The Congress of Vienna, the rev

1. RESTORATION, THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
AND THE 1820, 1830 AND 1848 REVOLUTIONS

2. TALLEYRAND
represented France
METTERNICH
represented Austria
DUKE OF WELLINGTON
represented the United
Kingdom
MARQUIS OF LABRADOR
represented Spain
CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-1815)
Delegates of all the countries that had defeated
Napoleon Bonaparte met in Vienna between 1814 and
1815.
Talleyrand, the French representative, acted skilfully
and avoided a more serious punishment for France.
Wellington had to leave the Congress when Napoleon
came back to France during the Hundred Days Empire.
Napoleon was definitely defeated in Waterloo. (1815)
Gómez de Labrador, the Spanish representative, didn´t
get any of the Spain´s initial demands.

3. MAIN DECISIONS OF THE CONGRESS
RESTORE THE MONARCHS DEPOSED BY NAPOLEON
REORGANIZE THE MAP OF EUROPE
CREATE THE HOLY ALLIANCE TO STOP REVOLUTION

4. LOUIS XVIII OF FRANCE FERDINAND VII OF SPAIN
SOME OF THE MONARCHS RESTORED

5. EUROPE IN 1789
REORGANIZATION OF THE MAP OF EUROPE
During the French revolutionary wars and the Napoleonic Empire, France had
enlarged its territory considerably and new states had been créate, like the
Grand Duchy of Warsaw of the Confederation of the Rhine
NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

6. EUROPE AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

7. MAIN CHANGES IN THE MAP OF EUROPE
- FRANCE CAME BACK TO ITS FRONTIERS IN 1791
- TWO BUFFER STATES: UNITED KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS AND PIEDMONT-SARDINIA
- GERMAN CONFEDERATION: 39 GERMAN STATES. IT INCLUDED AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA
- MOST OF POLAND, BESSARABIA AND FINLAND WERE ANNEXED BY RUSSIA.
-SAXONY, RHINELAND, WESTPHALIA AND PART OF POLAND WERE ADDED TO PRUSSIA
- LOMBARDY AND VENETIA AND THE ILLYRIAN PROVINCES WERE ANNEXED BY AUSTRIA
- DENMARK LOST NORWAY, WHICH WAS ANNEXED BY SWEDEN.
- THE UNITED KINGDOM RECEIVED ISLANDS IN DIFFERENT SEAS (MALTA, HELIGOLAND) AND
GOT THE CONTROL OF SOME STRATEGIC POINTS OUT OF EUROPE (CAPE COLONY, CEYLON)

8. ALEXANDER I OF RUSSIA
FRANCIS II OF AUSTRIA
FREDERIC WILLIAM III OF PRUSSIA
CREATION OF DEFENSIVE ALLIANCES
The Holy Alliance was formed by Austria,
Russia and Prussia
THE HOLY ALLIANCE WAS CREATED TO PRESERVE ABSOLUTISM AND RELIGION
(ALLIANCE OF THE THRONE AND THE ALTAR) AND STOP REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE.
THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE INCLUDED THE MEMBERS OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE PLUS
THE UNITED KINGDOM. IT WAS CREATED TO KEEP THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
AGREEMENTS.

9. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
- Consolidation of the big
empires of Europe
- Balance of powers:
in continental Europe Austria
and Prussia controlled
Central Europe, Russia
controlled Eastern Europe
and the United Kingdom
controlled the sea routes
But they couldn´t stop the spread of the revolutionary ideas born with the
French Revolution and some years later there were new revolutionary
outbreaks in Europe

10. The ideas born or spread during the French Revolution became newly
revolutionary after the Congress of Vienna. They were liberalism and
nationalism.
REVOLUTIONARY IDEOLOGIES
Liberty Guiding the People, painting by Eugène Delacroix
which depicted the 1830 revolution in Paris.

11. LIBERALISM
Preamble of the Constitution of the USA
Political ideology that defines a political system
based on the following ideas:
-The human beings are born free and have
some inalienable rights
-Citizens´rights are reflected on a Constitution
-The State has to guarantee citizens´ rights
(social contract)
-National sovereignty: power belongs to citizens,
who exert it through the representatives they
choose in the elections.
-Division of powers to avoid abuse
-Free market economy: the State doesn´t have
to intervene in economy.

12. LIBERAL
TRENDS
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM: Property is the main right.
Only those who have properties (a certain level of
wealth) are considered to be citizens and can vote
(CENSUS SUFFRAGE) and the role of the State in
economy has to be limited to guarantee economic
freedom
DEMOCRATIC LIBERALISM: Equality before the law
is the main right. All citizens are equal and have the
right to vote (UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE) and the State has
to offer public services to the weakest (healthcare, education,
social services…)

13. Johan Gotlieb Fichte,
author of the Address to
the German Nation, origin of
German nationalism
NATIONALISM
Political ideology that defends the right of the peoples
(nations) to decide by themselves and form independent
States (self-determination)
Two conceptions of nation:
-PROGRESSIVE OR INCLUSIVE: members of the
nation are all those who want to belong to it and accept
its laws and duties.
-CONSERVATIVE OR EXCLUDING: members of the
nation are only those who share some common
features: language, common past, “race”, traditions…
In the 19th
century several peoples submitted to the big Empires (Russian, Austrian and
Ottoman) tried to form independent States based on the second idea of nation (grouping
together all those who shared some common features)

14. REVOLUTIONARY WAVES IN THE 1st
HALF OF THE 19TH
CENTURY
1820
1830
1848

15. THE 1820 REVOLUTIONS
-Liberal uprisings in Naples,
Piedmont –Sardinia and
Spain, crashed by the Holy
Alliance)
- In Portugal the liberal uprising
was succesful, a Constitution was
written, but years later King John
VI suspended it and absolutism
came back.
- In the Russian Empire the
Decembrist revolt in 1825 was
violently repressed by tsar
Nicholas I
All these revolutions failed. The
only ones to be succesful took
place in Greece and the Spanish
colonies in America.

16. The massacre at Chios, painted by Delacroix,
represented an episode of Greece´s indepedence
war against the Ottoman Empire.
-Greece got its independence from the
Ottoman Empire with the support of the
United Kingdom and France (1829). A
monarchy was established in 1832.
- Most of the Spanish colonies in america
got their independence by 1824 and
created liberal republics

17. THE 1830 REVOLUTIONS
The new revolutionary wave started in France again and extended to other countries
during the 1830 decade.

18. 1830 in France: Fight at the Hôtel de Ville
- France: the absolute king Charles x was
dethroned and the new king, Louis Philip i of
Orleans accepted a constitutional monarchy
-United Kingdom of Netherlands:the Belgians
became independent and established a
constitutional monarchy
-Poland: nationalist revolt crashed by
Russia
- The revolts in the Italian Peninsula were
crashed by Austria and the ones in the German
Confederation were repressed by Austria and
Prussia.
- Spain: in 1835 the progressive party reached
power and a constitutional monarchy was
established. The reforms between 1835 and 187
ended with the Ancien Régime.
-United Kingdom:as a consequence of the trade
unions pressure, Reform Act in 1832 (doubled
the number of voters)
Belgian Revolution in September 1830

19. THE 1848 REVOLUTIONS : THE SPRINGTIME OF THE PEOPLES
This revolutionary wave started
in France again and extended
throughout almost all the
continent:
- In Central and Eastern
Europe, fight for the
elimination of absolutism and
serfdom.
- In Western Europe, fight for
democratization of the liberal
regimes: demand for universal
suffrage, social justice and the
republic.

20. Barricade at Soufflot Street, Paris
March Revolution in the German States
-FRANCE: revolution inspired on
democratic liberalism. Louis Philip I was
deposed and the 2nd
Republic was
proclaimed.
-There were also revolutions in Central
and Eastern Europe: Austrian Empire,
Poland, Italian and German states,
Denmark…, but the only consequences
were the establishment of conservative
liberal regimes in Piedmont- Sardinia and
Prussia and the Emperor’s abdication and
Metternich’s resignation in Austria
-- The nationalist revolutions in the
Austrian Empire and the German
Confederation failed.

21. Caricature about the defeat of the Revolutions of 1848
Although most of the
revolutions failed, there were
some changes which would
lead to the end of the
Congress of Vienna system:
-consolidation of the liberal
regimes and beginning of a
slow democratization with
the expansión of universal
suffrage in the 2nd
half of the
19th century.
-Prussia and Piedmont-
Sardinia became stronger
-and led the unification
processes of Germany and
Italy in the 2nd
half of the
century.
Only in the Russian and
Ottoman Empire the
situation continued to be
immovable.

22. FRANCE: FROM THE 2nd
REPUBLIC TO THE 2nd
EMPIRE
Although the 1848 revolution had established a
democratic Republic, the first elections, by
male universal suffrage, gave the majority to
the conservatives.
In December 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
was elected President of the Republic
In December 1851 Louis Napoleon gave a coup
d´Etat and his power was later confirmed by a
plebiscite.
In November 1852 a new plebiscite ended the
2nd
Republic and proclaimed the 2nd
Empire.
Louis Napoleon was called Napoleon III.
He had an important role in the unifications of
Italy and Germany
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French