This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical societies, use of irrigation, and the invention of writing. The document then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more depth, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Important figures and developments are highlighted for each group. Early Egyptian civilization is also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that were common to both civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, the invention of writing, and polytheistic religious beliefs. Specific details are then given about the history, society, architecture, art, and literature of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Early civilizations in these regions are considered the origin of complex societies in human history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, polytheistic religions, and the early development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture, art, literature and other cultural aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the major time periods of ancient Egyptian history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that these civilizations shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and being polytheistic. For Mesopotamia, it describes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians - and some of their achievements. For Egypt, it outlines the different historical periods and discusses aspects of their society like the important role of the pharaoh. It also touches on architecture, art, literature and religious beliefs in these early civilizations.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations in Mesopotamia, including important figures like Hammurabi and important sites like Ur and Babylon. Architecture such as ziggurats and art such as sculpture and reliefs are also summarized.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It begins by introducing the topic of early civilizations that will be covered in Unit 2. It then discusses some key characteristics of early civilizations in general, including their origins along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, use of irrigation, development of urban centers, and invention of writing systems. The document goes on to provide more specific details about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, including their social structures, religious beliefs, and some of their major empires and accomplishments in architecture, art, literature, science and other areas.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. Their architecture, art, and early works of literature are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key similarities between the two civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the invention of writing. The document then goes into more detail about the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians) and their achievements, as well as details about Egyptian society, religion, and dependence on the Nile River. Students are assigned investigation activities to further their understanding.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then describes some key aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh.
3) Details are also given about ancient Egyptian society centered around the pharaoh, their polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, reliance on the Nile River, and
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that were common to both civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, the invention of writing, and polytheistic religious beliefs. Specific details are then given about the history, society, architecture, art, and literature of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Early civilizations in these regions are considered the origin of complex societies in human history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, polytheistic religions, and the early development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture, art, literature and other cultural aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the major time periods of ancient Egyptian history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that these civilizations shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and being polytheistic. For Mesopotamia, it describes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians - and some of their achievements. For Egypt, it outlines the different historical periods and discusses aspects of their society like the important role of the pharaoh. It also touches on architecture, art, literature and religious beliefs in these early civilizations.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations in Mesopotamia, including important figures like Hammurabi and important sites like Ur and Babylon. Architecture such as ziggurats and art such as sculpture and reliefs are also summarized.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It begins by introducing the topic of early civilizations that will be covered in Unit 2. It then discusses some key characteristics of early civilizations in general, including their origins along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, use of irrigation, development of urban centers, and invention of writing systems. The document goes on to provide more specific details about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, including their social structures, religious beliefs, and some of their major empires and accomplishments in architecture, art, literature, science and other areas.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. Their architecture, art, and early works of literature are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key similarities between the two civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the invention of writing. The document then goes into more detail about the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians) and their achievements, as well as details about Egyptian society, religion, and dependence on the Nile River. Students are assigned investigation activities to further their understanding.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then describes some key aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh.
3) Details are also given about ancient Egyptian society centered around the pharaoh, their polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, reliance on the Nile River, and
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of codes like the Code of Hammurabi. Egyptian civilization is briefly outlined with a focus on the importance of the Nile River to the economy and development of cities, crafts and trade.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, being polytheistic, having hierarchical societies, and inventing writing. For Mesopotamia specifically, it outlines the major civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It also summarizes architectural features like ziggurats and reliefs, and literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh. For Egypt, it divides its history into periods including the Old Empire when the pyramids of Giza were built.
Paleolithic - Nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves or huts and created cave paintings and tools from stone.
Neolithic - Settlements emerged as humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, growing crops and domesticating animals. Rock art depicted hunting and ceremonies.
Metal Ages - The emergence of metallurgy led to stronger tools and weapons from copper, bronze and iron. Trade increased and the first cities developed with specialized labor and hierarchical societies. Megalithic monuments like stone circles and dolmens were constructed.
Roman civilization originated in the city of Rome, founded in the 8th century BC along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. Roman society was divided between patricians and plebeians, and later included slaves. The government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire. The Roman Empire reached its peak between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD during the Pax Romana, but economic and political crises led to the Western Empire's fall in 476 AD. Roman influence is still seen today through language, laws, and Christianity.
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
This document provides an overview of a history lesson on early civilizations. It begins by welcoming students to a new class and reviewing that they previously studied prehistory. It then outlines that this term they will study early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. For their first unit, students will focus on these early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, examining their common characteristics like developing along major rivers and having hierarchical, urban societies. The document then provides details on Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as aspects of Egyptian civilization before assigning related homework activities.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more detail, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature.
3) Finally, key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization are outlined such as its lengthy history, the importance of the pharaoh and Nile River, religious beliefs centered around death and the afterlife, and architectural
1. The document discusses the origins and development of ancient Greek civilization from its beginnings around 800 BC to the Hellenistic period ending around 30 BC. It describes the terrain and political structure of poleis that influenced Greek society and the early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations that preceded it.
2. The three main periods covered are the Archaic period marked by colonization, the Classical period defined by the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta, and the Hellenistic period following the conquests of Alexander the Great and the breakup of his empire.
3. Key aspects highlighted include the acropolis and democracy in Athens versus the oligarchy in Sparta, Alexander's
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses key characteristics they shared like developing along major river valleys and having hierarchical, urban societies. For Mesopotamia, it outlines the major civilizations of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. It also describes aspects of their architecture, art, literature and legal codes. For Egypt, it discusses the importance of the Nile River to their agriculture-based society and covers their religious beliefs, art including tombs and temples, and how art changed under Pharaoh Akhenaten.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of the Nile River in Egyptian civilization. Architecture, art, literature and the importance of religion are also summarized for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, was the site of the earliest civilizations and is known as the "Cradle of Civilization." It saw the rise and fall of many empires over thousands of years. The Mesopotamians developed new technologies, a system of writing known as cuneiform, and made advances in mathematics, architecture, agriculture and metallurgy. Though it declined due to flooding and warfare, Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many foundations of modern civilization.
The document summarizes art and architecture in ancient Mesopotamia, specifically Sumer. It discusses the Neolithic Revolution and development of cities and civilization in Mesopotamia. Sumerian art reflected religious and political structures, with rulers representing gods and temples forming city centers. Early writing developed in Sumer, and art depicted myths like the Epic of Gilgamesh. Art styles and subjects continued under later Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Babylonian and Hittite rulers.
This document provides an overview of ancient art from the Near East region, known as Mesopotamia, between 6000 BCE and 500 BCE. It summarizes the major cultures and developments, including the origins of agriculture in Sumer along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Key contributions of the Sumerians included the earliest writing system of cuneiform pressed into clay tablets, as well as advances in architecture like ziggurats, metallurgy, and urban living. Later empires like Assyria and Babylon continued cultural and artistic traditions in Mesopotamia until the rise of the Persian Empire in 500 BCE.
1) The document discusses the early civilization of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
2) It focuses on the Sumerian civilization, the first to emerge in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians developed advanced farming techniques, irrigation, and urban settlements like Ur.
3) The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing and made advances in math, architecture like the ziggurat, law, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, the constant warfare between Sumerian city-states was also a defining aspect of their civilization.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was known as the "Cradle of Civilization". The flooding of the rivers provided ideal conditions for the development of settlements and agriculture. Individual city-states emerged along the rivers, each with their own patron deity, government, and eventually king. Sumer was an early Mesopotamian civilization centered around cities like Ur and Uruk, known for innovations like the ziggurat temple towers and a polytheistic religion. Later, Babylonia rose to power under the rule of King Hammurabi, who developed one of the earliest known code of laws.
Mesopotamian art developed over several periods, with the Sumer period focusing on sculpture and architecture depicting daily life, the Akkad period producing black sculptures, and the Assyrian period known for reliefs. The Babylonian period was marked by King Hammurabi and the establishment of codes of law. Key artworks included ziggurats, sculptures of bearded bulls and goats, and reliefs showing rulers and myths.
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
Early civilizations developed monumental architecture like ziggurats and pyramids to demonstrate power and unify cultures. Elites promoted arts that decorated temples and palaces. Writing systems independently arose in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley and spread between cultures. Legal codes standardized rules but also stratified societies, as seen in Hammurabi's code treating classes differently. Literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh and Rig Veda reflected each culture. Trade of goods between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley linked regions. Overall, culture helped unify states by establishing shared symbols, laws, and economic ties while also reinforcing social hierarchies.
The document provides an overview of the first civilizations including their political organization, society, and emergence of writing. It then summarizes Mesopotamian and ancient Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was influenced by Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian peoples. Ancient Egyptian civilization arose in the Nile River valley and was led by pharaohs over its 3000 year history divided into dynastic periods. Key aspects of these civilizations included their religion, art, and architectural monuments like temples, tombs, and pyramids.
The document provides information on ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses how the Nile River shaped ancient Egypt through fertile soil, yearly floods, and acting as a trade route. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian history and influences like the Hyksos invasion and trade with Nubia. Key figures in Egypt like Tutankhamen, Akhenaten, and Hatshepsut are identified. The document also summarizes the development of Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia, including their inventions of writing, the wheel, plow, and walled cities. The Code of Hammurabi and Epic of Gilgamesh are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of codes like the Code of Hammurabi. Egyptian civilization is briefly outlined with a focus on the importance of the Nile River to the economy and development of cities, crafts and trade.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, being polytheistic, having hierarchical societies, and inventing writing. For Mesopotamia specifically, it outlines the major civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It also summarizes architectural features like ziggurats and reliefs, and literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh. For Egypt, it divides its history into periods including the Old Empire when the pyramids of Giza were built.
Paleolithic - Nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves or huts and created cave paintings and tools from stone.
Neolithic - Settlements emerged as humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, growing crops and domesticating animals. Rock art depicted hunting and ceremonies.
Metal Ages - The emergence of metallurgy led to stronger tools and weapons from copper, bronze and iron. Trade increased and the first cities developed with specialized labor and hierarchical societies. Megalithic monuments like stone circles and dolmens were constructed.
Roman civilization originated in the city of Rome, founded in the 8th century BC along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. Roman society was divided between patricians and plebeians, and later included slaves. The government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire. The Roman Empire reached its peak between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD during the Pax Romana, but economic and political crises led to the Western Empire's fall in 476 AD. Roman influence is still seen today through language, laws, and Christianity.
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
This document provides an overview of a history lesson on early civilizations. It begins by welcoming students to a new class and reviewing that they previously studied prehistory. It then outlines that this term they will study early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. For their first unit, students will focus on these early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, examining their common characteristics like developing along major rivers and having hierarchical, urban societies. The document then provides details on Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as aspects of Egyptian civilization before assigning related homework activities.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more detail, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature.
3) Finally, key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization are outlined such as its lengthy history, the importance of the pharaoh and Nile River, religious beliefs centered around death and the afterlife, and architectural
1. The document discusses the origins and development of ancient Greek civilization from its beginnings around 800 BC to the Hellenistic period ending around 30 BC. It describes the terrain and political structure of poleis that influenced Greek society and the early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations that preceded it.
2. The three main periods covered are the Archaic period marked by colonization, the Classical period defined by the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta, and the Hellenistic period following the conquests of Alexander the Great and the breakup of his empire.
3. Key aspects highlighted include the acropolis and democracy in Athens versus the oligarchy in Sparta, Alexander's
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses key characteristics they shared like developing along major river valleys and having hierarchical, urban societies. For Mesopotamia, it outlines the major civilizations of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. It also describes aspects of their architecture, art, literature and legal codes. For Egypt, it discusses the importance of the Nile River to their agriculture-based society and covers their religious beliefs, art including tombs and temples, and how art changed under Pharaoh Akhenaten.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of the Nile River in Egyptian civilization. Architecture, art, literature and the importance of religion are also summarized for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, was the site of the earliest civilizations and is known as the "Cradle of Civilization." It saw the rise and fall of many empires over thousands of years. The Mesopotamians developed new technologies, a system of writing known as cuneiform, and made advances in mathematics, architecture, agriculture and metallurgy. Though it declined due to flooding and warfare, Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many foundations of modern civilization.
The document summarizes art and architecture in ancient Mesopotamia, specifically Sumer. It discusses the Neolithic Revolution and development of cities and civilization in Mesopotamia. Sumerian art reflected religious and political structures, with rulers representing gods and temples forming city centers. Early writing developed in Sumer, and art depicted myths like the Epic of Gilgamesh. Art styles and subjects continued under later Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Babylonian and Hittite rulers.
This document provides an overview of ancient art from the Near East region, known as Mesopotamia, between 6000 BCE and 500 BCE. It summarizes the major cultures and developments, including the origins of agriculture in Sumer along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Key contributions of the Sumerians included the earliest writing system of cuneiform pressed into clay tablets, as well as advances in architecture like ziggurats, metallurgy, and urban living. Later empires like Assyria and Babylon continued cultural and artistic traditions in Mesopotamia until the rise of the Persian Empire in 500 BCE.
1) The document discusses the early civilization of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
2) It focuses on the Sumerian civilization, the first to emerge in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians developed advanced farming techniques, irrigation, and urban settlements like Ur.
3) The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing and made advances in math, architecture like the ziggurat, law, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, the constant warfare between Sumerian city-states was also a defining aspect of their civilization.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was known as the "Cradle of Civilization". The flooding of the rivers provided ideal conditions for the development of settlements and agriculture. Individual city-states emerged along the rivers, each with their own patron deity, government, and eventually king. Sumer was an early Mesopotamian civilization centered around cities like Ur and Uruk, known for innovations like the ziggurat temple towers and a polytheistic religion. Later, Babylonia rose to power under the rule of King Hammurabi, who developed one of the earliest known code of laws.
Mesopotamian art developed over several periods, with the Sumer period focusing on sculpture and architecture depicting daily life, the Akkad period producing black sculptures, and the Assyrian period known for reliefs. The Babylonian period was marked by King Hammurabi and the establishment of codes of law. Key artworks included ziggurats, sculptures of bearded bulls and goats, and reliefs showing rulers and myths.
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
Early civilizations developed monumental architecture like ziggurats and pyramids to demonstrate power and unify cultures. Elites promoted arts that decorated temples and palaces. Writing systems independently arose in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley and spread between cultures. Legal codes standardized rules but also stratified societies, as seen in Hammurabi's code treating classes differently. Literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh and Rig Veda reflected each culture. Trade of goods between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley linked regions. Overall, culture helped unify states by establishing shared symbols, laws, and economic ties while also reinforcing social hierarchies.
The document provides an overview of the first civilizations including their political organization, society, and emergence of writing. It then summarizes Mesopotamian and ancient Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was influenced by Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian peoples. Ancient Egyptian civilization arose in the Nile River valley and was led by pharaohs over its 3000 year history divided into dynastic periods. Key aspects of these civilizations included their religion, art, and architectural monuments like temples, tombs, and pyramids.
The document provides information on ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses how the Nile River shaped ancient Egypt through fertile soil, yearly floods, and acting as a trade route. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian history and influences like the Hyksos invasion and trade with Nubia. Key figures in Egypt like Tutankhamen, Akhenaten, and Hatshepsut are identified. The document also summarizes the development of Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia, including their inventions of writing, the wheel, plow, and walled cities. The Code of Hammurabi and Epic of Gilgamesh are also mentioned.
Catal Huyuk and Jericho were two of the earliest Neolithic cities in the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Catal Huyuk, dating back to 8,000 BCE, was the oldest and largest city found from that period. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization as it was home to some of the earliest cities and civilizations, including the Sumerians who developed innovations in writing, mathematics, architecture, and more. Over thousands of years, different groups including the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians rose to power in Mesopotamia before falling to subsequent foreign invaders.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early civilizations that developed around 6000 BC along major river valleys, adopting irrigation for abundant harvests. They created hierarchical societies with kings, priests, and social classes, and writing emerged around 3500 BC for administration. Mesopotamia's civilization arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in a fertile region with shifting empires like Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria over time, developing systems of laws, trade, and cuneiform writing on clay tablets.
Mesopotamia was the first civilization in history located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, Syria, and surrounding areas. It began as independent Sumerian city-states like Ur and Uruk before being unified under empires like the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Neo-Babylonian. Mesopotamian society was hierarchical with kings and priests at the top. Their economy was based on irrigated agriculture and they developed writing, mathematics, astronomy, law codes, and architectural achievements like ziggurats and arches. Their polytheistic religion influenced later civilizations.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early civilizations that developed along major river valleys around 6000 BC. They practiced irrigation to take advantage of fertile soils and abundant harvests, leading to population growth and the rise of cities. Writing emerged around 3500 BC to support administration and commerce, marking the beginning of recorded history. In Mesopotamia, powerful empires like Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria rose and fell as they conquered the region's independent city-states over millennia, until the Persian conquest in 539 BC. Mesopotamian culture included hierarchical societies ruled by kings, polytheistic religions centered around temples, and advances in arts, sciences, and technologies like mathematics
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early civilizations that emerged around 6000 BC along major river valleys, developing irrigation, cities, social hierarchy, governments, and early forms of writing. Mesopotamia emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in an area known as the Fertile Crescent. Early civilizations like Sumer and Akkad developed, and empires like Babylon and Assyria rose and fell over time in Mesopotamia before it was conquered by Persia. Mesopotamian culture included polytheistic religions centered around temples, advances in math, astronomy, and medicine, and architectural achievements like ziggurats and palaces built from mudbricks and decorated
This document contains a quiz about Mesopotamian civilization. It discusses the two major rivers of Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), how they contributed to the development of agriculture and settlements. It mentions the Code of Hammurabi as the first system of written law and describes some of its provisions. Finally, it lists several major contributions of Mesopotamian civilizations like cuneiform writing, architecture, and advances in mathematics and astronomy.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerian civilization was the first to emerge around 3500 BCE, developing cities like Uruk and establishing innovations like writing, irrigation, and the wheel. Sumerian culture influenced later Mesopotamian empires like the Babylonians and Assyrians. Major figures like Hammurabi established legal codes and expanded control over the region, though empires rose and fell with invading forces until Persia's conquest in the 6th century BCE.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerian civilization was the first to emerge around 3500 BCE, developing cities like Uruk and establishing innovations like writing, irrigation, and the wheel. Sumerian culture influenced later Mesopotamian empires like the Babylonians and Assyrians. Major figures like Hammurabi established legal codes and expanded control over the region, though empires rose and fell with invading forces until Persia's conquest in the 6th century BCE.
Mesopotamian civilization, their era, their inventions, and system. The studies focus on how Mesopotamia began and how it led to the formation of other cities. Their religion, geographic features, culture. The six lenses: art, culture, context, religion, architecture and aesthetics are used to study this region
The document provides an overview of the Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It discusses the early Sumerian cities like Ur and Akkad, the development of writing and the wheel, as well as later empires like Babylonia and Assyria. Important leaders are mentioned, such as Sargon of Akkad, Hammurabi of Babylon, and Ashurbanipal of Assyria. Details are also given about the religion, culture, and daily life of ancient Mesopotamians.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. For over 3000 years beginning around 3500 BC, various civilizations developed in this region, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians. Mesopotamian cities like Ur and Uruk featured innovations like irrigation systems, writing, and architecture using arches, vaults, and ziggurats. Society was organized around religion, with kings and priests governing as intermediaries between the people and the gods like Anu, Enki, Enlil, Ishtar, and Marduk. Mesopotamian culture left behind artistic works, legal
Southwest Asia was home to some of the earliest civilizations including the Assyrians, Aztecs, Egyptians, Greeks, Indians, and Indus Valley Civilization who all made major contributions to mathematics, astronomy, architecture, medicine, philosophy, and political/social structures. Key leaders that helped build empires in the region included Sargon the Great of Akkad, Hammurabi of Babylon, and Cyrus the Great and Darius I of Persia. Societies in the area had social stratifications ranging from upper to lower classes. The major religions that originated in Southwest Asia were Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Asian civilizations embrace, learn from, and respect one another with the objective of common progress and prosperity, resulting in the flourishing of individual civilizations as well as the establishment of a "community with shared future for mankind" where countries come together and join.
The document provides an overview of four early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and Ancient China. It focuses on Mesopotamia and Egypt, describing their geography, government structures, cultures, religions, and technologies. Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in a fertile region called the Fertile Crescent. Egypt developed along the predictable Nile River. Both civilizations invented irrigation, writing systems, and had social hierarchies.
The document provides an overview of pre-historic and ancient Mesopotamian civilization from the Old Stone Age through the Bronze Age. It describes how early humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers before transitioning to farming and permanent settlements in the Neolithic period. Three successive civilizations developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: the Sumerian period saw the emergence of the first known civilization and writing system; the Assyrian period was characterized by expansion under imperial rule; and the Babylonian period saw rebuilding and cultural flowering, including iconic structures like the Hanging Gardens and Ishtar Gate. Architectural achievements across periods utilized locally available materials like mud bricks and
The document summarizes four ancient river valley civilizations:
1) Mesopotamian civilization along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians.
2) Egyptian civilization along the Nile river, known for pharaohs, pyramids, and hieroglyphic writing.
3) Harappan civilization in the Indus river valley, known for urban planning and undeciphered writing.
4) Yellow River (Chinese) civilization, including the Shang dynasty known for bronze casting, and later Zhou dynasty known for iron production and silk trade.
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2. BEFORE STARTING WITH THE STUDY OF EARLY CIVILISATION…
• You have to do the cover of unit 2 using the ancient Egyptian system of
writing: hieroglyphs, based on elaborate drawings.
3. WELCOME TO A NEW CLASS OF HISTORY!!!
• We are going to start with the study of history.
• We don´t forget the previous period of time: prehistory
PREHISTORY HISTORY
Before the
invention of
writing
After the
invention of
writing
4. Remember the timeline with all the periods of
history
This term we are going to study
ANCIENT HISTORY
7. What is a civilisation?
• Early civilisations were:
– Large states or group of cities;
– Had urban life and writing;
– Shared similar customs and beliefs;
– Led by great rulers: emperors, kings or pharaohs.
RAE: Conjunto de costumbres, saberes y artes propio de una sociedad humana.
8. MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT
Common characteristics
1. These early civilisations began along the banks of very long rivers, such as
the Nile (Egypt) and the Tigris and the Euphrates (Mesopotamia).
People used their water to make the lands around them fertile for agriculture.
They developed irrigation systems, such as canals, to channel water to more distant areas.
2. There was a lot of craftwork and
trade. In fact, so much trade took place
that people began to use money.
Nectanebo II (361-350 AC)
9. 3. These civilisations were urban civilisations, because the main
economic activities were concentrated in cities.
4. Society was very hierarchical (population pyramid). A minority (made up of
kings and priests) controlled the majority of the wealth and governed
the people. Under their command were the army and civil servants,
who managed the kingdom. Traders were below these groups in the
social hierarchy. Then came artisans, peasants and finally slaves.
5. Slaves did not have rights and were considered to be the property
of their masters (amo).
6. The first codes, or sets of laws, were written during this period.
These codes regulated day-to-day life. For example, Code of Hamurabi
(king of Babilonia).
Memphis
Code of Hamurabi Population Pyramid
10. 7. People of these civilisations were polytheistic (relating to believe in many gods).
This means they worshipped various gods. For this reason, temples were
built in honour of the gods (for example, Amun-Ra-God of the Sun; Osiris-God of death;
Isis-Queen of the gods…).
8. One of the most important developments was the appearance of writing.
The earliest known example was cuneiform writing, dating from 3500 BC in
Mesopotamia. Writing first came into existence to keep a record of taxes,
trade, population or offerings made to temples. Therefore, the origin of
writing is associated with religion and economic activities.
11. ACTIVITIES
Check if you have learnt about the common characteristics of Egypt and
Mesopotamia doing the following activities:
– Page 28: activities 1, 2, 3.
– Page 29: activities 5, 6.
– DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
• Hierarchical society:
• Polytheistic religions:
• Urban civilisation:
• Ancient History:
• Cuneiform writing:
PLEASE, REMEMBER:
You have to write the statement with red pen.
You have to write the answers whit blue pen.
It is forbidden the use of pencil.
13. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Mesopotamia civilization developed some 5500
years ago (3500 BC) in the region between the
Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers.
• The name Mesopotamia comes from the Greek:
means ‘between two rivers’.
Today, the territory of
Mesopotamia corresponds
to the countries Iraq, Kuwait
and north-eastern Syria
14. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: MESOPOTAMIA
• This civilisation began along the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers.
• They were polytheistic because they
believed in many Gods.
– Shamash, the God of the sun, was also the
god of justice.
– Sin, the God of the Moon.
– Ishtar, the goddess of love and war.
• Hierarchical society (different social
classes):
– kings, priest, army and civil servants.
– artisans, traders, peasants.
– finally, slaves.
• Urban civilisation. Important cities-
states developed during this period of
time. The main economic activities took
place in cities, governed by the kings.
Shamash
15. THE HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA
• Mesopotamia was home to four important civilisations:
Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.
16. 1. SUMER
• Sumerians Inhabited southern
Mesopotamia around 3500 BC.
• They invented cuneiform
writing and developed the first
known civilisation.
• They lived in city-states
(independent cities with their
own governments) like
Ur, Uruk and Lagash.
• At first, cities were governed by
priests. Later, they were ruled
by kings with the help of priests.
Interesting video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi5wTojwTvI
17. 2. AKKADIAN EMPIRE
• In 2300 BC King Sargon
conquered the Sumerian
city-states.
• The conquest of Sumerian
territory allowed Sargon,
king of Akkad, to create
the first empire in
History: Akkadian Emprie.
• Important kings: Rimush (Sargon´s
son), Manishtusu (Sargon´s son),
Naram-Sin (grand-son of Sargon)
Sargon
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
18. 3. Babylonian Empire
• Around 1950 BC, in the city
of Babylon , there was a great
royal dynasty. One of the
most powerful kings of this
dynasty was Hammurabi.
• He held great power over
Mesopotamia and introduced
an important set of laws,
the Code of Hammurabi,
which was written in 1756 BC.
This code of laws was used
throughout his empire.
• One of the most important
cities: Babylon
Code of Hammurabi
19. 4. Assyrian Empire
• Most important cities
were Assur and Nineveh
where the remains of a
great library, the Royal
Library of Ashurbanipal,
have been found.
• Important palaces such
as the palace of King
Ashurbanipal.
Relief of Ashurbanipal palace
20.
21. ACTIVITIES ABOUT CODE OF HAMMURABI
• PAGE 31: ACTIVITIES 11 AND 13.
To do the previous activities, you have to use the information
you have in your book, on page 30, and also look for more
information using other sources, such as internet.
22. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
• Materials used for building.
– The terrain of Mesopotamia is not very rocky.
– The main materials used was bricks made of mud (barro) or mudbricks
(barro cocido) or bricks made of adobe (mixture of sand, mud, clay) sun-dried.
– Because of this, very little architecture has survived the test of time, as
mudbricks are less resistant than stone.
ZIGGURATS
• One of the most important buildings in Mesopotamia.
• Are temples built to honour their gods.
• They were immense structures in the form of stepped towers (torres
empinadas) usually located in the city-centre.
• Ziggurats were a ladder (escalera) that allowed them to communicate with
the world of the gods.
• Priests performed religious ceremonies in them.
25. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
STATUES
• Sumerian kings were
intermediaries between the
people and the gods.
• This is why Sumerian
sculpture usually depicts
them praying.
• Characteristics:
– Sumerian sculpture depicted
people disproportionately,
giving them large heads and
small bodies.
– The figures are usually seated
and have large eyes, in the
shape of almond (ojos con forma
de almendra-almendrados), and
inexpressive faces.
Statue of Gudea, ruler of the city-state of
Lagash, from the Sumerian period.
27. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (I)
• Relief sculptures from
Mesopotamian civilisations
were sculpted on
stone plaques, or on
upright slabs (losas verticales) of
stone, called steles.
• Steles were placed in cities or
temples to commemorate
important events, such as a
military victory.
• They depicted the gods and
kings, often hunting or in
battle.
Wounded lioness (Assurbanipal palace)
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Stele of the Hammurabi Code
28. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (II):
Assyrians
• The walls of their palaces
were decorated with
large friezes (frisos) of battle
and hunting scenes in relief.
• In Assyrian reliefs, figures
were
sometimes superimposed to
give the scenes depth.
• Details, such as animal fur and
horse harnesses (arneses),
were sculpted very accurately:
realism
Assurbanipal palace
29. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (III)
• The city of Babylon was
famous for decorating the
bricks used in its structures,
such as the Ishtar Gate
(Nabuconodosor, 575 BC).
• It has more than 12 metres
tall and was decorated with
bricks reliefs representing
young bulls, lions and
dragons.
Ishtar Gate: the main entrance of the city of
Babylonia
32. MESOPOTAMIAN LITERATURE
• As you know, writing developed in Mesopotamia as a way of
recording payments, offerings and taxes brought to temples.
• But did you know that the first great work of literature was
written by the Sumerians?
• The Epic of Gilgamesh was an epic POEM about
Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state
Uruk. The poem is written on 12 tablets. We know
about the poem today as some tablets have survived.
– “Ea habló al valiente Enlil, diciendo: «Tú, el más sabio de los
dioses, tú, héroe, ¿cómo pudiste, sin respeto alguno, causar el
diluvio? ¡Castiga al pecador por sus pecados, castiga al ofensor
por su ofensa! ¡(Sin embargo), sé benévolo para que [la
humanidad] no sea cercenada!”.
More information about Gilgamesh epic poem:
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/poema-de-gilgamesh-fragmento/html/2bc8f2e3-ee85-4361-bcb8-85c82e50dc77_2.html
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-epopeya-de-gilgamesh_6746
33. ENHEDUANA: AKKADIAN PRINCESS
(daughter of Sargon I)
• The earliest author and poet that we know by name.
IMPORTANT
• If you have time and you want to improve YOUR
FINAL MARK, write a short biography about
Enheduana and one of her poems.
• Date of delivery: 02/05/2019
35. EGYPT: PERIODS
Its history is divided into different periods,
or kingdoms, and two intermediate periods.
• FIRST EMPIRE: King Narmer join together the
Lower and the Upper Egypt (3100 BC).
• OLD EMPIRE: its capital in Memphis. During
this period, the Pyramids of Giza were made.
• Intermediate period (economic crisis, drought
and famine: Political and social disorder)
• MIDDLE EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. During
this period, Deir el-Bahari Tomb was made.
• Intermediate period (invasions of Hyksos from
Asia)
• NEW EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. One of the
most important pharaohs, Ramses II. Tombs in
the Valley of the Kings were made.
• LATE PERIOD: its capital in Alexandria. In 30
BC, after the death of Cleopatra, Egypt is a
territory or province of the Roman Empire.
36. SOCIETY
Hierarchical society: pharaohs, priests, army and civil servants (scribes),
traders, artisans, peasants and, finally, slaves.
• The PHARAOH was the most powerful person in Ancient Egypt. He was
the political and religious leader of the Egyptians and was considered to
be the incarnation of the god Horus (instead of the God of the heavens, the god of
the Earth).
– As political leader, he also owned all the land, made laws, collected taxes and
was the head of the military.
– As religious leader, he performed rituals and built temples to honour the gods.
• The pharaoh had a court of priests and scribes:
– Priest supervised the worshipping of the gods at the temples (centers that
collected offerings and taxes from the common people)
– Scribes, who were civil servants with a knowledge of hieroglyphic writing.
• Traders, artisans or peasants, who paid taxes on the land they farmed and
were required to work on the great royal and religious structures.
• Slaves: they were people that did not have rights and were considered to
be the property of their masters.
37. Religion • The Egyptians were very
interested in death. They
believed that the souls (alma) of
the dead travelled to the
afterlife to be judged by Osiris,
the god of death and
resurrection.
• Their bodies had to be kept in
good condition. This led to the
development
of mummification:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdVMjouWe
4A
• They also buried the dead
person with The Book of the
Dead, which contained prayers
that would allow them to pass
the judgment of Osiris:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znH8KbPSKfs
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng6H76Xa1l
M
Egyptians were polytheistic, as they
believed in many Gods.
38.
39. The Nile River and ancient Egypt
• The Ancient Egyptians considered
the Nile River to be the father of
their kingdom.
• The river overflowed every year
and the fields along its banks
flooded, leaving behind mud (limo)
that was very good fertiliser for
crops.
• Harvests were plentiful
and agriculture was the basis of
the economy. This agricultural
wealth allowed cities, craft and
trade to develop, as Egypt needed
to obtain wood and metals in
exchange for its crops.
To know more: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-crecida-del-nilo_8421/6
40. They developed knowledge in certain areas, such as
astronomy, Geometry and arithmetic, Engineering or medicine
Papyrus of Smith.
Is an ancient Egyptian medical text.
Papyrus of Rhind.
Is one of the best examples of Egyptian mathematics
Papiro egipcio escrito por el
escriba Ahmes a mediados del
siglo XVI a. C., durante el
reinado de Apofis I.
Está redactado
en escritura hierática (tipo de
escritura que permitía a los
escribas del Antiguo Egipto
escribir de forma rápida
simplificando los jeroglíficos) y
mide unos seis metros de
longitud por 32 cm de anchura
https://matematicascercanas.com/2015/03/12/%CF%80-y-el-papiro-de-ahmes/
41. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ART
TOMBS
• The tombs built by Ancient Egyptians reflected how
important death was to them.
• The tombs in which pharaohs were buried were complex
structures, intended to preserve the body and surround it
with wealth for its journey to the afterlife.
• There were burial chambers inside the tombs, which
were decorated with paintings and inscriptions.
• There were various types of tombs, such as mastabas,
pyramids and hypogea.
• Video about Pyramids:
– https://youtu.be/TZIHCiAhR5E
42. Hypogea were underground tombs carved into the rock,
with various chambers (Image: Deir el-Bahari or funeral
temple of Hatshepsut)
Pyramids were made up of one or many surface-
level chambers (Image: Giza Pyramids – Keops ,
Kefren and Micerinos)/ Sphinx
Mastabas were a single underground
chamber covered by a truncated pyramid
43. The oldest of the ancient wonders relatively intact.
45. Temples
• Egyptian temples were very large
structures, built to honour the
gods.
• Only priests, scribes and servants
worked in temples, as these
buildings were not intended for
public use.
• Ceremonies were performed
outside the temple, so
their exterior was spectacular,
with obelisks and long avenues
of sphinxes.
• Two of the most important
temples are in Luxor and Karnak.
Luxor
Karnak
49. TEMPLO OF DEBOD IN MADRID
The temple was a gift from Egypt to Spain for helping to rescue temples under the
waters of the Nile
50. Sculpture
• Its purpose was to
represent the gods and
pharaohs, and to
communicate distance and
solemnity.
• Characteristics:
– 1. Inexpressive faces. They
do not show any emotions.
– 2. Symmetrical figures and
facing forward.
– 3. Very little movement.
They give and impression of
rigidity and solemnity.
– 4. The subjects can usually
be identified by their
symbols
Triad of Mykerinos
52. Painting
• Paintings were used to
decorate temples or tombs.
• Egyptian painting depicted a
wide variety of subjects:
religious and royal subjects,
scenes of daily life (people
dancing, farming and bread-
making).
• Characteristics:
– Human figures were
represented according to a
certain rules: the head and
extremities were seen in profile
and the torso was shown face
on.
53. INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY
• After watching the following video and
looking for information on internet, answer
the questions:
– https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/history-beginnings/ancient/v/rosetta-
stone-196-b-c-e
– What is the Rosetta Stone?
– Who discovered this important Stone?
– Why is so important this Stone?
54.
55.
56. OTHER EARLY CIVILISATIONS
• The Phoenicians (map on page 38).
– They established important colonies along the Mediterranean Sea,
such as Carthage, and in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Gadir and
Malaka.
• The Hebrews (map on page 38).
– They were nomads an dominated by others cultures, such as the
Egyptians. However, they created the kingdom of Israel (1010 - 932
BC). The Main rulers, Saul, David and Solomon. After a brief period,
they were subjugated by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
• The Persian Empire (map on page 39).
– They created and empire and built important cities, such as Persepolis
Remains of PersepolisGadir