The document outlines key events in the American Civil Rights Movement from the Reconstruction Era to the 1960s. It discusses pivotal court cases like Plessy v. Ferguson, which legalized segregation, and Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned it. Major nonviolent protests led by Martin Luther King Jr. and organizations like the SCLC, SNCC, and CORE are also summarized, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 are noted as important victories for the movement.

1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Roots of the Civil Rights Movement

2. 13 th , 14 th , 15 th AMENDMENTS RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 13 TH AMENDMENT OUTLAWED SLAVERY 14 TH AMENDMENT MADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW 15 TH AMENDMENT GUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE 13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE

3. The 13 th , 14 th and 15 th Amendments were suppose to protect the rights of African Americans under the U.S. Constitution… But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court…

4. PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896) Homer Plessy U.S. Supreme Court case that made segregation legal in the United States Established the principle of “separate but equal”

5. PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896) “ Separate but equal” meant that minorities were not allowed in the same places as whites Southern states passed laws that legalized segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws

6. For the next 70 years, Jim Crow laws dominated society in the South for African Americans Segregation became the way of life for blacks in the South until…

7. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION (1954) African American girl sued for the right to go to the school of her choice – and WON! Ruling overturned the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson case and outlawed segregation in public schools

8. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION Supreme Court ruled segregation of public schools was unconstitutional Ruling gave improved educational opportunities to African Americans

9. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall (center) argued the case to end segregation Marshall later became the first African American on the U.S. Supreme Court

11. Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of the bus The Movement Begins Parks is arrested, leading to the…

12. Montgomery Bus Boycott Outraged over Park’s arrest, African Americans organize a boycott of Montgomery’s Public Transportation System in 1956 African Americans carpooled, took taxis, or walked to avoid taking the bus After a year, the city of Montgomery was ordered to end its segregation policy African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956

13. Montgomery Bus Boycott

15. A leader emerges The person who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta. His name was Martin Luther King, Jr. The boycott of the busing system of Montgomery gained King national prominence MLK leaving a bus after the boycott ends

17. . . . there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression . … I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong... -- MLK King following his first arrest Martin Luther King: A powerful speaker

19. Civil Rights Marches Marches were the most common form of protests used during the Civil Rights Movement Protestors would march peacefully in attempt to draw national attention for their cause

20. Sit-ins Blacks were denied service at lunch counters They sat at the counter until they were served or arrested Sit-ins raised the awareness of the discrimination that was occurring Students who participated in the sit-ins refused to become violent

21. Freedom Riders Blacks and whites traveled into the South to draw attention to the South’s segregation of bus terminals When Freedom Riders arrived at various cities in the South, white mobs attacked them

24. Coming up next: Movement gains national attention… … and also becomes violent

25. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Key events of the Civil Rights Movement

26. Leaders of Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King, Jr. Medgar Evers Malcolm X Stokley Carmichael Rosa Parks

27. “ WE SHALL OVERCOME” “ We Shall Overcome” became the battle cry of the Civil Rights Movement Protestors often sang the song during civil rights marches

28. Civil Rights Organizations NAACP SCLC SNCC CORE National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Southern Christian Leadership Council Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee Congress of Racial Equality

29. The movement gains national attention CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Clockwise, from right, integration of Little Rock Central; bombing of 16 th Street Baptist Church ; lynching of Emmitt Till; violence in Birmingham; murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi

30. Odyssey of Emmitt Till Emmitt Till Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral Emmitt Till was a 14-year-old from Chicago whose murder in 1955 made national news Till was lynched and murdered after he said “ bye baby” to a white woman who was the cashier at a store while visiting his cousin in Money, Mississippi

31. Ending school segregation In 1957, a federal court ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Guard to “keep the peace” The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans to attend the school On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students were denied entrance

32. Ending school segregation The Little Rock Nine U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in federal troops to enforce the Supreme Court ruling Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” graduated, but the incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

34. James Meredith enters Ole Miss Ending school segregation James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to attended classes

35. Wallace fights segregation Ending school segregation "The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations." Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama President Kennedy sends federal marshals to enforce the federal law George Wallace

36. Violence in Birmingham At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent people from marching The incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

37. Violence in Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, was regarded as the most segregated city in the South Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was nicknamed “Bombingham” The bombing of the 16 th Street Baptist Church killed four innocent girls

38. Mississippi Burning murders Michael Schwerner James Chaney Andrew Goodman In the summer of 1964, dubbed -Freedom Summer - three civil rights workers came up missing in, Mississippi Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan

39. March on Washington To support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on Washington, D.C., as a show of support for the bill On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators gathered peacefully at the nation’s capital

40. MLK: “I have a dream” It was during the March on Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and equality for all Americans The March on Washington and Martin Luther King’s speech helped to lead to the…

42. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Despite strong opposition from Southern senators, President Lyndon B. Johnson got Congress to pass the bill Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theaters

44. 24 th Amendment The 24 th Amendment, ratified in 1964, helped to guarantee the right to vote for African Americans It abolished poll taxes, which were fees that had to be paid in order to vote in national elections SNCC and SCLC increased their voter registration drives in the South

45. Selma March/Bloody Sunday

46. Voting Rights Act of 1965 "By the way, what's the big word?" The violence in Selma infuriated President Johnson and led to the federal government to step in again Johnson to propose a new voting rights law and, in early August, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law It authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local officials who tried to keep blacks from voting

49. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Key events of the Civil Rights Movement

50. Leaders of Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King, Jr. Medgar Evers Malcolm X Stokley Carmichael Rosa Parks

51. “ WE SHALL OVERCOME” “ We Shall Overcome” became the battle cry of the Civil Rights Movement Protestors often sang the song during civil rights marches

52. Civil Rights Organizations NAACP SCLC SNCC CORE National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Southern Christian Leadership Council Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee Congress of Racial Equality

53. The movement gains national attention CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Clockwise, from right, integration of Little Rock Central; bombing of 16 th Street Baptist Church ; lynching of Emmitt Till; violence in Birmingham; murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi

54. Odyssey of Emmitt Till Emmitt Till Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral Emmitt Till was a 14-year-old from Chicago whose murder in 1955 made national news Till was lynched and murdered after he said “ bye baby” to a white woman who was the cashier at a store while visiting his cousin in Money, Mississippi

55. Ending school segregation In 1957, a federal court ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Guard to “keep the peace” The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans to attend the school On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students were denied entrance

56. Ending school segregation The Little Rock Nine U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in federal troops to enforce the Supreme Court ruling Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” graduated, but the incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

58. James Meredith enters Ole Miss Ending school segregation James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to attended classes

59. Wallace fights segregation Ending school segregation "The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations." Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama President Kennedy sends federal marshals to enforce the federal law George Wallace

60. Violence in Birmingham At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent people from marching The incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

61. Violence in Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, was regarded as the most segregated city in the South Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was nicknamed “Bombingham” The bombing of the 16 th Street Baptist Church killed four innocent girls

62. Mississippi Burning murders Michael Schwerner James Chaney Andrew Goodman In the summer of 1964, dubbed -Freedom Summer - three civil rights workers came up missing in, Mississippi Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan

63. March on Washington To support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on Washington, D.C., as a show of support for the bill On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators gathered peacefully at the nation’s capital

64. MLK: “I have a dream” It was during the March on Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and equality for all Americans The March on Washington and Martin Luther King’s speech helped to lead to the…

66. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Despite strong opposition from Southern senators, President Lyndon B. Johnson got Congress to pass the bill Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theaters

68. 24 th Amendment The 24 th Amendment, ratified in 1964, helped to guarantee the right to vote for African Americans It abolished poll taxes, which were fees that had to be paid in order to vote in national elections SNCC and SCLC increased their voter registration drives in the South

69. Selma March/Bloody Sunday

70. Voting Rights Act of 1965 "By the way, what's the big word?" The violence in Selma infuriated President Johnson and led to the federal government to step in again Johnson to propose a new voting rights law and, in early August, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law It authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local officials who tried to keep blacks from voting

73. Movement takes a different direction

74. Malcolm X Malcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement leader who advocated the use of violence to gain African American rights He was assassinated in 1965 after abandoning the beliefs of Black Panthers

75. The Black Panthers The Black Panthers were the group during the Civil Rights Movement that urged African Americans to fight for their rights The Black Panthers were led by former SNCC leader Stokley Carmichael

76. Martin Luther King assassinated Tragedy struck on April 4, 1968, when Martin Luther King was assassinated King was in Memphis, Tenn., for a march for Sanitation Workers The assassination of Martin Luther King marked the end of the civil rights movement

77. Coming up next: Other groups fight for their rights Latinos, Native Americans, women

78. Movement takes a different direction

79. Malcolm X Malcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement leader who advocated the use of violence to gain African American rights He was assassinated in 1965 after abandoning the beliefs of Black Panthers

80. The Black Panthers The Black Panthers were the group during the Civil Rights Movement that urged African Americans to fight for their rights The Black Panthers were led by former SNCC leader Stokley Carmichael

81. Martin Luther King assassinated Tragedy struck on April 4, 1968, when Martin Luther King was assassinated King was in Memphis, Tenn., for a march for Sanitation Workers The assassination of Martin Luther King marked the end of the civil rights movement

82. Coming up next: Other groups fight for their rights Latinos, Native Americans, women