Ischemia is a condition where blood flow and oxygen to tissues is restricted or reduced. It occurs when blood supply is blocked by a clot or embolism, or arteries are constricted. This can be caused by atherosclerosis, trauma, or other problems affecting blood vessels. Ischemia leads to a shortage of oxygen needed for cellular metabolism and function. Without oxygen, tissue can become damaged or dysfunctional. Examples of ischemia include reduced blood flow to the heart (cardiac ischemia), brain (ischemic stroke), feet, hands, and mouth.

1. Name;Bushra yousaf-044
Class:BSCN-4TH
submitted to:MAM SARWAT NAZIR

2. • Ischemia or ischaemia is a blockage in blood supply to tissues,
causing a shortage of oxygen that is required for cellular metabolism
(to keep tissue alive). Ischemia is generally caused by problems with
blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue.
• IN MEDICAL TERMS:
• Ischemia is a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is
restricted or reduced in a part of the body. Cardiac ischemia is the
name for decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.

3. ISCHEMIA:pathology

4. ISCHEMIA MECHANISM
• Ischemia is caused by a low blood supply to a tissue or organ. Blood
flow can be blocked by a clot, an embolus; or constriction of an
artery. It can occur due thickening of the artery wall and narrowing of
the artery (atherosclerosis). Trauma can also disrupt blood flow.
• Ischemia also depletes cellular ATP which inactivates ATPases (e.g,
Na+/K+ ATPase), reduces active Ca2+ efflux, and limits the re uptake
of calcium by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thereby producing
calcium overload in the cell.

5. MECHANISM
• The most common symptom of ischemia is angina (also called angina
pectoris). Angina is chest pain that is also described as chest
discomfort, heaviness, tightness, pressure, aching, burning,
numbness, fullness, or squeezing. It can feel like indigestion or
heartburn.
• If you have the gumption to make major changes to your lifestyle,
reverse coronary artery disease. This disease is the accumulation of
cholesterol-laden plaque inside the arteries nourishing your heart, a
process known as atherosclerosis.

6. MECHANISM

7. PLAQUE formation

8. EXAMPLES
• Narrowing of the coronary artery, leading to a myocardial infarction, usually
develops over several years. An increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which
may lead to a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident, can be
estimated using SCORE system which is developed by the European Society of
cardiology (ESC). As shown in the figure, the most important risk factors for
myocardial infarction are:
• Male sex
• Smoking
• Hypertension
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Hypercholesterolemia

9. BRAIN:ISCHEMIA
Brain ischemia is a
condition in which there is
insufficient blood flow to
the brain to meet
metabolic demand. This
leads to poor oxygen
supply or cerebral hypoxia
and thus leads to the death
of brain tissue ischemic
stroke.

10. FEET ISCHEMIA
Ischemic foot is a condition
of decreased arterial
perfusion. It has several
causes, atherosclerotic
peripheral arterial disease,
including that secondary to
diabetes mellitus, being the
most common.

11. HAND ISCHEMIA:
In hands it occurs due to loss
of both nutritional flow and
thermoregulatory control. In
response to stress, vasospasm
occurs, which leads to a low
flow state, which can further
lead to thrombosis, further
complicating the treatment of
these patients.

12. MOUTH ISCHEMIA:
Ischemia is caused by a
decrease in blood supply to a
tissue or organ. Blood flow
can be blocked by a clot, an
embolus; or constriction of an
artery. It can cause bleeding in
mouth and swelling of oral
cavity.