The document discusses the components of a computer system. It describes that a computer consists of both hardware and software. The hardware components include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, output devices like monitors, and internal components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, motherboard, and expansion cards. Peripherals are additional devices that can connect to the computer like printers, scanners, and cameras. The document goes into detail about the various internal components, their functions, and how they connect and communicate through bus lines and cables.

1. MACHINE ORGANIZATION
Introduction to ComputingCHAPTER # 4

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Computer Hardware
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions (software) that can accept data (input), manipulate data
(process), Storage and produce information (output) from the processing
 Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a
computer
such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data storage, hard drive disk, mouse,
printers, CPU(graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips),
etc
 Hardware is tangible
all of the hardware components are physical objects that you can actually touch
 A computer has the ability to
perform the information processing with amazing speed with high level of
reliability and accuracy
store huge amounts of data and information
communicate with other computers

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Components of Computer
 Input devices
 Central Processing Unit
containing the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit
 Storage devices
 Output devices

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Components of Computer

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Components of Computer

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Components of Computer

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Components of Computer

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Components of Computer (Inside)
 Computer Case
The outside component which provides protection for the parts inside
and provides a fan and power supply which are used to both cool the
working parts inside and provide power to them
 Motherboard
Hold the following computer hardware subcomponents
 Memory
Used to provide temporary storage of information as discussed earlier
 Microprocessor
Used to provide the processing of data function as discussed earlier

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Components of Computer (Inside)
 Video card
This card is an interface between the computer monitor and the
motherboard and its subcomponents such as the microprocessor and
memory
This card may be included as part of the motherboard or it may plug into
a card slot on the motherboard
 Sound card
It is an interface between the computer speakers and the motherboard
and its subcomponents such as the microprocessor and memory
This card may be included as part of the motherboard or it may plug into
a card slot on the motherboard

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Components of Computer (Inside)
 Hard disk
Most computers today have a hard disk (sometimes called hard
drives) which is the component most commonly used to provide
permanent storage of data
Hard disks are usually permanently installed in a computer
 Optical Drive (CD or DVD Drive)
Used to provide permanent storage of data.
It is used to bring information into the computer more commonly
than it is used to store information from the computer
It is used to back up data from the hard drive so data is not lost if a
hard drive breaks
A DVD drive holds more data than a CD ROM drive and DVDs have
enough storage capacity that they may be used to play or store
movies
The storage media, the CD ROM or DVD may be removed from the
computer

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Components of Computer (Inside)
 Floppy Drive
A low capacity storage device which can be written to as easily as it is
read
The floppy disk may be easily removed from the computer
It is called a floppy because the part of the media that holds the data is
on a material that is not rigid but it is enclosed in a more rigid case to
give it durability
 Minor Hardware Components Inside the Case Include
Cables which may be used to hook other internal parts together along
with connecting an interface to the case for printers
Other devices such as a high speed serial bus called USB
A serial bus simply refers to the fact that data is sent in a stream which is
like sending one bit at a time

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Components of Computer (Outside)
 Keyboard
is the most commonly used input device is the keyboard
 data is entered by manually keying in or typing certain keys
is the primary input device used to communicate with the computer
resembles a conventional typewriter keyboard with the addition of numerous
keys that are used specifically for computing functions
 Mouse
is an input device used to point at objects on the computer monitor and
select them
is used to control the movement of a mouse pointer on the screen to make
selections from the screen
The bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism that detects
movement of the mouse
Named for the resemblance of the wire coming out of it and a mouse's tail
Using the mouse and keyboard in combination allows the computer user
substantial latitude in how to accomplish a wide variety of tasks

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Components of Computer (Peripherals)
 Computer peripherals are any electronic devices that can be
connected to a computer other than the standard input-
output devices (monitor, key board, mouse).
 Peripheral devices include
Speakers,
Microphones,
Printers,
Scanners,
Digital cameras etc
 Peripherals often require special software packages called
"drivers"
 These drivers are usually included with the peripheral at
purchase time

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Components of Computer (RAM)

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Components of Computer (Bus Lines)

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Components of Computer (Cables)

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Components of Computer (Keyboard)

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Components of Computer (Mouse)

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Components of Computer (Monitor)
Flat Panel / LCD Display CRT Display