Architecture and built form have been used for display of power by people, Governments, Monarchs etc. A study of how power manifests itself in Istanbul's Architecture through History.
CAMILLO SITTE
He was an Austrian architect, born Vienna in 1843
Camillo Sitte was the son of the architect Franz Sitte(1808–79) and the father of the architect Siegfried Sitte (1876–1945).
He was an art historian and architect whose writings, according to Eliel Saarinen, were familiar to German-speaking architects of the late 19th century.
He was also an painter and urban theorist whose work influenced urban planning and land use regulation.
Sitte traveled extensively in Western Europe, seeking to identify the factors that made certain towns feel warm and welcoming.
Sitte saw architecture was a process and product of culture.
BOOKS BY SITTE-
1. City Planning According to Artistic Principles, 1889
2. The Birth of Modern City Planning. Dover Publications, 2006.
This is a short representation of important factors in analyzing architecture basically the last section of Simon Unwin's Analysing Architecture. For any sort of query and help DM on Instagram handle zenith.gomez.96. Thank You!
CAMILLO SITTE
He was an Austrian architect, born Vienna in 1843
Camillo Sitte was the son of the architect Franz Sitte(1808–79) and the father of the architect Siegfried Sitte (1876–1945).
He was an art historian and architect whose writings, according to Eliel Saarinen, were familiar to German-speaking architects of the late 19th century.
He was also an painter and urban theorist whose work influenced urban planning and land use regulation.
Sitte traveled extensively in Western Europe, seeking to identify the factors that made certain towns feel warm and welcoming.
Sitte saw architecture was a process and product of culture.
BOOKS BY SITTE-
1. City Planning According to Artistic Principles, 1889
2. The Birth of Modern City Planning. Dover Publications, 2006.
This is a short representation of important factors in analyzing architecture basically the last section of Simon Unwin's Analysing Architecture. For any sort of query and help DM on Instagram handle zenith.gomez.96. Thank You!
1.2 town planning greek and roman cultureSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN
The main analyses focused on project Sishane Park – “a bold shift in urban public space in central Istanbul. Located between the southwestern edge of Beyoglu and the highly trafficked Tarlibasi Road”-From the architect
A/ THEORY OF ROGER TRANCIK
1- FIGURE-GROUND
2- LINKAGE
3- PLACE
B/ THEORY OF KEVIN LYNCH
1- PATH
2- EDGE
3- DISTRICT
4- NODE
5- LANDMARK
2013- 2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
4th project meeting - 28th September – 3rd October 2014 at Liceo Classico Dante Alighieri,
Ravenna, Italy
Topic : “Historical heritage: the remains of the past”.
1.2 town planning greek and roman cultureSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN
The main analyses focused on project Sishane Park – “a bold shift in urban public space in central Istanbul. Located between the southwestern edge of Beyoglu and the highly trafficked Tarlibasi Road”-From the architect
A/ THEORY OF ROGER TRANCIK
1- FIGURE-GROUND
2- LINKAGE
3- PLACE
B/ THEORY OF KEVIN LYNCH
1- PATH
2- EDGE
3- DISTRICT
4- NODE
5- LANDMARK
2013- 2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
4th project meeting - 28th September – 3rd October 2014 at Liceo Classico Dante Alighieri,
Ravenna, Italy
Topic : “Historical heritage: the remains of the past”.
Osmanlı Mirası Yıldırm ( An Ottoman Herritage Yıldırım )Erdin Hasdemir
Proje : Osmanlı Mirası Yıldırm ( An Ottoman Herritage Yıldırım )
Production : Erdin Hasdemir
Photographer : Erdin Hasdemir
Designer : Özlem Dikel
Editör : Ömer Kaptan
Pallikkaranai marsh which originally had an area of 50 sq km, has now shrunk to one tenth of its original extent in the last three decades. Also the marsh is highly polluted, with its unique biodiversity diminishing by day. This presentation outlines the process of preparing a restoration model for the marsh based on the principles and processes of Landscape Urbanism.
Basic overview of the political, cultural and social influences on 20th century Architecture based on Kenneth Frampton's "Modern Architecture: A Critical History', for teaching fifth semester B.Arch students of University of Calicut.
Reference:
1.'Tulips and prefabrication:Hungarian architects in the bind of state socialist modernization in the 1970s"by Virag Molnar, Princeton University
2. STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
• BRIEF HISTORY AND LOCATION
• METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSING
POWER IN BUILT FORM
• ANALYSIS
3. • EARLY SETTLERS- NOMADS
• GREEK COLONY- EARLY BYZANTIUM
• EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE (146 BC-395 AD)
• CONSTANTINE (306-337 AD)
• LATE BYZANTINE (EASTERN) (395-1453)
• OTTOMAN-ISLAMIC (1453-1922)
• MODERN ISTANBUL-
WESTERNIZATION(1900-’50)
• ISTANBUL NOW (1950- )
In the course of the
centuries, Empires were built,
abandoned, demolished, and
rebuilt.
8. KIM DOVEY WAY OF ANALYSIS
• DIRECT- OVERT FORCE
• COERCION-
– DOMINATION/INTIMIDATION
– MANIPULATION
– SEDUCTION
• AUTHORITY
• SYMBOLISING NATIONALISM-IDENTITY
• POWER OVER BY TRANSFORMATION
• POWER OVER BY NEGLECT
• POWER DISPLAY BY DESTRUCTION
9. • EARLY SETTLERS- NOMADS
• GREEK COLONY- EARLY BYZANTIUM
• EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE (146 BC-395 AD)
• CONSTANTINE (306-337 AD)
• LATE BYZANTINE (EASTERN) (395-1453)
• OTTOMAN-ISLAMIC (1453-1922)
• MODERN ISTANBUL-WESTERNIZATION(1900-’50)
• ISTANBUL NOW (1950- )
13. • REPOPULATING
THE CITY
• MILLETS-
GREEKS, JEWS,
ARMENIANS
• MAJORITY
TURKISH
MUSLIMS
• ISLAMIC
CHARACTER
MAINTAINED
• REGULATIONS IN
BUILDING
• DIGNITARIES’
POWER
17. • Architect Sinan: Chief Ottoman architect
• His most famous work is the Suleiman Mosque .
• Sinan was also one of the first earthquake engineers in the world.
• In his autobiography he says that his masterpiece is the
Suleymaniye Mosque in Edirne. While it was being built, the
Christian architects saying "You can never build a dome
larger than the dome of Hagia Sophia and
specially as Muslims" was his main motivation while
building that mosque.
• While when it was completed, Sinan claimed that it had the
largest dome in the world leaving Hagia Sophia behind, the
reality was that the dome height from the ground
level was lower and the diameter almost
identical to the millenium-older Hagia Sophia.
18. OSTENTATION (BOASTFUL SHOWINESS)-THE
EXPRESSION OF POWER- ALWAYS PRESENT IN
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
• However, it is a more symmetrical, rationalized and light-filled
interpretation of earlier Ottoman precedents, as well as the
Hagia Sophia.
• The design of the Süleymaniye also plays on Suleyman's self-
conscious representation of himself as a 'second Solomon.' It
references the Dome of the Rock, which was built on the site of
the Temple of Solomon, as well as Justinian's boast upon the
completion of the Hagia Sophia: "Solomon, I have surpassed
thee!" The Süleymaniye, similar in magnificence to the
preceding structures, asserts Suleyman's historical importance.
21. SEDUCTION:
KAPALI CARSI
With sixty-six
streets and alleys,
over four thousand
shops, numerous
store-houses,
moneychangers and
banks,
a mosque, post office,
police station,
private security
guards and its own
health center,
Istanbul’s Kapali Carsi
is said to be
the largest covered
bazaar in the world.
24. SEDUCTION-PEOPLE ALLOWED TO SEE ROYAL LIFE
As the influence of empire declined, the Sultan wanted
to show the splendor and
of
the Ottoman empire and celebrated many festivals that
lasted for months.
25. ISTANBUL
1900-1950
• YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION
• WORLD WAR I
• EUROPEAN FORCES TAKING OVER
• OTTOMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSED
• REVOLT AGAINST EUROPEANS
• REPUBLIC OF TURKEY DECLARED IN 1923
• MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK
• RAPID MODERNISATION/WESTERNIZATION
• KEMALISM
• NEW ARCHITECTURE
27. ATATURK MONUMENT- MONUMENT F REPUBLIC TURKEY
DOMINATION, INTIMIDATION, SYMBOLISM
• challenge to Ottoman
taboo that restricted the
depiction of the human form
• The 11 m (36 ft) high monument
portrays the founders of the
Turkish Republic esp Kemal
Atatürk
• The monument has two sides,
the side facing northward
depicts Atatürk at an earlier
period and the other one
facing Istiklal Caddesi has
Atatürk and his comrades
dressed in modern, western-
European clothing,
symbolizing him in both his
roles, as military commander-
in-chief and as statesman.
28. POWER OVER BY CHANGING BUILDING
FUNCTION/CHARACTER
SECULAR MUSEUM
30. HENRY PROST SCHEME
The grand avenues that crossed the historic
city and multiple secondary roads transformed
the introvert neighborhoods of the old Ottoman
city into an open structure.
"One of the biggest mistakes I made in my
life was the letter I wrote to Atatürk. If I
had not written this letter, I would have
been working on the plan of Istanbul in
place of my rival Prost. In this letter I
advised the greatest reformer of a nation
to conserve the city of Istanbul with its
centuries old dust. I realized the error I
had committed afterwords".
(Le Corbusier quoted by S. Demiren, 1948)
31. HENRY PROST SCHEME
The priority was given to the construction of
administrative buildings symbolizing the power of
the new regime, and to the educational, financial,
social and cultural buildings, which were intended
to support the institutional modernization as well as
a modern social life.
Preservation of the Byzantine fortifications that
surround the historical city. Labelled them as
monuments, a zone of non-aedificanti covering an
area of 500 m. outside and 50 m. inside the
terrestrial walls, to conserve the
walls in their integrity, and also to emphasize their
monumental total effect.
32. A plaza
crowned with a
grandiose
monument
dedicated to
the Republic.
Hence, three
eras of Istanbul
-the Byzantine,
Ottoman and
Republican
periods-
symbolized at
one place.
HIPPODROME-
DURING
CONSTANTINE
EMPIRE-OTTOMAN
EMPIRE-REPUBLIC
TURKEY
33. POWER OVER BY DESTRUCTION
MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE GATHERS,
FOCUSES, STORES AND TRANSFERS SOCIAL
RESOURCES AT A CONCEPTUAL OR
IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL. A MONUMENTAL
BUILDING, THUS, IS A PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
CAPABLE OF STRUCTURING NON
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF A GIVEN
CULTURE. THEREFORE, THE DESTRUCTION
OF IT HAS A PROFOUND EFFECT NOT ONLY ON
THE PHYSICAL, BUT ON NON MATERIAL
ASPECT OF CULTURE. IT ALTERS BEHAVIORAL
PATTERN AND ITS UNDERLYING SOCIAL
GRAMMAR. MONUMENTS ARE DESTROYED
NOT FOR WHAT THEY COTAIN, BUT FOR WHAT
THEY REPRESENT.
34. Many Historic
buildings from the
late Ottoman period
were demolished in
order to open the
perspective from the
plaza onto the
Marmara Sea, and to
make this grandiose
monument, located on
top of the colossal
retaining walls of the
Byzantine hippodrome,
visible far from the
sea.
GREAT REPUBLIC SQUARE-USED FOR OFFICIAL
FUNCTIONS AND MILITARY PARADES- AUTHORITY
35. ALSO TO OPEN UP SPACES- FOR
PARKS, POOLS AND RECREATIONAL
PUBLIC SPACES-SEDUCTION