Africa is the second largest continent, home to over 1 billion people as of 2011. It has a diverse geography including the Sahara desert in the north and tropical regions in the south. Some of the earliest humans originated in Africa, including "Lucy" discovered in Ethiopia. Ancient civilizations like the Nok and Bantu peoples developed across Africa as early as 800 BC. Powerful kingdoms later arose, such as the Kingdom of Kush in Sudan and the Aksum empire in Ethiopia, demonstrating advanced cultures with writing systems, cities, and trade networks. Major empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai controlled trade routes and converted to Islam, spreading their influence across western Africa into the medieval period.
Asian civilizations embrace, learn from, and respect one another with the objective of common progress and prosperity, resulting in the flourishing of individual civilizations as well as the establishment of a "community with shared future for mankind" where countries come together and join.
Chaldea (/kælˈdiːə/), from Ancient Greek: Χαλδαία, Chaldaia; Akkadian: māt Kaldu/Kašdu; Hebrew: כשדים, Kaśdim;[1] Aramaic: ܟܠܕܘ, Kaldo), also spelled Chaldaea, was a small Semitic nation which emerged between the late 10th and early 9th century BC, surviving until the mid 6th century BC, after which it disappeared, and the Chaldean tribes were absorbed into the native population of Babylonia.[2] It was located in the marshy land of the far south eastern corner of Mesopotamia, and briefly came to rule Babylon. (SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea)
Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BCE to 300 BCE.
This presentation is created to be used in an on-line teaching course of Southeast Asian Studies. This course is offered only to a group of wonderful students of Lodi High School, Wisconsin, USA.
Asian civilizations embrace, learn from, and respect one another with the objective of common progress and prosperity, resulting in the flourishing of individual civilizations as well as the establishment of a "community with shared future for mankind" where countries come together and join.
Chaldea (/kælˈdiːə/), from Ancient Greek: Χαλδαία, Chaldaia; Akkadian: māt Kaldu/Kašdu; Hebrew: כשדים, Kaśdim;[1] Aramaic: ܟܠܕܘ, Kaldo), also spelled Chaldaea, was a small Semitic nation which emerged between the late 10th and early 9th century BC, surviving until the mid 6th century BC, after which it disappeared, and the Chaldean tribes were absorbed into the native population of Babylonia.[2] It was located in the marshy land of the far south eastern corner of Mesopotamia, and briefly came to rule Babylon. (SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea)
Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BCE to 300 BCE.
This presentation is created to be used in an on-line teaching course of Southeast Asian Studies. This course is offered only to a group of wonderful students of Lodi High School, Wisconsin, USA.
Dar Al-Islam—The Abode of IslamHistory 015.docxMARRY7
Dar Al-Islam—The Abode of Islam
History 015
Ibn Battuta
Muslim world Traveler
1325 left Tangiers
29 year journey ,
73,000 miles
The Travels of Ibn Battuta
1400 Trading Routes
Africa and Eurasia were connected by trade.
Silk Road Trade
Spice Road Map
Trans Saharan Trade
Indian Ocean Trade
Renaissance Trade
Abode of Islam
1.Battuta encountered everywhere
A. Familiar cultural traditions
B. Language
C. Common Business practices
Islamic Empire at Death of Mohammed
Islamic Empire 632 to 750CE
Muslim Rule
Significance of the Spread of Islam
1. Common language and customs covering most of old world.
2. Trade, ideas and culture developed
A. Islamic world, education, books, libraries
B. World’s largest libraries until late 1400 in Muslim countries
1) Alexandria
2) Timbuktu
Significance of The Spread of Islam
Cut Europe off for centuries from Indian Ocean.
Muslims dominated the Mediterranean Sea
“ Europeans couldn’t even float a plank on it.”
African Empires
Controlled the trade of
Gold and Ivory for
the Islamic trading
network
African Empires & City States
1. All but the rainforest empires were Muslim—at least at leadership
2. Major empires were Mali, Songhai, Great Zimbabwe.
3. City States—Hausa, Swahili
Major African Empires to 1500
1. East Africa
A. Swahili—controlled the trade of gold across Indian Ocean
B. Great Zimbabwe—controlled gold from S. Africa
2. Savanna-Sahel (region south of Sahara
Desert in West Africa.
A. Songhay (Songhai), Mali, Ancient Ghana— Trade gold across the Sahara Desert
3. Forest Region (rain forest regions of West Africa)
A. Akan, Asante—actually mined the gold.
Indian Ocean Trade & Swahili City States
Swahili City States
Along the East African Coast--from Mogadishu to Kilwa
Over 75 ruins of Swahili city states along the East African Coast
Swahili houses
Made houses
from coral, mangrove
poles
good indoor
plumbing.
Swahili
All Muslims
African language,
culture, but added
Indian, Persian, Arabic
culture to their own.
.
Most important Swahili trading city state--Kilwa
...
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. Geography
Africa is the 2nd largest continent
in the world. It measures 30, 244,
000 square kilometers wide with
1,032,532,974 people living as of
2011.
A large part of continent is made
up of deserts.
A. Sahara – largest desert in the
world; Northern part.
B. Kalahari – Southern part
The scarce rainfall in these areas
bring about the appearance of
spring, which forms an oasis
3. Two
Africas:
Mediterranean Africa –
near the region of the
north Sahara with a
climate identical to that
of Southern Europe
Tropical Africa - has
thick jungles, deserts,
and grass lands.
4.
5. History
Ancient peoples
settled on the Nile
Valley during the
Neolithic (New
Stone) Age,
around 5000 BC.
Many scientists
believe that the
first people in the
world came from
Africa.
“Lucy”, one of the
first discovered
australopithecines,
was discovered in
the Great Lift
Valley.
Early African
peoples did not
usually leave a
written record.
6. Traditional Society
Village Government – power was shared
among the members of the community,
not a single leader.
Family Patterns – the group was always
more important than the individual.
Religious Beliefs – Early Africans
identified with the forces of nature and
the belief that all living and nonliving
things contained spirits, this is called
animism.
7. Rise of Communities
A. Nok (800BC –
200AD)
Known for
beautiful, life-
sized metal
sculptures
used as art
pieces.
They also
made jewelry
made from
metal such as
steel, gold and
tin.
The figurines
they made
were dressed
by the cloth
they wove, for
the Noks
were excellent
weavers.
They lived in
houses made
from dried
mud.
They were
polytheistic –
they believe in
more than
one God.
8. B. Bantu
(600BC –
1000BCAD)
Bantus lived in the
Sahara, south of
Africa.
They spread their
culture and language
throughout the
continent.
They lived by farming
and animal raising.
Women commonly
raised crops while men
hunted.
Magic was central to
the Bantus’ beliefs.
They also believed that
soul would separate
from the body at the
time of death.
9. Ancient Kingdoms
A.Kingdom of Kush (1600BC-300AD)
In 1600BC, the
Nubians established
the Kingdom of
Kush.
Egypt defeated Kush
in 1525 BC.
Egypt fell in 800-
700BC.
Kushites declared
freedom and elected
a new king in 715BC.
In 671BC, the
Kushites escaped to
Menroe.
In 350 AD, Ezana,
took over the
Kingdom of Kush.
10. • They have a system of writing and their cities
boasted palaces made of stone.
• it was the first kingdom in Africa to ever have its
own money made of gold, silver, and bronze.
• The Kingdom of Aksum was strong in the
north, of what is now called Ethiopia.
• Its economy was sustained by trade in the Red
Sea.
• In the 4th century, the Aksum kings converted to
Christianity.
• Trade in Aksum remained strong until the 7th
century, the time when Islam began to spread.
B.
Kingdom
of
Aksum
(600-
500BC)
11. Early Imperial Trade
A Empire of Ghana (5th-11th Century)
Gold Coast
The Soninkes benefited from the taxes they imposed on their trade of mines, salt and gold. They controlled this
trade and established a large empire called Ghana.
They also designated the value of gold, and assigned taxes to the salt and gold that were delivered.
Kumbi Saleh (now the modern desert region of Senegal) was the capital of Ghana.
Trade became the center of Soninke culture.
However they rejected the religion of Islam.
12. B. Empire of Kanem-Bornu (9th-19th
Century)
It can be found
around the Chad
Lake.
Tasted victory in the
17th century, with
territories
compromising
southern Chad,
northern Cameroon,
northeastern Nigeria,
eastern Niger, and
southern Libya.
The Kanem-Bornu
was built in the
middle of the 19th
century. Because of
its location, it served
as a trade route from
North Africa, Nile
Valley and sub-
Saharan regions.
13. • It is composed of Mandika people.
• The Soso Empire rose, this obliterated many races,
including the Mandinka. Sundiata Kita was the lone
survivor, and when he grew up, he led the
successful Mandinka Revolution against the Soso
reign.
• Sundiata converted to Islam. Those who succeeded
him carried the title mansa, meaning “emperor”.
• The most famous emperor of Mali was Mansa
Musa who governed in 1312 AD.
• The first map of Africa was drawn in 1375,
showing Mansa Musa sitting on the thrown with the
title, “Lord of the Negroes”.
C. Mali
Empire
14. Sunni Ali was the leader who
attacked the Mali empire. He was
known for his belief in pagan
gods and magic.
Sunni Ali was When Sunni Ali
dies, he was succeeded by Askia
Mohammed who ruled from
1493-1528.
Askia was a devoted Muslim
who tried to unite his territories
under one Muslim empire
through consecutive wars.
It was eventually destroyed from
enemy attacks and from conflicts
from the empire itself.
D. Songhai Empire
15. Contributions
Art – closely
tied with
religion, made
from ivory,
wood and
bronze.
Literary
Traditions–
folktales were
passed on from
generation to
generation,
Arabic was a
popular written
language.
Education – in
most societies, it
was the duty of
the elders to
teach boys and
girls their roles
in the village.
Commerce-
trade allowed
many empires
to prosper and
develop as a
result of
cultural
diffusion.