Isomerism and its types
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Isomerism
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural or spatial arrangements of the atoms within the molecule. The reason there are such a colossal number of organic compounds which is more than 10 million is partly due to isomerism.
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This document provides an overview of stereochemistry concepts taught in an organic chemistry course. It defines different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism, and tautomerism. It describes geometrical isomerism which can occur in alkenes and cyclic compounds due to restricted bond rotation. The document introduces the E/Z system for naming geometrical isomers based on priority of substituents. It also discusses optical isomerism and defines terms like chiral, enantiomers, and diastereomers.
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The document discusses molecular orbital theory (MOT) and ligand field theory (LFT) as applied to transition metal complexes. It provides details on:
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2. The splitting of orbitals into bonding, non-bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, and the filling of electrons according to Aufbau principle.
3. How LFT can explain color, spectra and magnetic properties of complexes based on ligand strength and the energy of the d-orbital splitting.
4. Examples
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isomers
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural or spatial arrangements. There are several types of isomers including structural isomers, stereoisomers, and optical isomers. Structural isomers have the same atoms bonded differently. Stereoisomers have the same bonding but different 3D orientations. Optical isomers cannot be superimposed and rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions. Isomers are important in drug development and biological processes because evolution favors specific isomer forms for functions. The structures and positions of groups in isomers strongly influence chemistry and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Isomerism
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural or spatial arrangements of the atoms within the molecule. The reason there are such a colossal number of organic compounds which is more than 10 million is partly due to isomerism.
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The document discusses molecular orbital theory (MOT) and ligand field theory (LFT) as applied to transition metal complexes. It provides details on:
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2. The splitting of orbitals into bonding, non-bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, and the filling of electrons according to Aufbau principle.
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isomers
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural or spatial arrangements. There are several types of isomers including structural isomers, stereoisomers, and optical isomers. Structural isomers have the same atoms bonded differently. Stereoisomers have the same bonding but different 3D orientations. Optical isomers cannot be superimposed and rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions. Isomers are important in drug development and biological processes because evolution favors specific isomer forms for functions. The structures and positions of groups in isomers strongly influence chemistry and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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1. Relative configuration compares the arrangement of atoms in space of one compound to another, while absolute configuration precisely describes the arrangement of atoms in space.
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Molecular orbital theory
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Tautomers
Tautomers are alternate forms of DNA bases that are produced through rearrangements of electrons and protons. When bases tautomerize, they can incorrectly pair with each other during DNA replication, causing mutations known as transitions. Mutations can be classified by their impact on protein function, such as loss of function (null), reduced function (hypomorphic), increased function (hypermorphic), or acquisition of a new function (neomorphic). They can also be dominant or recessive. Examples of different mutation types and their effects are provided.
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Functional groups
Functional groups are moieties within molecules that determine chemical reactivity. Common functional groups include hydrocarbons, halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and boron groups. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds with the formula CnH2n, while alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds with the formula CnH2n-2. Haloalkanes contain carbon-halogen bonds and undergo substitution or elimination reactions. Oxygen-containing groups like alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers have differing reactivities
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alkanes
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1. There are three main types of isomerism: structural isomerism, which includes chain and positional isomers that differ in carbon structure; functional group isomerism, where compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups; and metamerism, where alkyl groups are in different positions.
2. Chain isomers have different arrangements of carbon atoms in their structure, while positional isomers have the same carbon skeleton but different positions of functional groups. Functional group isomers belong to different classes of compounds despite having the same molecular formula.
3. More branching in a carbon chain leads to lower boiling points compared to straight chain isomers due to weaker intermolecular forces between molecules.
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1. Relative configuration compares the arrangement of atoms in space of one compound to another, while absolute configuration precisely describes the arrangement of atoms in space.
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This document provides an introduction to molecular orbital theory (MOT). It defines MOT as occurring when individual atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals as electrons are associated with multiple nuclei when atoms bond. The key points covered are:
1) MOT explains questions not answered by valence bond theory, such as why H2 does not exist and why O2 is paramagnetic.
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Stereochemistry deals with the 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule and how this affects its properties. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements. There are several types of isomerism including enantiomers (non-superimposable mirror images), diastereomers (stereoisomers that are not mirror images), and conformational isomers (stereoisomers converted by single bond rotation). The arrangement of atoms in a molecule determines its interactions and biological activity, which is important for pharmaceutical applications where different isomers may have different pharmacological effects.
Tautomers
Tautomers are alternate forms of DNA bases that are produced through rearrangements of electrons and protons. When bases tautomerize, they can incorrectly pair with each other during DNA replication, causing mutations known as transitions. Mutations can be classified by their impact on protein function, such as loss of function (null), reduced function (hypomorphic), increased function (hypermorphic), or acquisition of a new function (neomorphic). They can also be dominant or recessive. Examples of different mutation types and their effects are provided.
Bent rule
Bent's rule describes how the hybridization of central atoms in molecules relates to the electronegativity of substituents. More electronegative elements prefer hybrid orbitals with less s character and more p character, while less electronegative substituents prefer orbitals with more s character. This explains differences in bond lengths and angles compared to ideal values, as bond length decreases and angle decreases with increasing p character directed towards more electronegative substituents. Examples of bent's rule justification include the decreased bond angle in fluoromethane compared to methane due to less s character in the C-F bond.
Functional groups
Functional groups are moieties within molecules that determine chemical reactivity. Common functional groups include hydrocarbons, halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and boron groups. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds with the formula CnH2n, while alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds with the formula CnH2n-2. Haloalkanes contain carbon-halogen bonds and undergo substitution or elimination reactions. Oxygen-containing groups like alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers have differing reactivities
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Alkane 11
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes can be represented by structural formulas that show the specific arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Structural isomers are possible for alkanes with five or more carbons. Alkanes are prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, decarboxylation of fatty acids, and reduction of alkyl halides. They undergo halogenation reactions to form alkyl halides. Physical properties like boiling point increase with increasing molecular size and branching decreases boiling point.
alkanes
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes.
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Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called isomers. Isomerism can be classified into four main types: chain isomerism which is a difference in carbon chain, functional group isomerism due to differences in functional groups, position isomerism when functional groups are in different positions of the same carbon chain, and metamerism which is a difference in the number of carbon atoms on either side of a functional group. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of isomerism.
Welcome
Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called isomers. Isomerism can be classified into four main types: chain isomerism, functional group isomerism, position isomerism, and metamerism. Chain isomerism occurs when the carbon chain structure differs, functional group isomerism occurs when the functional groups differ, position isomerism occurs when the positions of the functional groups differ in the same carbon chain, and metamerism occurs when the number of carbon atoms differ on either side of a functional group.
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This document provides an overview of isomerism in organic chemistry. It discusses four main types of isomerism: structural isomerism, stereoisomerism, geometrical isomerism, and optical isomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Stereoisomerism occurs when compounds have the same connectivity of atoms but different arrangements in space. Geometrical isomerism is specific to alkenes and results from restricted rotation around double bonds. Optical isomerism produces non-superimposable mirror images known as enantiomers and results from chiral centers.
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Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. There are several types of structural isomerism including chain, positional, and functional group isomerism. Stereoisomers have the same connectivity of atoms but different orientations in space. The main types of stereoisomerism are geometrical isomerism, optical isomerism, and conformational isomerism. Geometrical isomerism occurs due to restricted bond rotation and results in cis-trans, syn-anti, and E-Z isomers.
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This document discusses different types of isomerism. It defines isomerism as compounds having the same chemical formula but different structural formulas and properties. There are two main types discussed - structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures, and includes chain, position, functional group, and metamerism. Stereoisomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different positioning of atoms in space, and includes geometric and optical isomerism. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of isomerism.
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Narrated isomerism
There are several types of isomerism that can occur when compounds have the same molecular formula:
- Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas due to variations in how atoms are connected or arranged in the carbon skeleton. This includes chain and positional isomers.
- Stereoisomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula and structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms. Geometrical isomerism, a type of stereoisomerism, can occur in alkenes and results in cis-trans isomers due to restricted rotation around carbon-carbon double bonds.
- Functional group isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different
Isomerism
There are several types of isomerism that can occur when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas:
Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms. This includes chain isomers which have different carbon skeleton arrangements and positional isomers which have functional groups in different positions.
Stereoisomerism occurs when compounds have the same connectivity of atoms but different three-dimensional orientations. This includes geometric isomers, which can exist as cis or trans forms due to restricted bond rotation, and optical isomers which are non-superimposable mirror images known as enantiomers.
Different structural and stereoisomeric forms can have similar chemical properties
Structural isomers
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the structural arrangement of atoms. They include chain, position, and functional group isomers. Chain isomers have different arrangements of carbons and hydrogens in the parent chain. Position isomers have the same functional group in different positions. Pentane is an example of a parent chain with five carbons and twelve hydrogens, while 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane are examples of other isomers of C5H12 that differ in their structural arrangements.
Unit-2-Hydrocarbons.ppt
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and several families of organic compounds. It discusses the four families of hydrocarbons - alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. It also examines some functional groups including alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters. Finally, it analyzes the intermolecular forces between different organic molecule families and how these forces affect physical properties such as boiling points.
Unit-2-Hydrocarbons.ppt
This document provides an overview of unit 2 of a chemistry course which covers hydrocarbons and functional groups. It begins by introducing organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds and discusses the four families of hydrocarbons - alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. It then focuses on alkanes, discussing their structures, naming conventions, conformations and isomers. The document also touches on cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, and introduces the idea of functional groups and the families of alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters.
Unit-2-Hydrocarbons.class 11 notes of ppt
This document provides an overview of unit 2 of a chemistry course which covers hydrocarbons and functional groups. It begins by introducing organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds and discusses the four families of hydrocarbons - alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. It then focuses on alkanes, discussing their structures, naming conventions, conformations and isomers. The document also touches on cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, and introduces the idea of functional groups and the families of alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters.
Organic Chemistry: Structure and Nomenclature
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry structure and nomenclature. It discusses various ways of representing organic molecules, including 3D formulas, skeletal formulas, and structural formulas. Skeletal formulas are emphasized as they make organic structures easier to understand. The document also covers IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds based on functional groups and carbon chain length and structure. Finally, it discusses different types of isomerism that can occur in organic molecules, including structural isomers, stereoisomers (cis-trans and optical), and functional group isomers.
Structural isomerism
1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, meaning different bond arrangements or connectivity of atoms.
2. There are several types of structural isomers including chain isomers, positional isomers, functional isomers, metamers, and tautomers.
3. Tautomers are a type of functional isomer that can interconvert in solution through the rapid movement of hydrogen atoms or other groups between functional groups.
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Isomerism and its types
- 5. Chain isomerism Position isomerism Functional isomerism Metamerism Tautomerism Ring chain isomerism Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 6. In case of chain isomerism, two or more compounds having same molecular formula but differ in the parent (main) chain name. CH3 — CH2 — CH2—CH3 CH3 — CH—CH3 CH3 Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 7. – Only differ in the position of double bond Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 8. In case of functional isomerism, two or more compounds having same molecular formula but different functional groups. Isomers have different functional group – 1. Alcohols and ethers 2. Ketones and aldehydes 3. Carboxylic acid and ester 4. Cyanides and isocyanides Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 9. Forexample- Ethyl alcohol Dimethyl ether Acetone Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Methyl acetate Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 11. In case of Tautomerism, two or more compounds having same molecular formula but there is only difference in the position of protons. Tautomers involves the rapid inter-conversion of two isomers that can not be isolated ,which means they are in dynamic equilibrium. Tautomerism is intra-molecular phenomena. Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 13. In keto – enol tautomerism, a keto group with a hydrogen convert into enolic form in presence of acid or base. For example – CH3 — C — H ║ O CH2 ═ C ─ H │ OH Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 14. Non – keto enol Tautomerism In non- keto enol tautomerism, transfer of proton from one form to another in presence of acid or base. H+ H+ H+ Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 15. In ring chain isomerism, two or more compounds having same molecular formula but they shows different open chain and cyclic structures. C4H8 CH3—CH ═ CH— CH3 CH3 Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com
- 16. Follow me on this link - Shaivikchemistryclasses.blogspot.com