Aa Chap 01 03
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The document provides an overview of pre-colonial African history, beginning with early human origins in Africa and the establishment of ancient civilizations like Egypt, Kush, Axum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. It discusses the rise and fall of these great West African empires, highlighting their achievements in areas like governance, trade, architecture, and Islamic learning centers. Gold mining and trade played an important economic role and helped fuel the growth of these powerful states before European contact in the 15th century led to their eventual decline.
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This slide show aims to draw connections between the empire of Mali at the height of its power under Mansa Musa, and modern day Mali. There are several topics presented, and there is room from inquiry throughout the slide show. I used photos from my travels throughout Mali and to Timbuktu. The slides also correspond with the Mansa Musa Readers Theatre, but it is not essential for you to have this in order to find the slide show accessible.
Ancient Kingdoms Of West Africa
The three major West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay prospered from trade. Ghana lasted from 750-1075 AD as a prominent trading hub of gold. Mali then rose to power from 1200-1500 AD under Mansa Musa, becoming the second largest empire after Mongolia. Songhay broke away from Mali in 1350 and expanded along the Niger River until internal revolts caused its fall in 1600. These kingdoms grew powerful through their strategic positions facilitating trade between Africa, Europe, and Asia.
The three kingdoms of west africa
The Three Kingdoms of West Africa document summarizes the rise and fall of three major West African empires - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai - between 500 AD to 1600 AD. It describes how Ghana grew wealthy through gold and salt trade across the Sahara desert until its decline in the 1200s due to attacks from North Africa and overgrazing. Mali then grew to power under Mansa Musa in the 1300s, spreading Islam and education. However, Mali fell after Timbuktu's schools and mosques were destroyed in the late 1400s. Finally, Songhai rebelled against Mali in the 1400s and rose to a great empire under Askia before being conquered by Morocco
Kingdom of ghana
The document discusses the architecture of mosques in West Africa and Somalia. It describes key features of mosques in Ghana, Mali, and Somalia like the Larabanga Mosque in Ghana which shows Sudanese influences in its use of horizontal timber and triangular openings. It also provides details on the architectural elements of major mosques like the Great Mosque of Kairouan which is built from thick stone walls and features buttresses and towers that enhance its stability.
The Rise Of African Civilization
The document discusses the rise of civilization in Africa between 800-1500 CE. Powerful trading empires developed in eastern and western Africa, connecting the continent to global trade networks. Kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai arose in West Africa, controlling gold and salt trade routes and growing into powerful states. In East Africa, the Kingdom of Axum developed along the Red Sea, linking Africa to trade with India and the Mediterranean. African societies maintained strong family, village, and religious traditions while absorbing influences from global connections through trade.
West African Kingdoms
The document summarizes three West African empires:
1) The Ghana Empire (750-1076) was founded by the Soninke people and ruled by a powerful king. It had a large army and controlled the gold and salt trade routes through a "silent barter system" without direct communication between traders.
2) The Mali Empire (1100-1400) was founded by Sundiata and expanded under powerful kings called Mansas. It converted to Islam and seized gold producing areas, controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes. Cities like Timbuktu became major trading hubs.
3) The Songhai Empire rose after 1464 under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad. It encouraged Muslim
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire originated as a nomadic Turkish group from Central Asia and rose to become a powerful world empire. Through military conquest, the Ottomans brought large territories under Islamic rule by the 15th century, including the capturing of Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire and expansion of Ottoman power. Under Suleiman the Magnificent's rule from 1520-1566, the empire established a strict social class system and saw advancements in areas like science, architecture, and literature.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 15th century by conquering Constantinople in 1453 and making it their capital Istanbul. Over the next centuries, the Ottomans expanded their empire to control much of the Middle East, Egypt, the Balkans, and parts of Russia and Europe. Their military success was due to technologies like cannons and skilled soldiers. At its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire entered a Golden Age and established a government and legal system. However, problems later emerged such as poor leadership and corruption, and the empire declined as European powers industrialized while the Ottomans remained agricultural.
Kingdom of Songhai
Sonni Ali conquered Timbuktu in 1428 but it was later taken by the Tuaregs. He then targeted the wealthy city of Djenne. After conquering Djenne, the Songhai empire expanded to become the largest in Africa under rulers like Sonni Ali. When Askia Muhammad took over after Sonni Ali's death, he improved the government and strengthened Islam, but the empire grew weak and was later invaded by Morocco.
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African civilizations a
The document summarizes the geography, early civilizations, and history of Africa. It describes Africa as a large, diverse continent with climatic zones ranging from desert to rainforest. It outlines evidence that modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide. It then discusses several ancient African civilizations like Egypt along the Nile River, Kush and Axum in Nubia, as well as empires in West Africa like Ghana and Mali which engaged in trans-Saharan trade.
Ch2 Explorations of Asia
This document provides an overview of European exploration and encounters with Africa and Asia between 1415-1796. It discusses how the search for spices by Europeans led to the age of exploration, including early Portuguese voyages along the coast of Africa and Vasco da Gama's arrival in India in 1497. It also summarizes the rise and fall of several African kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai that controlled the trans-Saharan trade routes, as well as coastal trading kingdoms in West and Southern Africa.
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The document provides an overview of kingdoms and trading states in Africa from 730 BC to 1591 AD. It discusses the influence of geography on trade and resources, including the Sahara Desert acting as a barrier. Major kingdoms discussed include Nubia, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa, which prospered through trade of gold and salt. In East Africa, it describes the kingdoms of Axum and city-states along the Swahili coast that engaged in trade. Family structures, political systems, religions, arts and oral traditions of medieval African societies are also summarized.
Ancient Africa
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and developments in African history from ancient times through the 1600s AD. It notes that ancient civilizations like Kush and Axum emerged in Northeast Africa as early as 2500 BC. Major empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai rose and fell in West Africa between 400-1500 AD, controlling important trade networks. The Bantu migrations spread new peoples and languages across Central and Southern Africa between 500 BC-1500 AD. East African city-states like Kilwa and Sofala flourished as trading hubs. The slave trade intensified between 1500-1800, transporting over 11 million Africans across the Atlantic.
Culture and kingdoms of west africa
The document provides information about four ancient African civilizations: Ghana, Nubia, Mali, and Songhay. It describes the origins, locations, trade networks, religions, leaders, and declines of each civilization. Ghana developed along the Niger and Gambia Rivers between 300-1100 AD and grew wealthy through trade and taxing traders. Nubia existed along the Nile River in modern-day Sudan and had cultural similarities to Egypt. Powerful kings led Mali to expand after 1200 AD, and Mansa Musa made it extremely wealthy through gold trade. Songhay rose after Mali declined and also relied on trade centers like Timbuktu and Gao for wealth, before being conquered by Morocco in the
Early African History
Early African history involved people living as hunter-gatherers who later began herding livestock and farming. Around 3000 BC, the Bantu migration spread Bantu people, language, culture, and technology from Nigeria to other parts of Africa. In East Africa, the Kush kingdom developed along the Nile River in Sudan in 800 BC and traded gold, ivory, and iron as far as Egypt. The Axum kingdom located in Ethiopia prospered from trade starting in the AD 300s due to its strategic location on the Red Sea. Axum converted to Christianity in the AD 300s and remained an important center of African Christianity even after losing connections to neighbors in the AD 600s. The Great Zimbabwe civilization supplied gold
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The document provides information on the transatlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas from the 15th to 19th centuries. It notes that millions of Africans were captured and sold into slavery by other Africans and European slave traders, with the majority coming from West Africa. Africans played a direct role in the slave trade by raiding neighboring groups and capturing prisoners of war to sell. Captured Africans faced violent marches to coastal outposts where they awaited transport in dungeons, with around half dying along the journey. Europeans justified the slave trade through doctrines like those expressed in papal bulls that allowed European powers to claim non-Christian lands and people.
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The document summarizes pre-Atlantic and Atlantic trade in West Africa. It discusses how West Africans engaged in long distance trade of commodities like gold, salt, textiles and agricultural goods with other continents prior to European contact. When the Portuguese arrived in the 1440s, the trade in enslaved Africans began to surpass gold as West Africa's main export. While slavery existed previously, the transatlantic slave trade transformed it into a larger system for accumulating wealth. African rulers cooperated by supplying captives to European traders as long as prices remained high. The triangular trade system then developed to exchange enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas for goods like cotton, cloth and rum.
Ancient African Civilizations
The document summarizes the major ancient African civilizations between 750 BCE and 1500 CE. It discusses the Kush civilization in Nubia, the Axum civilization in Ethiopia, the Ghana empire which dominated gold and salt trade, the large Mali empire under Mansa Musa, and the Songhai empire centered along the Niger River. It also describes the Bantu migrations and establishment of trading port cities along the East African coast that participated in Indian Ocean trade networks.
African Trading States And Kingdoms
1. Powerful kingdoms emerged in West Africa due to the trans-Saharan salt-gold trade. Kingdoms like Ghana and Mali grew wealthy from taxing this trade and controlling the gold mines of West Africa.
2. Trading city-states emerged in East Africa due to their access to the Indian Ocean trade routes. Cities like Kilwa grew rich exporting goods like gold, ivory, and slaves to Arabia, India, and beyond.
3. Cultural diffusion spread between Africa, the Middle East, and Asia along these trade routes. Islam spread significantly and great cities like Timbuktu became centers of Islamic learning.
Africa Notes
1) Several major empires rose and fell in pre-colonial Africa, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa known for trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt.
2) In East Africa, the Aksum and Zimbabwe empires grew wealthy through trade of ivory and gold along Indian Ocean trade routes.
3) Trade brought economic growth as well as spread of Islam and Christianity throughout Africa, with Timbuktu becoming a center of learning under Mali rule.
History of africa
Africa has inspired the world with its unique culture and roots of human origin. Archaeological evidence shows that evolution of modern humans occurred in Africa between 4-6 million years ago. Early civilizations like the Nok culture developed iron working and art in West Africa, while Bantu speakers migrated to Central Africa due to drought. Many great empires rose in West Africa along trade routes. In North Africa, Ancient Egypt reached its peak between 1567-1085 BC during the New Empire period, conquering territories across North Africa and the Levant.
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ancientafricancivilization-121102140230-phpapp01.pdf
The document summarizes the major ancient African civilizations between 750 BCE and 1500 CE. It describes the geography and climate of Africa and provides details on the Kush, Axum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires that dominated trade routes and flourished during this period. It also discusses the Bantu migrations and the growth of Swahili culture and trading ports along the East African coast that engaged in the Indian Ocean trade network.
African civilizations
This document provides a timeline and overview of major African civilizations from ancient times through the rise and fall of early empires. It describes the geography of the continent including the Sahara and Kalahari deserts. Early settlements developed along the Nile River valley starting around 5000 BC. Notable early kingdoms included Nok, Bantu, Kingdom of Kush in modern-day Sudan, and Aksum in Ethiopia. Major empires that arose from trade included Ghana with its capital at Kumbi Saleh, Kanem-Bornu centered around Lake Chad, Mali under Mansa Musa, and later the Songhai Empire. Art, literature, education, and commerce contributed to the development of culture across
Kingdoms and trading_states_of_africa
The document provides an overview of the history and geography of Africa. It discusses the major climate regions including the Sahara desert and savannas. It describes how civilizations developed along major rivers like the Nile and Niger. Key events discussed include the Bantu migrations, rise of powerful kingdoms like Mali and Songhai in West Africa, the Aksum civilization in East Africa, and the city-state of Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa. The document also outlines the influences and spread of religions like Christianity, Islam, and how cultural blending occurred.
African civilizations
Africa is the second largest continent, home to over 1 billion people as of 2011. It has a diverse geography including the Sahara desert in the north and tropical regions in the south. Some of the earliest humans originated in Africa, including "Lucy" discovered in Ethiopia. Ancient civilizations like the Nok and Bantu peoples developed across Africa as early as 800 BC. Powerful kingdoms later arose, such as the Kingdom of Kush in Sudan and the Aksum empire in Ethiopia, demonstrating advanced cultures with writing systems, cities, and trade networks. Major empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai controlled trade routes and converted to Islam, spreading their influence across western Africa into the medieval period.
African Kingdoms
The document describes several early kingdoms in Africa, including their rise and fall. It discusses kingdoms in East Africa like Axum which spread Christianity through trade. In West Africa it describes kingdoms like Ghana and Mali that controlled the gold-salt trade routes and grew wealthy. Mali expanded under Mansa Musa who took a famous hajj to Mecca. The kingdom of Songhai later rose to power, controlling trade until being conquered by Morocco in the 16th century. The document concludes with images of modern African cities.
Chapter 8
Early African societies were often stateless, with kinship and religion playing central roles. West Africa saw the development of ironworking, agriculture, and Bantu migrations. Some early states included Kush/Nubia, Ghana, and various Christian kingdoms. The arrival of Islam in North Africa in the 7th century spread south, influencing states like Mali, Songhai, and Swahili city-states along trade routes. Urban centers developed in West and Southeast Africa focused on trade of gold, salt, and other goods.
Saharian Trade Routes
West African empires like Mali and Songhai grew wealthy through trans-Saharan trade routes between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa from 1050 to 1500. Camels and the invention of the camel saddle enabled traders to carry goods like gold, salt, and ivory across the vast Sahara Desert, connecting Mediterranean ports to southern African markets. Salt from the Sahara was especially valuable and was often traded for gold and other goods, fueling the rise of powerful empires in West Africa through taxing trade along these routes.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
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Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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