Two triterpenes, betulin and betulinic acid, were isolated from Parinari curatellifolia through serial extraction and column chromatography. Betulin was isolated from the petroleum ether extract while betulinic acid was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. Structural characterization of the compounds was carried out using NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. Based on the spectroscopic data, the isolated compounds were identified as betulin and betulinic acid. These are the first reports of these triterpenes being constituents of P. curatellifolia.
Comprehensive study on pharmacognostic, physico and phytochemical evaluation ...Uploadworld
Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Family-Combretaceae) is commonly known as Arjun tree and valued for its medicinal uses. In the present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic study of T. arjuna stem bark (TASB) is carried out to lay down the standards which could be useful in forthcoming experimental studies.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Development, Characterization, and Isolation of Alkaloidal Fraction from Teph...BRNSS Publication Hub
A wound is a break in the skin. Wound is usually caused by cuts or scalps, and symptoms at wound or injury include swelling, stiffness, tenderness, discoloration skin tightness, itching, and scar formation, two types of tissue injury. Wound healing is a complex dynamic process. The main objective of this investigation is to study the development, characterization, and isolation of alkaloidal fraction from Tephrosia purpurea and evaluate its wound healing activity in various wound models such as excision, incision, dead space, and burn wound models. Various evaluation parameters such as wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength, wet and dry granuloma weight, and hydroxyproline estimation were performed. The main objective of this investigation is to develop a product, which may give a wound healing property, and enhance wound healing process such as increase the collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and epithelization because products which are available in market are either antiseptic or antimicrobial.
Screening of Phyto-chemical compounds from hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic leaf...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that screened for phytochemical compounds in leaf and bark extracts of Terminalia arjuna and Syzygium cumini using hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic solvents. The study found that T. arjuna contained higher amounts of phytochemicals than S. cumini. T. arjuna leaf extracts contained high amounts of flavonoids, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenoids, fatty acids and glycosides, while bark extracts contained high amounts of saponins, steroids and glycosides. Both plants were found to be a good source of secondary metabolites that could potentially be used as herbal medicines.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical composition of two tropical medicinal plants, Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf extracts were prepared from the plants using different solvents and subjected to phytochemical screening tests. Both plants were found to contain several bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. Stereospermum colais L. had a higher extractive value in methanol. Physicochemical analysis and fluorescence analysis were also performed on the leaf powders. The study supports the use of these plants in traditional medicine.
In vivo study excision of wound healing potential of herbal formulationpharmaindexing
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of an herbal formulation containing an ethanol extract of Lygodium flexuosum leaves. The leaves were extracted using successive solvent extraction with non-polar to polar solvents. Microscopic analysis of the leaf powder showed presence of vessels, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. Three ointments with varying concentrations of the extract (100mg, 200mg, control) were prepared and tested for homogeneity, acute skin irritation, and penetration rate in rats. The results suggest the ointment has wound healing properties and a penetration rate of 0.02 mg, with no skin irritation observed.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Comprehensive study on pharmacognostic, physico and phytochemical evaluation ...Uploadworld
Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Family-Combretaceae) is commonly known as Arjun tree and valued for its medicinal uses. In the present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic study of T. arjuna stem bark (TASB) is carried out to lay down the standards which could be useful in forthcoming experimental studies.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Development, Characterization, and Isolation of Alkaloidal Fraction from Teph...BRNSS Publication Hub
A wound is a break in the skin. Wound is usually caused by cuts or scalps, and symptoms at wound or injury include swelling, stiffness, tenderness, discoloration skin tightness, itching, and scar formation, two types of tissue injury. Wound healing is a complex dynamic process. The main objective of this investigation is to study the development, characterization, and isolation of alkaloidal fraction from Tephrosia purpurea and evaluate its wound healing activity in various wound models such as excision, incision, dead space, and burn wound models. Various evaluation parameters such as wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength, wet and dry granuloma weight, and hydroxyproline estimation were performed. The main objective of this investigation is to develop a product, which may give a wound healing property, and enhance wound healing process such as increase the collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and epithelization because products which are available in market are either antiseptic or antimicrobial.
Screening of Phyto-chemical compounds from hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic leaf...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that screened for phytochemical compounds in leaf and bark extracts of Terminalia arjuna and Syzygium cumini using hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic solvents. The study found that T. arjuna contained higher amounts of phytochemicals than S. cumini. T. arjuna leaf extracts contained high amounts of flavonoids, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenoids, fatty acids and glycosides, while bark extracts contained high amounts of saponins, steroids and glycosides. Both plants were found to be a good source of secondary metabolites that could potentially be used as herbal medicines.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical composition of two tropical medicinal plants, Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf extracts were prepared from the plants using different solvents and subjected to phytochemical screening tests. Both plants were found to contain several bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. Stereospermum colais L. had a higher extractive value in methanol. Physicochemical analysis and fluorescence analysis were also performed on the leaf powders. The study supports the use of these plants in traditional medicine.
In vivo study excision of wound healing potential of herbal formulationpharmaindexing
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of an herbal formulation containing an ethanol extract of Lygodium flexuosum leaves. The leaves were extracted using successive solvent extraction with non-polar to polar solvents. Microscopic analysis of the leaf powder showed presence of vessels, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. Three ointments with varying concentrations of the extract (100mg, 200mg, control) were prepared and tested for homogeneity, acute skin irritation, and penetration rate in rats. The results suggest the ointment has wound healing properties and a penetration rate of 0.02 mg, with no skin irritation observed.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
This document summarizes the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the stem of Abutilon indicum. Microscopic analysis revealed distinctive features of the young and thick stems including epidermal trichomes, vascular bundles, fibers and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening were also performed. The results indicate the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the stem. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical profile of the stem of A. indicum that can help validate its traditional uses.
Isolation and characterization of an anticonvulsant principle from leaf extra...Alexander Decker
The document describes the isolation and characterization of two compounds from the leaves of Pyrenacantha staudtii, an arborescent liana used in traditional medicine. Through column and thin layer chromatography of n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts, the compounds were isolated and identified as bis(8-hydroxyl-2-methylnonyl) phthalate (Compound 1) and bis(8-methylnonyl) phthalate (Compound 2) based on IR and NMR spectroscopy. In anticonvulsant screening using DMSO-induced convulsions in mice, Compound 1 showed appreciable activity by increasing latency of convulsions and reducing mortality in a dose-dependent manner
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ABSTRACT- This research evaluated the phytotoxic effect of the hexane (H.E), ethyl acetate (EtOAc.E) and methanolic (MeOH.E) crude extracts of the Tephrosia cinerea leaves on the seed germination of seeds using two weed species, Mimosa pudica (Malícia) and Senna obtusifolia (Mata-pasto), as test plants. The compounds were isolated using classic chromatography techniques and the structural elucidation of the compounds was performed by 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D) techniques. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of T. cinerea were the most active, as they inhibited the germination of seeds in 92.0% and 81.0% respectively of malícia and mata-pasto, the ethyl acetate extract inhibited germination by 81.0% and the methanolic extract by 32.0%. The chemical study led to isolation of cinnamic acid and rotenone from the ethyl acetate extract, and mixture containing triacylglycerol and β-sitosterol fatty acids from the hexane extract and the disaccharide trehalose from methanolic extract.
Key-words- Invasive species, Phytotoxicity, Crude extracts, Rotenone
Phytochemical Investigation and the study of Drug Potential of Phytocompound ...Halavath Ramesh
The document summarizes research on the phytochemical investigation and study of drug potential of phytocompounds in Nicotiana tobaccum (tobacco). Key findings include:
1. Phytochemical screening of tobacco extracts using different solvents found various compounds including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins.
2. Estimation of specific compounds like alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and phenols was performed on the extracts.
3. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis aided in separation and identification of phytochemicals.
4. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy helped identify pharmacologically important compounds
This document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines sensory characteristics like color, odor, taste, and texture. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed examination of drug anatomy. Physical evaluation considers properties like moisture content and viscosity. Chemical evaluation determines active constituents through tests. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot satisfactorily assess a drug's response in living systems. The document provides examples to illustrate each evaluation method.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
This document describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the methanol extract were subjected to column chromatography which resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids, one triterpenoid, and a mixture of sterols. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compounds as oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol. This is the first report of the isolation of oleanolic acid, kaempferol, and isoquercitrin from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. These compounds may be responsible for the traditional medicinal uses
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
This document discusses adulteration of drugs and methods for evaluating crude drugs. It defines adulteration as substituting original drugs with inferior substances to decrease quality. Adulteration can be intentional for profit or unintentional due to various factors. Evaluation methods include organoleptic, microscopic, chemical, physical, and biological tests to determine identity, purity, and active constituent quantities. Specific tests are outlined like ash value, extractive value, volatile oil content which indicate quality. Microscopic analysis identifies diagnostic structures. Chromatography and spectroscopy also aid evaluation of crude drugs.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It studies the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins. Pharmacognosy has many applications in drug development including standardization, quality control, and meeting export standards. It is important for identifying medicinal plants, studying their properties, ensuring substitutes and adulterants are not used, and for developing pharmacopeias. Pharmacognosy involves collection and identification of plant materials, anatomical and phytochemical analysis, and biological activity studies to develop formulations.
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
Chromatographical fractionation guided by antioxidant activity of Morinda cit...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that fractionated the methanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia leaves using column chromatography. Ten fractions were collected and tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assays. Fraction 3 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with an IC30 value of 100mg/ml. Fraction 3 and others were further analyzed for phytochemical content and were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and anthraquinones. Quantification found Fraction 3 contained 2.74mg/g quercetin equivalents of flavonoids, 47.62μg/g of tannic acid equivalents of tannins, and 1.142mg/
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Heterocyclic CompoundIJSRD
2-[(4-bromo anilino)]-4-chloro-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazine[2a] and 4-chloro-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine [2b]were synthesized and studied for their biological activity. These compounds were prepared by the condensation of 4-bromoaniline and 4-fluoroaniline with 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) morpholine [1] which is prepared by the reaction between 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and morpholine. All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies.
Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content of various extracts from Pyrus ...pharmaindexing
1) The study determined the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Pyrus communis fruit.
2) The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts contained significantly higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
3) Specifically, the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of total phenolics, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had similar high levels of total flavonoids.
The document discusses standardization techniques for plant drugs. It covers morphological evaluation including organoleptic properties, microscopic structures, physical properties, phytochemical constituents, and biological activity. Morphological evaluation examines gross features, microstructures like trichomes, crystals and fibers are studied under microscopy. Physical evaluation includes parameters like moisture content, ash values, and extractive values. Together these techniques allow confirmation of identity, quality, purity and detection of adulteration of plant drugs.
This document discusses different methods for evaluating crude drugs, including their identity, quality, and purity. It describes five main evaluation methods: morphological, physical, chemical, biological, and microscopic. Morphological evaluation examines characteristics like color, odor, taste, and shape. Physical evaluation includes tests of solubility, moisture content, viscosity, melting point, and ash value. Chemical evaluation isolates and identifies active constituents. Biological evaluation examines a drug's effects on living systems. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed study of cellular structures under magnification. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive quality assessment of crude drugs.
Plants produce terpenes as secondary metabolites to defend against herbivores and pathogens. Terpenes are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are formed from polymerization of isoprene units. They include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Many terpenes have antimicrobial or insecticidal properties and are toxic to herbivores. Some terpenes produced as essential oils in plants can act as feeding deterrents. Terpenes also play roles in plant growth and development. Additionally, some terpene compounds released from forests can increase cloud thickness and reflect sunlight, acting as a natural cooling mechanism for the planet.
Terpenes are natural products made of isoprene units. This document discusses different classes of terpenes including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes which are classified based on the number of isoprene units. It also describes the biosynthesis pathways and methods for identification of triterpenes including NMR spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography with various spray reagents, and isolation from plant sources. Four new triterpene compounds isolated from green tea and two new compounds from other plants are characterized based on spectral data and chemical properties.
This document summarizes the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the stem of Abutilon indicum. Microscopic analysis revealed distinctive features of the young and thick stems including epidermal trichomes, vascular bundles, fibers and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening were also performed. The results indicate the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the stem. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical profile of the stem of A. indicum that can help validate its traditional uses.
Isolation and characterization of an anticonvulsant principle from leaf extra...Alexander Decker
The document describes the isolation and characterization of two compounds from the leaves of Pyrenacantha staudtii, an arborescent liana used in traditional medicine. Through column and thin layer chromatography of n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts, the compounds were isolated and identified as bis(8-hydroxyl-2-methylnonyl) phthalate (Compound 1) and bis(8-methylnonyl) phthalate (Compound 2) based on IR and NMR spectroscopy. In anticonvulsant screening using DMSO-induced convulsions in mice, Compound 1 showed appreciable activity by increasing latency of convulsions and reducing mortality in a dose-dependent manner
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ABSTRACT- This research evaluated the phytotoxic effect of the hexane (H.E), ethyl acetate (EtOAc.E) and methanolic (MeOH.E) crude extracts of the Tephrosia cinerea leaves on the seed germination of seeds using two weed species, Mimosa pudica (Malícia) and Senna obtusifolia (Mata-pasto), as test plants. The compounds were isolated using classic chromatography techniques and the structural elucidation of the compounds was performed by 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D) techniques. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of T. cinerea were the most active, as they inhibited the germination of seeds in 92.0% and 81.0% respectively of malícia and mata-pasto, the ethyl acetate extract inhibited germination by 81.0% and the methanolic extract by 32.0%. The chemical study led to isolation of cinnamic acid and rotenone from the ethyl acetate extract, and mixture containing triacylglycerol and β-sitosterol fatty acids from the hexane extract and the disaccharide trehalose from methanolic extract.
Key-words- Invasive species, Phytotoxicity, Crude extracts, Rotenone
Phytochemical Investigation and the study of Drug Potential of Phytocompound ...Halavath Ramesh
The document summarizes research on the phytochemical investigation and study of drug potential of phytocompounds in Nicotiana tobaccum (tobacco). Key findings include:
1. Phytochemical screening of tobacco extracts using different solvents found various compounds including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins.
2. Estimation of specific compounds like alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and phenols was performed on the extracts.
3. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis aided in separation and identification of phytochemicals.
4. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy helped identify pharmacologically important compounds
This document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines sensory characteristics like color, odor, taste, and texture. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed examination of drug anatomy. Physical evaluation considers properties like moisture content and viscosity. Chemical evaluation determines active constituents through tests. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot satisfactorily assess a drug's response in living systems. The document provides examples to illustrate each evaluation method.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
This document describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the methanol extract were subjected to column chromatography which resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids, one triterpenoid, and a mixture of sterols. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compounds as oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol. This is the first report of the isolation of oleanolic acid, kaempferol, and isoquercitrin from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. These compounds may be responsible for the traditional medicinal uses
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
This document discusses adulteration of drugs and methods for evaluating crude drugs. It defines adulteration as substituting original drugs with inferior substances to decrease quality. Adulteration can be intentional for profit or unintentional due to various factors. Evaluation methods include organoleptic, microscopic, chemical, physical, and biological tests to determine identity, purity, and active constituent quantities. Specific tests are outlined like ash value, extractive value, volatile oil content which indicate quality. Microscopic analysis identifies diagnostic structures. Chromatography and spectroscopy also aid evaluation of crude drugs.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It studies the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins. Pharmacognosy has many applications in drug development including standardization, quality control, and meeting export standards. It is important for identifying medicinal plants, studying their properties, ensuring substitutes and adulterants are not used, and for developing pharmacopeias. Pharmacognosy involves collection and identification of plant materials, anatomical and phytochemical analysis, and biological activity studies to develop formulations.
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
Chromatographical fractionation guided by antioxidant activity of Morinda cit...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that fractionated the methanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia leaves using column chromatography. Ten fractions were collected and tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assays. Fraction 3 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with an IC30 value of 100mg/ml. Fraction 3 and others were further analyzed for phytochemical content and were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and anthraquinones. Quantification found Fraction 3 contained 2.74mg/g quercetin equivalents of flavonoids, 47.62μg/g of tannic acid equivalents of tannins, and 1.142mg/
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Heterocyclic CompoundIJSRD
2-[(4-bromo anilino)]-4-chloro-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazine[2a] and 4-chloro-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine [2b]were synthesized and studied for their biological activity. These compounds were prepared by the condensation of 4-bromoaniline and 4-fluoroaniline with 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) morpholine [1] which is prepared by the reaction between 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and morpholine. All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies.
Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content of various extracts from Pyrus ...pharmaindexing
1) The study determined the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Pyrus communis fruit.
2) The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts contained significantly higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
3) Specifically, the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of total phenolics, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had similar high levels of total flavonoids.
The document discusses standardization techniques for plant drugs. It covers morphological evaluation including organoleptic properties, microscopic structures, physical properties, phytochemical constituents, and biological activity. Morphological evaluation examines gross features, microstructures like trichomes, crystals and fibers are studied under microscopy. Physical evaluation includes parameters like moisture content, ash values, and extractive values. Together these techniques allow confirmation of identity, quality, purity and detection of adulteration of plant drugs.
This document discusses different methods for evaluating crude drugs, including their identity, quality, and purity. It describes five main evaluation methods: morphological, physical, chemical, biological, and microscopic. Morphological evaluation examines characteristics like color, odor, taste, and shape. Physical evaluation includes tests of solubility, moisture content, viscosity, melting point, and ash value. Chemical evaluation isolates and identifies active constituents. Biological evaluation examines a drug's effects on living systems. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed study of cellular structures under magnification. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive quality assessment of crude drugs.
Plants produce terpenes as secondary metabolites to defend against herbivores and pathogens. Terpenes are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are formed from polymerization of isoprene units. They include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Many terpenes have antimicrobial or insecticidal properties and are toxic to herbivores. Some terpenes produced as essential oils in plants can act as feeding deterrents. Terpenes also play roles in plant growth and development. Additionally, some terpene compounds released from forests can increase cloud thickness and reflect sunlight, acting as a natural cooling mechanism for the planet.
Terpenes are natural products made of isoprene units. This document discusses different classes of terpenes including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes which are classified based on the number of isoprene units. It also describes the biosynthesis pathways and methods for identification of triterpenes including NMR spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography with various spray reagents, and isolation from plant sources. Four new triterpene compounds isolated from green tea and two new compounds from other plants are characterized based on spectral data and chemical properties.
This document discusses various terpenoid compounds found in plants, including iridoids, terpenes, and modified terpenoids. It provides classifications of terpenoids based on carbon atom count and discusses the occurrence, extraction, biosynthesis, and biological activities of specific compounds like iridoids, gentian, picrorhiza, quassia, tinospora, artemisia, taxus, and andrographis. Structures of important constituents from each plant are also shown.
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Terpenes are secondary metabolites formed by joining isoprene units together. Isoprene, which has the formula C5H8, is considered the basic building block of terpenes. Terpenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that vary in structure and size depending on the number of isoprene units linked together. They are used widely in fragrances, essential oils, and medicines. Terpenoids refer to oxygenated terpenes that result when terpenes are oxidized.
The document discusses various general methods used for the isolation and separation of plant constituents, including extraction processes, separation techniques, and analytical methods. Extraction methods covered include maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Separation techniques include fractional crystallization, fractional distillation, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and paper chromatography. Analytical methods for identification discussed are gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and qualitative chemical reactions.
This document discusses the isolation, purification, and screening of plant constituents from medicinal plants. It covers selecting promising plant materials, properly collecting and authenticating samples, drying the plants, extracting and fractionating constituents using various techniques like maceration, percolation, digestion. The goal is to separate medicinally active portions of plants using selective solvents and extraction methods. Various identification methods are also mentioned to elucidate the structure of isolated compounds. The overall process aims to obtain pure active compounds from plants for pharmacological evaluation and drug development.
Isolation and characterization of steroids from petroleum ether extract of st...Alexander Decker
1. Three steroids were isolated from the stem bark of Parinari curatellifolia through a series of column chromatographies.
2. The steroids were characterized as β-sitosterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one, and stigmasterol based on NMR, MS, and IR spectroscopy.
3. This is the first report of these steroids being isolated from P. curatellifolia.
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
A friedelane type triterpene from prosopis africanaAlexander Decker
The document describes the isolation and characterization of a friedelane type triterpene, compound J29, from the stem bark of Prosopis africana. J29 was isolated through column chromatography of the chloroform fraction obtained from ethyl acetate extraction of P. africana stem bark. Spectroscopic analysis including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR identified compound J29 as friedelin, a triterpene being reported for the first time from P. africana.
A friedelane type triterpene from prosopis africanaAlexander Decker
The document describes the isolation and characterization of a friedelane type triterpene, compound J29, from the stem bark of Prosopis africana. J29 was isolated through column chromatography of the chloroform fraction obtained from ethyl acetate extraction of P. africana stem bark. Spectroscopic analysis including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR identified compound J29 as friedelin, a triterpene being reported for the first time from P. africana. Friedelin showed characteristic signals in the IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra that matched literature data for the proposed triterpene skeleton.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
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Phytochemical analysis of the selected five plant extractsAlexander Decker
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This study evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of bioassay-guided fractions from Malaysian Solanum nigrum leaf and fruit extracts. Fractionation of the methanol leaf extract yielded 13 fractions and the ethanol fruit extract yielded 17 fractions. Some fractions showed high cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines with IC50 values as low as 12-13 μg/mL. The most potent fractions inhibited cancer cells similarly to the positive controls doxorubicin and vinblastine. Additionally, certain fractions exhibited strong radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in antioxidant assays. Overall, the results suggest that Solanum nigrum leaves and fruits contain cytotoxic and antioxidant compounds warranting further purification and investigation.
Quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids and evaluation of in vitro a...researchplantsciences
The document summarizes a study that quantified the total phenolics, flavonoids, and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Tarenna asiatica, an endemic medicinal plant from Western Ghats, India. Key findings include:
- The leaf extract showed the presence of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids.
- Total phenolic content was 16.95μg of GAE/100mg extract and flavonoid content was 3.72μg of QE/100mg extract.
- The extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays like DPPH, ferrous ion
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Extracts from the Leaves of Tithon...IOSR Journals
Phytochemical screening of extracts from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia displayed the presence of
Alkaloids, Saponin, Saponin glycoside, Tannin, Balsam, Cardiac glycoside and Volatile oil. Spectrophotometric
analysis for trace metals, Phosphorus and Sulphur showed that T. diversifolia contained Mn (0.490+0.001
mg/100g), Zn (1.609+0.001 mg/100g), Cu (0.454+0.001 mg/100g), Ni (0.758+0.001 mg/100g), Fe
(0.690+0.002 mg/100g), P (55.62+0.200 mg/100g) and S (709+1.000 mg/100g). The medicinal properties of
the extract were evaluated in-vitro by antimicrobial and antifungal assays. The aqueous extract (but not
methanol and petroleum ether extracts) showed growth inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were resistant to all the plant
extracts and the antibiotic controls. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract of T.
diversifolia on S. aureus and E. coli were both 12.50mg. The Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) of the
aqueous extract against the test organism ranged from 12.50mg to 25.00mg.
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
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Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
This document describes the synthesis of 17 new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and evaluates their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The compounds showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger. Compound 14 was the most active. Compound 7 exhibited appreciable anticancer activity against colon cancer cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis identified topological and electronic properties important for the compounds' antimicrobial effects.
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
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Isolation and characterization of triterpenes from petroleum
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Isolation and Characterization of Triterpenes from Petroleum
Ether and Ethyl acetate Extracts of Stem Bark of Parinari
curatellifolia Planch Ex. Benth (Chrysobalanaceae)
Halilu, M.E*1
., October, N2
., Balogun, M2,4
., Musa K.Y3
and Abubakar, M.S3
1*
Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu
Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
3
Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
4
Polymer and Composites, Materials Sciences and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa.
*E-mail of the corresponding author: emshelia2002@yahoo.com
Abstract
Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae) is a plant used in Nigerian folk medicine for cancer treatment.
Through series column chromatography, betulin (lup-20(29)-en-3β,28-diol) and betulinic acid (3β-hydroxy-lup-
20(29)-en-28-oic acid) have been isolated from petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark of
Parinari curatellifolia respectively. The compounds were characterized on the basis of 1D-NMR (1
HNMR,
13
CNMR and DEPT-45, 90 and 135), 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC, 1
H-1
H COSY, 1
H-1
H NOESY), MS and IR
spectroscopic studies. These two compounds are reported for the first time as constituents in Parinari
curatellifolia.
Key words: Parinari curatellifolia, Chrysobalanaceae, Betulin, Betulinic acid and Triterpene
1. Introduction
Biologically active compounds isolated from plants have played an enormous roles in the development of new
drugs. These compounds are synthesised by plants during their normal metabolic activities and sometimes they
are synthesised when the plant needs to adapt to a particular change within its environment. These compounds
have complex diverse chemical structures and they are often referred to as secondary metabolites. The terpenes
are an example of a class of plant secondary metabolite. Researches have shown that they play an important role
in exerting various physiological actions in humans and other animals (Mohammad, 2006; David, 2001).
Terpenes have been used as drugs and a notable example is artemisinin. Artemisinin is a diterpene and
artemisinin-based drugs are used today as first-line treatment against malaria (Christen and Veuthey, 2001).
Another good example that demonstrates the clinical use of terpenes is taxol, a diterpenoid which is a potent
anticancer agent. The volatile oils which have been used extensively in aromatherapy are composed mainly of
terpenes.
Parinari curatellifolia (Planch ex. Benth) Chrysobalanaceae, is aplant used in Hausa traditional medicine in
Northern Nigeria for treatment of cancer and different parts of the plant is used to remedy ailments and several
other diseases. It is locally called ‘Ruura’. A hot infusion of the bark of the plant is used in the treatment of
pneumonia and a leaf decoction is either orally administered or soaked in bathwater as a fever remedy. The
crushed or pulped leaves are consumed to dress fractures and dislocations, and it is also used as an antiseptic
to treat wounds, sores and cuts. After being stripped, the twigs can be used as chewing sticks for dental hygiene
(Sidi et al., 2006; Hines and Eckman, 1993; Orwa et al., 2009). Teeth are also washed with the root infusion for
toothache (Sidi et al., 2006). The root and bark are used in the treatment of several diseases and snake bites. The
plant is also used in the treatment of diabetes (Ogbonnia et al., 2009).
The isolation and characterization of β-sitosterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one and stigmasterol from petroleum ether
extract of the stem bark of Parinari curatellifolia (Planch ex. Benth) Chrysobalanaceae have been reported in the
first part of this research (Halilu et al., 2013). The present paper, reports the isolation and characterization of two
triterpenes from Parinari curatellifolia.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection and Identification of Plant Material
The leaves, flowers, fruits and root bark of the plant were collected from Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, in
September, 2011 and transported to the Herbarium Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria for identification. Voucher number 903 was assigned to the herbarium
specimen.
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2.2 Drying and Preservation of Plant Material
The stem bark of the plant was shed dried for one week and repeatedly weighed until a constant weight. It was
powdered using mortar and pestle. The powder was stored in an air-tight plastic container until required for use.
2.3 Extraction - Serial Exhaustive Extraction
The powdered stem bark was extracted serially with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The plant material (3 kg)
was extracted (defatted) with 8 L of petroleum ether with the aid of a soxhlet extractor. The mark was allowed to
dry and then extracted with 6 L of ethyl acetate. The extracts were filtered and concentrated at reduced pressure
on a rotary evaporator.
2.4 Chromatographic Materials and Reagents
The materials and the reagents/ solvents used were all of analytical grade and were obtained from Merck
Chemical Company Germany and Sigma-Aldrich. They include: Petroleum ether (Sigma-Aldrich-St. Louis, MO,
USA), Chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich-St. Louis, MO, USA), Ethyl acetate (Merck-Germany), Hexane (Merck-
Germany), TLC silica gel pre-coated plates (Merck-Germany), Silica gel-60 for column (0.063-0.200 mm; 70-
230 mesh ) (Merck-Germany), Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) (Sigma-Aldrich-St. Louis, MO, USA),
Anisaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich-St. Louis, MO, USA), Sulfuric acid (Sigma-Aldrich-St. Louis, MO, USA).
2.5 Equipment / Reagents for Structure Elucidation
GC-MS Agilent Technologies 6890N, USA, Perkin Elmer Spectrum RX FT-IR System, Germany, NMR Top
spin 300 MHz and 400 MHz Bruker-Germany, melting point apparatus (Gallencamp, USA)., deuterated
chloroform (CDCl3), Merck- Germany, dichloromethane, Merck- Germany and deuterated dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO-d6), Merck Germany.
2.6 Thin layer Chromatography
A mixture of chloroform / ethyl acetate (4:1) was used to determine the separation profile of the petroleum ether
fraction. A mixture of ethyl acetate / hexane (4:1) was used to determine the separation profile of the petroleum
ether fraction. The extracts were dissolved and spotted on pre-coated silica gel TLC plates. The plates were ran
in specified solvent systems at different times. To develop, the plates were sprayed with 5% H2SO4 or
phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) solution and heated in an oven for 5 minutes at 105 o
C or heat gun.
2.7 Isolation Procedure - Column Chromatography
A petroleum ether slurry of silica-gel powder (200 g) was packed in a glass column (30 x 35 cm). The extract (5
g) in a fine powdered form was loaded onto the column and allowed to stabilize for 2 hours before elution
commenced. The column was eluted in gradient profile. The elution began with petroleum ether 100% and
chloroform was added gradiently from 0 to 100%. The elution continued with the addition of methanol from 0 to
100%. Several fractions (10 ml each) were collected and monitored by TLC (chloroform 100%) and sprayed
with 5% sulfuric acid. Similar fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo. One major compound was
obtained and designated as C4. Further purification of the compound was carried out by repeating column
chromatography. Another compound, C5, was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract using similar procedure a
iterated in the section above (Section 2.7) . The ethyl acetate 4 g was loaded onto a column packed with 150 g of
silica gel in hexane. The elution began with hexane 100% and ethyl acetate was added gradiently from 0 to
100%. Several fractions (10 ml) were collected and monitored by TLC (Ethyl acetate / Hexane 4:1) and stained
with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) solution. Similar fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give
rise to the major compound, C5 Further purification of the compound was carried out by repeating column
chromatography.
2.8 GC – MS Sample Preparation/ Analysis
The isolated compounds were weighed (1 mg) and dissolved in 200 µL of dichloromethane in a glass vial and
then injected into the GC - MS for analysis.
2.9 NMR Sample Preparation/ Analysis
The isolated compounds were weighed (10-25 mg) and dissolved in 0.5 ml of deuterated solvents (methanol,
chloroform and dimethylsufoxide) and then subjected to 1D and 2D NMR analyses.
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2.10 IR Sample Preparation/ Analysis
The pure compounds were weighed (3 mg) and mixed with 5 mg of KBr and then ground to a very fine powder.
The powder was compressed under high pressure using a press to produce pellets of the compounds to be
analyzed. The pellets were then analysed.
2.11 Melting Point Determination/ Sample Preparation
Approximately 3 mg of the solid samples were loaded into separate capillary tubes and the melting points
determined on an electronic melting point apparatus. The melting points were taken as a range of the beginning
and total melting temperatures.
3. Results
3.1 Extraction of Plant Material
The powdered stem bark of P. curatellifolia was serially extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The
masses of the extracts and the percentage yields are presented in Table 1.
3.2 Column Chromatography of Petroleum Ether and Ethyl acetate Extracts
Two compounds were isolated by column chromatography of the petroleum ether and ethyl aceatate extracts of P.
curatellifolia. Their masses and physical appearances are presented in Table 2.
3.3 Mass Spectrometry of Compound C4
The molecular ion [M]+
and other fragment ions were obtained by electron impact mass spectroscopy (EIMS).
The mass spectrum showed the molecular ion at M/Z 442, with characteristic peaks of other fragment ions at
M/Z 424, 393, 205 and 189. The M/Z 424, can be attributed to a loss in mass of 18 probably due to dehydration
(H20 = 18). The M/Z 393, is associated with loss in mass of 31 which is an equivalent mass to (CH2OH), M/Z
189 and 234 may be as result of retro-Diels Alders fragmentation occurring in the molecule. The ion with the
highest relative abundance is M/Z 85 which is the base peak. Several other fragment ions are also seen in Figure
1.
3.4 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1
HNMR) of Compound C4
Characteristic signals in the 1
HNMR of compound 4 included δH (ppm) 4.70 (1H, br.s) 4.58 (1H, dd, J=11.1, Hz),
1.60 (1H, br,s) and 1.28 (1H, br.s). The spectrum also showed signals between δH (ppm) 0.73, 0.80, 0.95, 0.96,
1.60 and 1.62 which are the characteristics of methyl (CH3) protons. Other signals due to methylene (CH2)
protons are also seen as presented in Table 3.
3.5 13
C NMR Spectrum of Compound C4
Several signals were observed in the spectrum. They included δc (ppm) 150.2 and 109.6 which are due to alkene,
The signal at 78.9 is due to carbon holding the aliphatic OH group. Other signals were observed between the
range of 10 to 55 which are characteristic of the methyl (CH3),the methylene (CH2) and the methine (CH)
carbons (Table 3).
3.6 Infra Red (IR) Spectroscopy of Compound C4
The IR spectra of compound C1 showed νmax (KBr): 3421.08 cm-1
(aliphatic OH), 2941.4 cm-1
(CH3 bending),
2868.89 cm-1
(CH2 stretching), 1688.58 cm-1
(OH stretching), 1453.17 cm-1
(C=C stretching), 1374.90 cm-1
(isopropyl).
3.7 Suggested Structure of Compound C4
From the the MS, NMR and IR data which compared well with available literature, the suggested structure of
compound C1 is betulin (lup-20(29)-en-3β,28-diol) (Figure 2).
3.8 Structure Determination of Compound C5
Compound C5 was subjected to NMR and IR spectroscopy for characterization.
3.9 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1
HNMR) of Compound C5
Prominent signals observed in the proton NMR spectra include δH (ppm) 12.02 (1H, br.s), which is characteristic
of the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of an carboxylic acid (COOH), δH (ppm) 4.67 (1H,s) and 4.54 (1H,s),
which are the singlet hydrogens characteristic of alkene. Several clusters of signals occurred between the range
of δH (ppm) 0.8 to 1.1, which are characteristic of methyl hydrogens (CH3) and others between 1.1 to 1.5 which
are characteristic of methylene (CH2) protons. This data is presented in detail in Table 4.
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3.10 13
Carbon NMR Spectrum of Compound C5
Signals observed in this spectra included δc (ppm) 177.2, 150.2, 109.6, 76.7 as characteristic signals and others
as presented in the Table 4. The quarternary carboxylic carbon chemical shift is observed at 177.2 while the
alkene is observed at 150.2 and 109.6. The signal at 76.7 is due to carbon holding the aliphatic OH group.
3.11 Infra Red (IR) Spectroscopy of Compound C5
The IR spectra of the compound showed νmax (KBr): 3427.05 cm-1
(aliphatic OH), 2941.72 cm-1
(CH3 bending),
2868.79 cm-1
(CH3 stretching), 1687.79 cm-1
(C=O stretching), 1452.0 cm-1
(OH caboxylic acid) and 1376.0 cm-
1
(isopropyl).
3.12 Suggested Structure of Compound C5
From the NMR and IR data, which compare well with available literature, the suggested structure of compound
C5 is betulinic acid (3β-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid) (Figure 3).
4. Discussion
Compound C4 was isolated as a white powder, soluble in chloroform, with a melting point of 255- 257 o
C. The
mass spectral data showed molecular ion peak [M].+
with M/Z 442, with characteristic peaks of other fragment
ions at M/Z 424, 393, 234 and 189 (Figure1) The molecular ion peak 442 represents the intact molecule and also
give the exact molecular weight of the compound. The M/Z 424 of the fragment ion is associated with the loss in
mass of 18 [M.+
– 18]. The decrease in mass of 18 may be attributed to a loss of the element of water (H2O)
molecule. It gives a useful information about the type of functional group present in the molecule. The loss of a
water molecule in the compound suggests the presence of a hydroxyl (OH) group. The M/Z 393, is associated
with the loss in mass of 31 , It also gives vital information about another functional group present in the
molecule. The loss in mass of 31 in a molecule, generally correspond with the loss of a -CH2OH, thus suggesting
the presence of a t -CH2OH group in the compound. The M/Z 189 and 234 were produced as a result of retro-
Diels- Alders fragmentation that occurred in the molecule (Assimopoulou and Papageorgiou, 2005). This
information provides a worthwhile evidence of the structural arrangement of the compound, suggesting that the
compound is composed of rings. Generally, retro-Diels Alders fragmentation occurs in triterpenes and steroids
which biogenetically originates form the same precursor (biogenetic isoprene). The decomposition usually takes
place in ring C of both triterpenes and steroids. The presence of M/Z 189 and 234 from M/Z 424 suggest that the
compound is a triterpene (Figure 1). The 1
H-NMR (Table 3) showed six methyl (CH3) signals at δH (ppm) 0.73
(3H), 0.80 (3H), 0.95 (3H), 0.96 (3H), 0.60 (3H) and 1.62 (3H) respectively. This suggests that there are six
methyl groups present in the compound. The presence of the down field signals at δH (ppm) 4.70 (1H, br.s) and
4.58 (1H, br.s) suggest the presence of exocyclic methylene olefinic protons of the lupane triterpenes (Ayotollahi
et al., 2011), which are attached to carbon-29. The occurrence of two broad singlets at δH (ppm) 1.60 (1H, br.s)
and 1.88 (1H, br.s) indicates the presence of two hydroxyl groups in the compound respectively. The 13
C-NMR
gave signals at δc (ppm) 78.98 (C-3) δc (ppm) 56.2 (C-28) which are the hydroxylated carbons, δc (ppm) 150.4
(C-20), a quarternary carbon and δc (ppm) 109.66 (C-29), the carbon to which the olefinic protons are attached.
The 1
H-NMR and 13
C-NMR of the compound are in agreement with the published literature (Seyed et al., 2009)
(Table 3). The IR (KBr) spectra of the compound showed characteristic peaks at νmax (ν, cm-1
) 3421.08 cm-1
(
aliphatic OH), 2941.4 cm-1
(CH3 bending) , 2868.89 cm-1
(CH2 stretching), 1688.58 cm-1
(OH stretching),
1453.17 cm-1
(C=C stretching), 1374.90 cm-1
(isopropyl). The IR data agrees with the earlier reported work
(Elvira et al., 2009) and Prince et al. (2010). The data acquired from the MS, NMR and IR are most
characteristic of betulin which belongs to lup-20(29)-ene type triterpenes.
Compound C5 was isolated as a white crystalline powder, soluble in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), with melting
point of 297- 299 o
C. The 1
HNMR ( Table 4) showed six signals due to methyl (CH3) protons respectively at δH
(ppm) 0.83 (3H), 1.00 (3H), 1.06 (3H), 1.22 (3H), 1.80 (3H) and 1.79 (3H). There is also a signal at δH (ppm)
12.02 (1H, br.s), which is characteristic of the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid (COOH). This
confirms the presence of an carboxylic acid functionalilty in the compound. The signals at δH (ppm) 4.67 (1H,s)
and 4.54 (1H,s) are characteristic of the exocyclic olefinic protons which confirm the presence of an unsaturated
bond in the compound. The 13
CNMR showed thirty carbon atom signals in the compound (Table 4). The
appearance of a signal at δc (ppm) 177.19 which occurred in the region usually occupied by the acid carbonyl
group, confirm the presence of acid functionality in the compound. The appearance of signal at δc (ppm) 109.6
confirm the presence of the carbon bearing the olefinic protons. The 13
CNMR and 1
HNMR data obtained agrees
with the spectral results reported by Ayotollahi et al (2011) for betulinic acid (Table 4). The information is
further supported by the IR spectral results. The IR spectra of the compound showed νmax (KBr): 3427.05 cm-1
(aliphatic OH), 2941.72 cm-1
(CH3 bending), 2868.79 cm-1
(CH3 stretching), 1687.79 cm-1
(C=O stretching),
1452 cm-1
(OH caboxylic acid) and 1376 cm-1
(isopropyl) (fig. 4.39). The IR data agrees with the earlier work
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carried out by Elvira et al.(2009) , Prince et al.(2010) , Soek et al.,(2010) and Ayotollahi et al. (2011 for
betulinic acid.
5. Conclusion
On the basis of column chromatography and spectroscopic studies (MS, NMR and IR), betulin and betulinic acid
have been isolated and characterized. These compounds are reported for the first time as constituents of Parianri
curatellifolia.
6. Acknowledgement
Much gratitude goes to the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) of Nigeria and management of Usmanu
Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, for providing the financial support for this research. that was required for this
research. The authors express their sincere appreciation to the Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria
for providing the equipment needed for the spectroscopic analysis. Special thanks go to Ms.Yvette Naude for
GC-MS analysis and Mr. Eric Palmer for NMR analysis. Appreciation also go to Ms. Bose Fashedemi for the IR
analysis and Prof. Ahmed Mohammed of the University of Western Cape for assistance in interpretation of the
NMR spectra.
References
Assimopoulou, A.N., and Papageorgiou, V.P. (2005). GC-MS analysis of penta and tetra cyclic triterpenes from
resins of Pistacia species. Biomedical Chromatography, 19: 285-311.
Ayatollahi, A.M., Mustafa, G., Suleiman, A., Omer, M.A., Mehdi, M. and Gholamreza, A. (2011). Pentacyclic
triterpenes in Euphorbia microsciadia with their T-cell proliferation Activity. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, 10 (2): 287-294.
Christen, P and Veuthey, J. L. (2001). New trends in extraction, identification and quantification of artemisinin
and its derivates. Current medical chemistry, 8, p. 1827-1839
David J. Phillipson (2001). Phytochemistry and medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, Vol.56, Pp 237-243.
Elvira, E.K., Kemal, D., Zdenka, K. and Emin, S. (2009). Identification and isolation of pharmacologically
active triterpenes in Betula Pendula Roth., Betulaceae. Bosnian Journal Of Basic Medical Sciences, 9 (1): 31-38.
Halilu, M.E., October, N., Balogun, M., Agunu, A., Abubakar, A. and Abubakar, M.S. (2013). Isolation and
Characterization of Steroids from Petroleum Ether Extract of Stem Bark of Parinari curatellifolia Planch ex.
Benth (Chrysobalanaceae). Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol.3, (6) 2013, Pp 53-61
Hines, D.A. and Eckman, K. (1993). Indigenous Multipurpose Tree for Tanzania, Uses and Economic
benefits to the people. Cultural Survival, Canada and Development Services Foundation of Tanzania. pp 1-50.
Mohammad Shoeb (2006). Anticancer agents from medicinal plants (minireview). Bangladesh Journal of
Pharmacology, 2006; 1: 35-41.
Prince, P.S., Roy, R.K., Anurag, B. and Dinesh, G. (2010). Pentacyclic triterpinoids from Betula utilis and Hyptis
suaveolens. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2 (2): 1558-1532.
Seyed, A.A., Asie, S., Farzad K., Mitra, N., Mohammad, F. and Mohammad, I. C. (2009). Terpens from aerial
parts of Euphorbia splendid. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(9) :660-665.
Sidi, S., Dominic, G., Charlotte, R. and Moctar, S. (2006). Seed Leaflet No.110, February, 2006. Parinari
curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. Millenium seed bank project, KEW. Phytotrade Africa, Forest and landscape
Denmark. www.SL.kvl.dk
Soek, S.T., Gwendoline, C.L., Mawardi, R., Wei, C. S., Siau, H.M. and Siow, H. T. (2010). Two new
pyranoxanthones from Mesua beccariana (Guttiferae). Molecules, 15: 6733-6742.
Ogbonnia, S.O., Sunday, O.O., Emmanuel, N. A., Veronica, N. E. and Olawale, O. P. (2009). Evaluation of acute
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toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae)
seeds in rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(9): 1800-1806.
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Table 1. Mass and Percentage Yield of Extracts
S/No. Extracts Mass obtained (g) % Yield
1 Pet. Ether extract 10.12 0.33
2 Ethyl acetate extract 24.49 0.82
Table 2. Masses and Physical Appearances of Compounds Isolated
S/No. Compounds Mass (mg) Physical Appearance
1. C4 50.0 white powder
2. C5 48.7 white powder
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
9581
67
107
121
135 189
203147
175
234
411
288247 442385325
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
189
95
135
81
203
55 12141
69
175
147
234
29
411363
245
442288 393313 337
Library Hit - similarity 856, "Betulin"
Figure 1. Mass Spectrum of Compound C2
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Table.3 1
H and 13
C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Compound C4 in CDCl3, 300 MHz
H/C -Position δc (ppm) δH (ppm) δc* (ppm) δH* (ppm) No. of H, Multiplicity,
J(Hz)
1 38.37 0.88; 1.64 38.69 0.88; 1.63 2H, m
2 27.38 1.56; 1.52 27.37 1.57; 152 2H, m
3 78.98 3.19 78.96 3.18 1H, (dd, J=11.1, 4.58 Hz)
4 38.85 - 38.86 - -
5 55.33 1.38 55.28 0.67 1H, m
6 16.07 1.51; 1.27 18.28 1.51; 1.37 2H, m
7 34.31 1.38; 1.38 34.22 1.38; 1.38 2H, m
8 40.67 - 40.94 - -
9 50.49 1.26 50.30 1.26 1H, s
10 37.19 - 37.14 - -
11 20.83 1.42; 1.23 20.81 1.42; 1.24 2H, m
12 25.48 1.06, 1.62 25.19 1.01; 1.63 2H, m
13 38.71 1.62 37.29 1.62 1H, m
14 42.42 - 42.73 - -
15 27.97 1.66; 1.30 27.03 1.67; 1.03 2H, m
16 29.68 1.92; 1.18 29.15 1.92, 1.19 2H, m
17 46.87 - 47.76 - -
18 49.25 1.55 48.75 1.56 1H, m
19 42.42 2.15 47.83 2.37 1H,
20 150.42 - 150.46 - -
21 30.92 1.92; 1.41 29.73 1.91; 1.42 2H, m
22 34.31 1.55; 1.30 33.95 1.02; 1.82 2H, m
23 20.83 0.95 27.96 0.95 3H, s
24 20.83 0.73 15.34 0.74 3H, s
25 16.07 0.80 16.09 0.80 3H, s
26 18.27 1.06 15.97 1.00 3H, s
27 15.32 0.96 14.74 0.96 3H, s
28 56.28 1.56; 1.31 60.50 1,56, 1.31 2H, s
29 109.66 4.70; 4.58 109.67 4.66; 4.56 2H, br,s
30 19.36 1.62 19.36 1.66 3H, s
*Seyed et al., (2009), coupling constant (J), singlet (s), Doublet (d), doublet-doublet (dd), multiplet (m), broad
singlet (br.s)
OH
OH
Figure 2: Structure of Compound C4
8. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.9, 2013
107
Table. 4: 1
H and 13
C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Compound C5 in DMSO, 300 MHz
H/C-Position δc (ppm) δH (ppm) δc*(ppm) δH*(ppm) No. of H, Multiplicity,
J(Hz)
1 39.22 0.98; 1.63 39.3 0.99; 1.67 1H, m, each
2 28.23 1.83; 1.46 28.3 1.85; 1.47 1H, m, each
3 76.75 3.31 78.1 3.45 1H, t (J=7.2 Hz)
4 39.50 - 39.5 - -
5 55.38 0.82 56.0 0.82 1H, m
6 18.92 1.56; 1.38 18.8 1.56; 1.38 1H, m, each
7 33.90 1.43; 1.39 34.9 1.45; 1.38 1H, m, each
8 41.20 - 41.1 - -
9 49.92 1.37 51.0 1.38 IH, s
10 37.56 - 37.6 - -
11 21.05 1.43; 1.21 21.2 1.43; 1.21 1H, m, each
12 25.05 1.21; 1.84 26.2 1.21; 1.94 1H, m, each
13 38.66 2.90 38.7 2.74 1H, m, each
14 41.97 - 42.9 - -
15 30.37 1.26; 1.84 30.3 1.26; 1.88 1H, m, each
16 32.68 1.55; 2.90 32.9 1.55; 2.63 1H, m, each
17 55.39 - 56.6 - -
18 49.92 1.77 49.8 1.77 1H, t , (J= 11.5 Hz)
19 47.00 2.11 47.8 2.18 1H, m
20 150.27 - 151.3 - -
21 31.69 1.53; 2.21 31.8 1.53; 2.24 1H, m, each
22 37.56 1.57; 2.20 37.6 1.57; 2.25 1H, m, each
23 29.18 1.22 28.7 1.22 3H, s
24 16.98 1.00 16.3 1.00 3H, s
25 17.95 0.83 16.4 0.83 3H, s
26 17.95 1.06 16.4 1.06 3H, s
27 18.92 1.08 14.9 1.07 3H, s
28 177.19 - 178.8 - -
29 109.60 4.67; 4.54 109.9 4.95; 4.77 2H, s, each
30 20.44 1.79 19.5 1.79 3H, s
Robert and Samir (2004)* coupling constant (J), singlet (s), Doublet (d), doublet-doublet (dd), multiplet (m),
broad singlet (br.s)
OH
OH
O
Figure 3: Structure of Compound C5
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