The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of the Nile River in Egyptian civilization. Architecture, art, literature and the importance of religion are also summarized for Mesopotamia and Egypt.

1. UNIT 2.- EARLY CIVILISATIONS

2. WELCOME TO A NEW CLASS OF HISTORY
• Today, we are going to start with the study of history.
• We don´t forget the previous period of time: prehistory
PREHISTORY HISTORY
Before the
invention of
writing
After the
invention of
writing

3. Remember the timeline with all the
periods of history
This term we are going to study
ANCIENT HISTORY

4. EARLY
CIVILISATIONS
URBAN
CIVILISATION
Mesopotamia
Egypt
CLASIC
CIVILISATION
Ancient Greek
Ancient Rome
ANCIENT HISTORY
From the invention of writing to the fall of Roman Empire
Unit 2
Unit 4
Unit 3

5. BEFORE STARTING WITH THE STUDY OF EARLY CIVILISATION…
• You have to do the cover of unit 2 using the ancient Egyptian system of
writing: hieroglyphs, based on elaborate drawings.

6. EARLY CIVILISATION:
Mesopotamia and Egypt
In this unit, we will focus on the civilisations in Egypt and Mesopotamia

8. What is a civilisation?
• Is an advanced state of human society in
which there is:
– A stable food supply.
– A division of labour.
– A hierarchical society.
– Systems of laws and government.
– A developed culture.
RAE: Conjunto de costumbres, saberes y artes propio de una sociedad humana.

9. MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT.
Common characteristics
1. These early civilisations began along the banks of very long rivers, such
as the Nile in Egypt, and the Tigris and the Euphrates in Mesopotamia.
 People used their water to make the lands around them fertile for agriculture.
They developed irrigation systems, such as canals, to channel water to more distant
areas.
2. There was a lot of craftwork and trade in
the areas around these large rivers. In fact,
so much trade took place that people began
to use money.
Nectanebo II (361-350 AC)

10. 3. These early civilisations were urban civilisations, because the main
economic activities were concentrated in cities.
4. Society in these early civilisations was very hierarchical (look at the population
pyramid above). A minority, made up of kings and priests, controlled the
majority of the wealth and governed the people. Under their command were
the army and civil servants, who managed the kingdom. Traders were below
these groups in the social hierarchy. Then came artisans, peasants and
finally slaves.
5. In ancient civilisations, the majority of labour was done by slaves. They
were the basis of the economy. Slaves did not have rights and were
considered to be the property of their masters (amo).
6. The first codes, or sets of laws, were written during this period. These
codes regulated day-to-day life. For example, Code of Hamurabi (king of
Babilonia).
Memphis
Code of Hamurabi

11. 7. People of these civilisations were polytheistic (relating to believe in many gods).
This means they worshipped various gods. For this reason, temples were
built in honour of the gods (for example, Amun-Ra-God of the Sun; Osiris-God of death;
Isis-Queen of the gods…).
8. One of the most important developments of these early civilisations was
the appearance of writing. The earliest known example was cuneiform
writing, dating from 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. Writing first came into
existence as a way of keeping record of offerings made and taxes paid to
temples. Therefore, the origin of writing is associated with religion and
economic activities.

12. ACTIVITIES
Check if you have learnt about the common characteristics of Egypt
and Mesopotamia doing the following activities:
– Page 28: activities 1, 2, 3.
– Page 29: activities 5, 7.
– DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
• Civilisation:
• Polytheism:
• Urban civilisation.
• Ancient History.
 PLEASE, REMEMBER:
 You have to write the statement with red pen.
 You have to write the answers whit blue pen.
 It is forbidden the use of pencil.

13. MESOPOTAMIA

14. MESOPOTAMIA
• The name Mesopotamia comes from
the Greek: means ‘between two rivers’.
Mesopotamia is a desert
region crossed by the
Tigris and the Euphrates
and the place where
history’s first civilisations
appeared some 5500
years ago (3500 BC).

15. Today, the territory of Mesopotamia corresponds
to the countries Iraq, Kuwait and north-eastern Syria.

16. Remember the characteristics: Mesopotamia
• This civilisation began along the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
• There were a lot of trade.
• They were polytheistic because they
believed in many Gods. For example,
Shamash, the God of the sun, was
also the god of justice; Sin, the God
of the Moon; Ishtar, the goddess of
love and war; and Ninhursag, the
mother goddess.
• Hierarchical society (different social
classes): kings, priest, army and civil
servant, artisans, traders, peasants
and, finally, slaves.
• Urban civilisation. Important cities-
states developed during this period
of time. The main economic activities
took place in cities, governed by the
kings. Shamash

17. THE HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA
• Mesopotamia was home to four important civilisations:
Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.

18. 1. SUMERIANS
• The Sumerians inhabited southern
Mesopotamia around 3500 BC.
• They invented cuneiform
writing and developed the first
known civilisation.
• They developed irrigation system.
• The Sumerians lived in city-states:
independent cities with their own
governments.
• The most important city-states
were Ur, Uruk and Lagash.
• At first, cities were governed by
priests. Later, they were ruled by
kings with the help of priests.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi5wTojwTvI

19. 2. AKKADIANS
• The Akkadians lived to the
north of the Sumerians.
• They had a policy of expanding
their territory to the south,
into the territory of the
Sumerians, which they
eventually conquered.
• The conquest of Sumerian
territory allowed Sargon, king
of Akkad, to create the first
empire in History.
• Important kings: Rimush
(Sargon´s son), Manishtusu
(Sargon´s son), Naram-Sin
(grand-son of Sargon)
• The Akkadians controlled the
region from 2340–2150 BC.
Sargon
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin

20. 3. Babylonians
• Around 1950 BC, in the city
of Babylon in the centre of
Mesopotamia, there was a great
royal dynasty.
• One of the most powerful kings
of this
dynasty was Hammurabi 1792–
1750 BC).
• He held great power over
Mesopotamia and introduced an
important set of laws, the Code
of Hammurabi, which was
written in 1756 BC. This code of
laws was used throughout his
empire.
• One of the most important
cities: Babylon
Code of Hammurabi

21. 4. Assyrians
• The Assyrians lived in northern
Mesopotamia. Their empire
reached its peak between the
9th and 7th centuries BC.
• The Assyrians were fearsome
(aterrador/imponente) warriors
who developed advanced
military techniques and were,
therefore, able to create a great
empire.
• Their most important cities
were Assur and Nineveh, where
the remains of a great library,
the Royal Library of
Ashurbanipal, have been found.
• There were also important
palaces such as the palace of
King Ashurbanipal.
Relief of Ashurbanipal palace

23. ACTIVITIES ABOUT CODE OF HAMMURABI
• PAGE 31: ACTIVITIES 11 AND 13.
To do the previous activities, you have to use the information
you have in your book, on page 30, and also look for more
information using other sources, such as internet.

24. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
• What materials did the Mesopotamians use for building?
The terrain of Mesopotamia is not very rocky, so the main
building material used was bricks made of mud (barro) or
mudbricks (barro cocido) or bricks made of adobe (mixture of sand, mud,
clay) sun-dried. Because of this, very little architecture has survived the test
of time, as mudbricks are less resistant than stone.
ZIGGURATS
• Are temples built for Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumerians, Akkadians,
Babylonians and Assyrians) to honour their gods.
For these civilizations, ziggurats were a ladder (escalera) that allowed them
to communicate with the world of the gods.
• These were one of the most important buildings in Mesopotamia.
• They were immense structures in the form of stepped towers (torres
empinadas) usually located in the city-centre.
• Priests lived and performed religious ceremonies in them.

25. ZIGGURAT OF UR: RECREATION
ZIGGURAT OF UR: REMAINS

26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zxwlHotjhg

27. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
STATUES
• Sumerian kings were
intermediaries between the
people and the gods.
• This is why Sumerian
sculpture usually depicts
them praying.
• Characteristics:
– Sumerian sculpture depicted
people disproportionately,
giving them large heads and
small bodies.
– The figures are usually seated
and have large eyes, in the
shape of almond (ojos con forma
de almendra-almendrados), and
inexpressive faces.
Statue of Gudea, ruler of the city-state of
Lagash, from the Sumerian period.

28. Winged lions and bulls
(Leones y toros alados)

29. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (I)
• Relief sculptures from
Mesopotamian civilisations
were sculpted on
stone plaques, or on
upright slabs (losas verticales) of
stone, called steles.
• Steles were placed in cities or
temples to commemorate
important events, such as a
military victory.
• They depicted the gods and
kings, often hunting or in
battle.
Wounded lioness (Assurbanipal palace)
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Stele of the Hammurabi Code

30. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (II): Assyrians
• The warrior spirit of the
Assyrians is reflected in their
art (remember: they were
fearsome warriors).
• The walls of their palaces were
decorated with large friezes
(frisos) of battle and
hunting scenes in relief.
• In Assyrian reliefs, figures were
sometimes superimposed to
give the scenes depth.
• Details, such as animal fur and
horse harnesses (arneses), were
sculpted very accurately:
realism Assurbanipal palace

31. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (III)
• The city of Babylon was
famous for decorating the
bricks used in its structures,
such as the Ishtar Gate
(Nabuconodosor, 575 BC).
• It has more than 12 metres
tall and was decorated with
bricks reliefs representing
young bulls, lions and
dragons.
Ishtar Gate: the main entrance of the city of
Babylonia

33. RECREATION BABYLONIA CITY

34. MESOPOTAMIAN LITERATURE
• As you know, writing developed in Mesopotamia as a way of
recording payments, offerings and taxes brought to temples.
• But did you know that the first great work of literature was
written by the Sumerians?
• The Epic of Gilgamesh was an epic POEM about
Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state
Uruk. The poem is written on 12 tablets. We know
about the poem today as some tablets have survived.
– “Ea habló al valiente Enlil, diciendo: «Tú, el más sabio de los
dioses, tú, héroe, ¿cómo pudiste, sin respeto alguno, causar el
diluvio? ¡Castiga al pecador por sus pecados, castiga al ofensor
por su ofensa! ¡(Sin embargo), sé benévolo para que [la
humanidad] no sea cercenada!”.
More information about Gilgamesh epic poem:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-epopeya-de-gilgamesh_6746

35. Enheduana: akkadian princess
(daughter of Sargon I)
• The earliest author and poet that we know by name.
IMPORTANT
• If you have time and you want to improve YOUR
FINAL MARK, write a short description about
Enheduana and one of her poems.
• Date of delivery: 28/04/2017

36. EGYPT
Abu Simbel Temple

38. EGYPT: PERIODS
Its history is divided into different periods,
or kingdoms, and two intermediate periods.
• FIRST EMPIRE: King Narmer join together the
Lower and the Upper Egypt.
• OLD EMPIRE: its capital in Memphis. During
this period, the Pyramids of Giza were made.
• Intermediate period (economic crisis, drought
and famine: Political and social disorder)
• MIDDLE EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. During
this period, Deir el-Bahari Tomb was made.
• Intermediate period (invasions of Hyksos from
Asia)
• NEW EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. One of the
most important pharaohs, Ramses II. Tombs in
the Valley of the Kings were made.
• LATE PERIOD: its capital in Alexandria. In 30
BC, after the death of Cleopatra, Egypt is a
territory or province of the Roman Empire.

39. SOCIETY
 Hierarchical society: pharaohs, priests, army and civil servants
(scribes), artisans, traders, peasants and, finally, slaves.
• The PHARAOH was the most powerful person in Ancient Egypt. He
was the political and religious leader of the Egyptians, and
was considered to be the incarnation of the god Horus (instead of the
God of the heavens, the god of the Earth).
– As political leader, he also owned all the land, made laws, collected
taxes and was the head of the military.
– As religious leader, he performed rituals and built temples to honour
the gods.
• The pharaoh had a court of priests, that supervised the
worshipping of the gods at the temples (centers that collected
offerings and taxes from the common people), and scribes, who were
civil servants with a knowledge of hieroglyphic writing.
• Artisans, traders or peasants, who paid taxes on the land they
farmed and were required to work on the great royal and religious
structures.
• Slaves: they were people that did not have rights and were
considered to be the property of their masters.

40. Religion • The Egyptians were very
interested in death. They
believed that the souls (alma) of
the dead travelled to the afterlife
to be judged by Osiris, the god of
death and resurrection.
• Therefore, their bodies had to be
kept in good condition. This led
to the development
of mummification:
– https://dai.ly/xcdkmg
• They also buried the dead
with The Book of the Dead, which
contained prayers that would
allow them to pass the judgment
of Osiris:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znH8Kb
PSKfs
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng6H76
Xa1lM
Egyptians were polytheistic, as they
believed in many Gods.

41. The Nile River and ancient Egypt
• The Ancient Egyptians considered
the Nile River to be the father of
their kingdom. The river
overflowed every year and the
fields along its banks flooded,
leaving behind mud (limo) that was
very good fertiliser for crops.
• Harvests were plentiful
and agriculture was the basis of
the economy. This agricultural
wealth allowed cities, craft and
trade to develop, as Egypt needed
to obtain wood and metals in
exchange for its crops.

42. • The flooding forced Egyptians to develop certain
areas of knowledge:
– Astronomy: enabled them to predict when the Nile would
flood
– Geometry and arithmetic: they measured the fields and
market the boundaries of each property after the flood.
– Engineering: developed canals to irrigate the land and
store water.
Papyrus of Smith Papyrus of Rhind

43. INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY
• For the next class, look for information about Papyrus of
Smith and Rhind and write in your notebook the result of
your investigation.
• Papyrus of Smith: is an ancient Egyptian medical text; it
describes 48 cases of injuries, fractures, wounds,
dislocations and tumors
– Caso 45 Título: Instrucciones concernientes a tumores en su
pecho. Examen: Si examina a un hombre con un tumor abultado
en su pecho y encuentra que la hinchazón se ha extendido sobre
su pecho, y si pone su mano sobre ese pecho, sobre esos
tumores, y los encuentra fríos y no hay fiebre, y no tienen
granulación, y no forman líquido y no generan secreciones, y se
tocan como bultos. Veredicto: Debería decir con respecto a él:
“Uno que tiene tumores abultados, una enfermedad que debo
contener”. Tratamiento: No hay tratamiento. Si encuentra
tumores abultados en cualquier miembro de un hombre, deberá
tratarlo de acuerdo a estas direcciones. (Que no se haga nada).
• Papyrus of Rhind: is one of the best known examples
of Egyptian mathematics: arithmetic, geometry…

44. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ART
TOMBS
• The tombs built by Ancient Egyptians reflected how
important death was to them.
• The tombs in which pharaohs were buried were complex
structures, intended to preserve the body and surround it
with wealth for its journey to the afterlife.
• There were burial chambers inside the tombs, which
were decorated with paintings and inscriptions.
• There were various types of tombs, such as mastabas,
pyramids and hypogea.
• Video about Pyramids:
– https://youtu.be/TZIHCiAhR5E

45. Hypogea were underground tombs carved into the rock,
with various chambers (Image: Deir el-Bahari or funeral
temple of Hatshepsut)
Pyramids were made up of one or many surface-
level chambers (Image: Giza Pyramids – Keops ,
Kefren and Micerinos)/ Sphinx
Mastabas were a single underground
chamber covered by a truncated pyramid

46. The oldest of the ancient wonders relatively intact.

47. TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS

48. Temples
• Egyptian temples were very large
structures, built to honour the
gods.
• Only priests, scribes and servants
worked in temples, as these
buildings were not intended for
public use.
• Ceremonies were performed
outside the temple, so
their exterior was spectacular,
with obelisks and long avenues
of sphinxes.
• Two of the most important
temples are in Luxor and Karnak.
Luxor
Karnak

49. TEMPLE OF LUXOR

50. TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL:
RAMSES II

51. AN INCREDIBLE HISTORY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CMdep2m_E

52. TEMPLO OF DEBOD IN MADRID
The temple was a gift from Egypt to Spain for helping to rescue temples under the
waters of the Nile

53. Sculpture
• Its purpose was to
represent the gods and
pharaohs, and to
communicate distance and
solemnity.
• Characteristics:
– 1. Inexpressive faces. They
do not show any emotions.
– 2. Symmetrical figures and
facing forward.
– 3. Very little movement.
They give and impression of
rigidity and solemnity.
– 4. The subjects can usually
be identified by their
symbols
Triad of Mykerinos

54. NefertitiThe seated scribe

55. Painting
• Egyptian painting depicted
a wide variety of subjects.
In addition to religious and
royal subjects, there were
scenes of daily life, such
as dancing, farming and
bread-making.
• Characteristics:
– Human figures were
represented according to a
certain rules: the head and
extremities were seen in
profile and the torso was
shown face on.

56. INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY
• After watching this video
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-
history/history-beginnings/ancient/v/rosetta-stone-196-b-c-e,
and looking for information on internet,
answer the following questions:
– What is the Rosetta Stone?
– Who discovered this important Stone?
– Why is so important this Stone?

59. OTHER EARLY CIVILISATIONS
• The Phoenicians (map on page 38).
– They established important colonies along the Mediterranean Sea,
such as Carthage, and in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Gadir and
Malaka.
• The Hebrews (map on page 38).
– They were nomads an dominated by others cultures, such as the
Egyptians. However, they created the kingdom of Israel (1010 - 932
BC). The Main rulers, Saul, David and Solomon. After a brief period,
they were subjugated by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
• The Persian Empire (map on page 39).
– They created and empire and built important cities, such as Persepolis
Remains of PersepolisGadir