACED NEAR THE FLOOR LEVEL.
THE UPPER STANCHION MAY BE A SMALLER
SECTION THAN THE LOWER ONE.
DUE TO DIFFERENCE OF SIZE BEARING PLATE AND
PACKING PLATES HAVE TO BE USED.

13. 2.(a) WHAT IS
STANCHIONS?WHERE THEY
ARE USED?
(b.) WHAT IS HSFG? WHERE
THEY ARE USED?

14. • It support the girder to which the beams are
loaded.
A vertical column, pole, or strut, typically made
of steel.
Stanchions are available in the form of
metal, plastic, and wooden, that includes
retractable belts, velvet ropes, and plastic
chains.
`

15. USES
• It is a solution especially for crowd control. Stanchions
are used in many events and occassions, from crowd
control to queues.
• Stanchions are used in many places lke hotels,
restaurants, hospitals, airports, bank, theatres, malls, and
many public and commercial places. The main objective
of stanchion is to keep people safe.
• Iron or metal stanchions are used in ensuring us
directions, warning, and traffic signs. Metal stanchions
are more desired as it can withstand extreme weather
conditions.
• Many event planners use plastic stanchions that are
found to be more convenient because of its lightweight
and is portable as well.

16. HIGH-STRENGTH FRICTION
GRIP BOLTS (H.S.F.G.)
• H.S.F.G. BOLTS ARE USED IF THE JOINTS ARE TO BE
MADE RIGID.
• Made from bars of medium carbon steel.
• The material of the bolts do not have a well defined
yield point.
• Special techniques are used for tightening the nuts to
induce a specified initial tension in the bolt (called the
proof-load), which causes sufficient friction between
the faying faces. Such bolts are called High-Strength
Friction Grip bolts (HSFG).

17. USES/ADVANTAGES
• They provide rigid connections.
• Due to the smaller number of bolts, the gusset plate
sizes are reduced.
• Deformation is minimized.
• HSFG bolts are very strong.
• When they are made the HSFG bolts, large tensile
stresses are developed in bolts.
• Cost gets reduced to some extent by making use of
such bolts since fewer persons are require to make
the connections.

18. ASSIGNMENT - 2

19. WHAT IS TRUSS, EXPLAIN ITS
TYPES, USES, AND
ADVANTAGES?

20. • A truss is a structure consisting of members / elements
that takes only tension or compression and no bending is
induced what so ever.
OR
A truss consists of straight members connected at joints.
No member is continuous through a joint.
The function of the frame/truss is to support loads
and transmit the same to the support through the
various members of the frame/truss.

22. TYPES OF TRUSSES
1. King Post Truss
2. Queen Post Truss
3. Howe Truss
4. Pratt Truss
5. Fan Truss
6. North Light Roof Truss
7. Quadrangular Roof Truss

23. KING POST TRUSS
(span upto8m) perfect for multiple types ofhouses,
QUEEN POSTTRUSS
(spanaround 10m)
FAN TRUSS(span from 10-15m)

24. HOWE TRUSS
(spanfrom 6-30m)
QUADRANGULARTRUSS
(spanupto55m) usedforlargespanssuch asrailwayshedsand
Auditoriums.
PRATT TRUSS
(span from 6-10m)

25. USES OF TRUSSES
• The main uses of trusses are in covering large spans to
provide shelter.
• Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are
sometimes used as transfer structures.
• To carry the roof load and To provide horizontal
stability.
• One of their uses is to make girder bridges.
• Metal roof trusses are fire resistant.

26. ADVANTAGES
• Steel trusses are stronger than timber trusses.
• Steel section forming the truss are light in weight and
can be formed in any pattern.
• There is no danger of the material being eaten away by
any insect.
• Steel is more fire resistant than timber.
• They do not have span restrictions.
• The sections forming steel trusses are easy in
transportation.
• There is not much wastage of the material in cutting.
• Metal roof trusses are recyclable and therefore
environmentally friendly.

27. EXPLAIN TUBULAR TRUSS
AND ITS USES. WHAT IS THE
RANGE OF SPAN IT CAN
COVER?

28. • Tubular Steel roof trusses are used for large span
constructions such as factories, industry work sheds ,
shopping malls, huge exhibition centres, multiplexes
etc. They are generally used for spans as large as 25-
30m.

30. USES OF TUBULAR TRUSS
• 30% to 40% less surface area than that of an
equivalent rolled steel shape. Therefore, the cost of
maintenance, cost of painting or protective coatings
reduce considerably.
• The moisture and dirt do not collect on the smooth
external surface of the tubes.
• Therefore, the possibility of corrosion also reduces.
• The ends of tubes are sealed. As a result of this, the
interior surface is not subjected to corrosion.
• The interior surface do not need any protective
treatment.

31. WHAT IS NORTH LIGHT TRUSS
?AND HOW IT IS BETTER THAN
OTHER TRUSSES?

32. North light trusses are traditionally used for short spans
in industrial workshop-type buildings. They allow
maximum benefit to be gained from natural lighting by the
use of glazing on the steeper pitch which generally faces
north or north-east to reduce solar gain.

33. • One of the oldest and economical methods of covering
large areas is the North Light and Lattice girder.
This roof consists of a series of trusses fixed to girders.
The short vertical side of the truss is glazed so that
when the roof is used in the Northern Hemisphere, the
glazed portion faces North for the best light.
It can be used for
spans from 20-30m.

34. • North light is natural light coming from the north
it consist of light coming from the blue sky rather than
from the sun. It is preferred and considered ideal by architects.
• They allow max. benefit to be gained from natural lightning
by the use of glazing on the steeper pitch which generally
faces north to reduce heat.
• Although north lights reduce the requirement
for artificial lightning and can
reduce the risk of overheating,
it also help in increasing natural
day lightning.
Hence, north light truss
is preferred over other
trusses.

35. THANK YOU