3. I. History of
Urban Design
Five things that made the city:
1. Basic needs: self-preservation
2. Culture
3. Geography and Climate
4. Technology
5. Religion and Power
4. Cities grown in two ways
Natural way – according to Alexander (1964) people are simple
starting to build for their own “basic needs”, specifically for
shelter.
5. Cities grown in two ways
Artificial way – master plan is prepared,
streets, squares, and urban blocks. The
“sense of order” (Stanislawski, 1947)
6. II. Urban
transformations
“Evolution of Cities”
A. Neolithic settlements
B. Classical Planning - Urban Beginning
C. Medieval Planning (The Dark Ages)
D. Medieval planning (European recovery)
E. Renaissance Cities
F. Industrial Cities
G. Early 20th Century
15. The old city of Damascus
Considered to be among the oldest continually inhabited cities in
the world. Inhabited as early as 8,000 to 10,000 BC.
16. Cities in the Nile Valley (3,000 BC)
• Thebes and Memphis – cities
17. Cities of the Indus Valley (Pakistan)
Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa – administrative-religious centers with
40,000 inhabitants. Advanced civilizations, variations of housing, sanitary
and sewage systems.
20. Priene was an ancient Greek city of Ionia or
Anatolia today
Hippodamus of Miletus (479 BC) – ancient
Greek architect. His plan called “Hippodamian
grid.”
21. Sparta and Athens – largest cities in
Greece. 40,000 citizens plus 100,000
slaves/foreigners.
o Athens –largest city state.
22.
23.
24.
25. Topography affects the Urban design
In its broadest sense, may mean the general terrain
or contour of the surface of the entire country.
• Mountain regions - building should appear to
grow out of its surroundings. The buildings
should be 'informal’.
• Level country - 'Formal' or balanced scheme is
more satisfactory.
26. Urban design of Roman cities follows
clear laws for the development of
public and military services.
These urban rules were developed
during nearly 10 centuries in order to
create the different cities.
✓ Rectangular plan and resembled a
roman military camp with two
major roads.
27. C. Medieval Planning
The Dark Ages
Since few cities developed very much during Europe’s Dark Ages, almost Islamic
cities were Irregular, particularly to the layout of housing.
29. D. Medieval Planning
European recovery
Focal point of radial city growth was the cathedral, retained the walled city from
Roman practice.
30. https://www.pinterest.ph/L2DesignLLC/
Protected by high walls; streets were narrow and
unpaved. Sienna and Constantinople – rise of the
Church.
Focal point of radial city growth was the cathedral,
retained the walled city from Roman practice.
But enclosure of cities posed problems because of
growing populations, limited resources, epidemics
and unhealthy environment.
32. St. Peter’s Basilica, Formal piazzas
squares fostered by Gian Lorenzo
Bernini.
Axis style of City design became
prominent in this era.
33. Ideal city of Sforzinda – the first
ideal city plan of the Renaissance
by Filarete. Planned a pointed star
within a circular moat.
Starshaped Fortress – the ideal
Renaissance city
34. City of Palmanove “star-shaped city”
It is effectively in the shape of nine-pointed star, it has recently
become part of the Unesco World Heritage Site.
35. Georges-Eugene Haussmann
▪ Renovated the Paris.
▪ Paris the best planned city and its design is still
used for other developments.
▪ The Arc de Triomphe became the center of twelve
avenues, radiating outward, connecting to the city.
36.
37. Baroque
• Reigning monarchs of the western world.
• Marked by monumentalism and grandeur, huge open
spaces were created in cities with majestic boulevards.
• Versailles – landscape architecture showcased palaces and
gardens.
39. Industrial City design by Tony Garnier
He was a French architect and city planner. His basic idea included the
separation of spaces by function through zoning into several categories.
First produced plan for the ideal industrial town in 1904.
40. Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud
o JJP Oud (Dutch Architect) adopted the Industrial City design
by Tony Garnier.
o In 1918 Oud was appointed housing architect to the city of
Rotterdam, in which post he was required to supply sorely
needed mass housing for workers.
Kiefhoek Housing Development
41. The Spangen municipal housing project
According to JJP, The town plan is generally dominated by two elements:
the street and the square. The street as a string of houses; the square as a
focus of streets.
42. G. Early 20th Century
Historical concept of urban planning from art to technics.
The artistic grandeur of earlier times and more to do with the
technician’s approach to the city as a functional entity.
43. By 1910, the US population tripled from 31.4 million to
91.9 million residents.
Overall urban ugliness at alongside corrupt government
structures set the tone for social unrest, labor strikes and
disease.
44. Architect and Urban Designer, Daniel Burnham, and Landscape
Architect, Fredrick Law-Olmsted recognized the dismal state of
American urban affairs and hoped to reverse these conditions.
“City Beautiful movement” encourage civic pride and engagement.
45. Takes inspiration from the seductive grand plazas, wide
avenues, symmetrical design and monuments that adorn the
French Beaux-Arts style of architecture.
For the people to respect their environment and in turn
become loyal, dignified citizens.
46. Burnham’s Manila plan drew its influences mainly from his
plans for Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington.
Common characteristics like wide radial avenues,
landscaped promenades, and, most importantly, a civic core
that is envisioned to be the center of the city.
47.
48. The capital of Pakistan designed by
Constantine Doxiadis
• Separates cars and people
• Allow easy and affordable access to public transport.
• No losing the human scale of “Communities”
49. Designed in the 1920s by Le Corbusier, one of
Modernism’s most influential architects, the
“Radiant City” was to be a linear and ordered
metropolis of the future.
50. Building blocks
Vertical architecture and leave plenty
of shared open space in between for
people to use and enjoy.
Horizontal areas would serve as
traffic corridors as well as public
landscapes with lush greenery.
Streets: Transportation and people
Pedestrians, cyclists, drivers and
public transportation users were
given dedicated routes to get around.
51. Brasilia designed by Lucio Costa
(Brazilian architect and urban planner)
1957 master plan for Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil and The
simple concept behind the plan form was an aero plane.
53. Cities grown in two ways
Natural way – according to Alexander (1964) people are simple
starting to build for their own “basic needs”, specifically for
shelter.
54. Cities grown in two ways
Artificial way – master plan is prepared,
streets, squares, and urban blocks. The
“sense of order” (Stanislawski, 1947)
