The cardiovascular system is transport system of body The cardiovascular system consists of the blood, heart, arteries, and veins. The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products from various tissue of body. The conveying media is liquid in form of blood which flows in close tubular system Under healthy conditions, the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems are integrated: The digestive system produces nutrients and the respiratory system furnishes oxygen, both of which circulate through the blood to various parts of the body. In addition, the endocrine system affects the cardiovascular system by stimulating or depressing the rate of cardiovascular activity Functions of cardiovascular system Transport nutrients, hormones Remove waste products Gaseous exchange Immunity Blood vessels transport blood Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide Also carries nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma Blood cells 1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells 2- Leucocytes 3- Thrombocytes Plasma is fluid portion The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma Blood cells 1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells 2- Leucocytes 3- Thrombocytes Plasma is fluid portion The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma Blood cells 1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells 2- Leucocytes 3- Thrombocytes Plasma is fluid portion Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular organ approximately the size of your fist Location: Superior surface of diaphragm Left of the midline Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum BLOOD VESSELS A NETWORK OF TUBES THESE INCLUDE ATRERIES CAPPILARIES VEINS Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries. They are the thickest blood vessels and they carry blood high in oxygen known as oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood). The smallest blood vessels are capillaries and they connect the arteries and veins. This is where the exchange of nutrients and gases occurs. Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called veins. They have one-way valves which prevent blood from flowing backwards. They carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide known as deoxygenated blood (oxygen poor blood). Coronary circulation the circulation of blood within the heart. Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and lungs. Systemic circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body. DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW Blood travels from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, where hemoglobin (one of the components of blood) saturates it with oxygen. From the lungs, oxygenated blood travels back to the left atrium of the heart, then to the left ventricle, and finally out to the rest of the body The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle, the myocardium. The two principal coronary arteries branch off from the aorta the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart.

1. Behavioral
Factors in
Cardiovascular
Disease
UJALA ASMAR

2. OUTLINE
The Cardiovascular System
 The Changing Rates of Cardiovascular Disease
 Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease
 Reducing Cardiovascular Risks

3. CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
UJALA ASMAR
1334
PSYCHOLOGY(MORNING)
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
MAM ASMA

4. OUTLINE
The Cardiovascular System

5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
▪ The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, and
veins. The heart is a muscle that, by contracting and relaxing,
pumps blood throughout the body. The heart is, essentially, the
center of a rapid-transit system that carries oxygen to body cells
and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from cells.
▪ Under healthy conditions, the cardiovascular, respiratory, and
digestive systems are integrated: The digestive system produces
nutrients and the respiratory system furnishes oxygen, both of
which circulate through the blood to various parts of the body. In
addition, the endocrine system affects the cardiovascular system
by stimulating or depressing the rate of cardiovascular activity.
Although we will view the cardiovascular system in isolation in this
chapter, it does not function that way

6. INTRODUCTION
▪ The cardiovascular system is transport
system of body
▪ The cardiovascular system consists of
the blood, heart, arteries, and veins.
▪ The system supplies nutrients to and
remove waste products from various
tissue of body.
▪ The conveying media is liquid in form
of blood which flows in close tubular
system

7. INTRODUCTION
▪ Under healthy conditions, the cardiovascular,
respiratory, and digestive systems are integrated:
▪ The digestive system produces nutrients and the
respiratory system furnishes oxygen, both of
which circulate through the blood to various parts
of the body.
▪ In addition, the endocrine system affects the
cardiovascular system by stimulating or
depressing the rate of cardiovascular activity

8. Functions of cardiovascular system
Transport nutrients, hormones
Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

9. PARTS OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

10. BLOOD
▪The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
• Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes
3- Thrombocytes
▪Plasma is fluid portion

11. HEART
▪Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular
organ approximately the size of your fist
▪Location:
▪ Superior surface of diaphragm
▪ Left of the midline
▪ Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the
sternum

13. BLOOD VESSELES
▪ BLOOD VESSELS A NETWORK OF TUBES
▪ THESE INCLUDE
 ATRERIES
 CAPPILARIES
 VEINS

14. ARTERIES
Blood vessels that carry
blood away from the
heart are called arteries.
They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).

15. CAPPILARIES
▪The smallest blood
vessels are capillaries
and they connect the
arteries and veins.
▪This is where the
exchange of nutrients
and gases occurs.

16. VEINS
▪ Blood vessels that carry blood back to the
heart are called veins.
▪ They have one-way valves which prevent
blood from flowing backwards.
▪ They carry blood that is high in carbon
dioxide known as deoxygenated blood
(oxygen poor blood).

17. ARTERIES
VEINSAND
CAPPILARIES.
The arteries carry the oxygenated
blood branch into vessels of smaller
and smaller diameter, called
arterioles, and finally terminate in tiny
capillaries that connect arteries and
veins. Oxygen diffuses out to body
cells, and carbon dioxide and other
chemical wastes pass into the blood
so they can be disposed of. Blood
that has been stripped of its oxygen
returns to the heart by way of the
system of veins, beginning with the
tiny venules and ending with the two
large veins that empty into the right
atrium, the upper right chamber of
the heart.

19. PULMONARY
ARTERIES
AND VEINS

21. CIRCULATION
▪Coronary circulation the circulation
of blood within the heart.
▪Pulmonary circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and lungs.
▪Systemic circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and the
cells of the body.

22. PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Pulmonary
circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and the cells of the
body.

24. DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
Blood travels from the right ventricle of the heart to
the lungs, where hemoglobin (one of the
components of blood) saturates it with oxygen.
From the lungs, oxygenated blood travels back to
the left atrium of the heart, then to the left
ventricle, and finally out to the rest of the body

27. LAYERS OF
THE HEART
 EPICARDIUM
 MYOCARDIUM
 ENDOCARDIUM

30. CORONAY ARTERIES
▪ The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart
muscle, the myocardium.
▪ The two principal coronary arteries branch off from
the aorta the main artery that carries oxygenated
blood from the heart.
▪ Left and right coronary arteries divide into smaller
branches, providing the blood supply to the
myocardium.

32. DAMAGE TO CORONARY ARTERIES
▪With each beat, the heart makes a slight twisting
motion, which moves the coronary arteries.
▪The coronary arteries, therefore, receive a great deal
of strain as part of their normal function.
▪ This movement of the heart has been hypothesized
to almost inevitably cause injury to the coronary
arteries

33. HEALING OF DAMAGE
▪ The damage can heal in two different ways.
▪ FIRST ROUTE:
The preferable route involves the formation of
small amounts of scar tissue and results in no
serious problem.
SECOND ROUTE:
The second route involves the formation of
atheromatous plaques

34. ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUES
▪ Deposits composed of cholesterol and other
lipids (fats), connective tissue, and muscle tissue.
▪ The plaques grow and calcify into a hard, bony
substance that thickens the arterial walls. This
process also involves inflammation.
▪ The formation of plaques and the resulting
occlusion of the arteries are called
atherosclerosis.

36. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
▪ A related but different problem is arteriosclerosis, or
the loss of elasticity of the arteries.
▪ The beating of the heart pushes blood through the
arteries with great force, and arterial elasticity
allows adaptation to this pressure. Loss of elasticity
tends to make the cardiovascular system less
capable of tolerating increases in cardiac blood
volume. Hence, a potential danger exists during
strenuous exercise for people with arteriosclerosis.

37. Atherosclerosis AND Arteriosclerosis
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
▪ The formation of plaques
and the resulting occlusion
of the arteries are called
atherosclerosis
▪ The formation of arterial
plaques (atherosclerosis)
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
▪ A related but different
problem is arteriosclerosis,
or the loss of elasticity of the
arteries
▪ The “hardening” of the
arteries (arteriosclerosis)

38. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
▪ Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a general term that
includes coronary artery disease, coronary heart
disease, and stroke.

39. Coronary artery disease (CAD).
▪ Coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to damage
to the coronary arteries, typically through the
processes of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.

40. ISCHEMIA
▪ Ischemia is a condition in which
blood flow (and thus oxygen) is
restricted or reduced in a part of the
body.
▪ Cardiac ischemia is decreased blood
flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.
▪ Myocardial ischemia occurs when
blood flow to the heart muscle
(myocardium) is obstructed by a
partial or complete blockage of a
coronary artery by a buildup of
plaques (atherosclerosis). If the
plaques rupture, you can have a heart
attack (myocardial infarction)

42. Coronary heart disease (CHD)
▪ Coronary heart disease (CHD) refers to any
damage to the myocardium as a result of
Insufficient blood supply.

43. Myocardial
infarction
▪ Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially
known as "heart attack," is caused by
decreased or complete cessation of
blood flow to a portion of the
myocardium.
▪ Complete blockage of either coronary
artery shuts off the blood flow and thus
the oxygen supply to the myocardium.
Like other tissue, the myocardium
cannot survive without oxygen;
therefore, coronary blockage results in
the death of myocardial tissue, an
infarction. Myocardial infarction is the
medical term for the condition
commonly referred to as a heart attack

44. SYMPTOMS
▪ The signals for a myocardial
infarction include
▪ A feeling of weakness or
dizziness combined with
nausea
▪ Cold sweating
▪ Difficulty in breathing,
▪ A sensation of crushing or
squeezing pain in the chest,
arms, shoulders, jaw, or back.
▪ Rapid loss of consciousness
or death may occur, but the
victim sometimes remains
quite alert throughout the
experience.
▪ The severity of symptoms
depends on the extent of
damage to the heart
muscle.

47. ANGINA PECTORIS
▪A less serious result of restriction of the blood
supply to the myocardium is angina pectoris, a
disorder with symptoms of crushing pain in the
chest and difficulty in breathing
▪Angina is usually precipitated by exercise or
stress because these conditions increase
demand on the heart

50. CORONARY
ARTERY
BYPASS
▪ This procedure replaces the
blocked portion of the coronary
artery (or arteries) with grafts
of healthy sections of the
coronary arteries
▪ . Bypass surgery is expensive,
carries some risk of death, and
may not extend the patient’s
life significantly, but it is
generally successful in relieving
angina and improving quality of
life,

52. STROKE
▪Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis can also affect
the arteries that serve the head and neck, thereby
restricting the blood supply to the brain
▪Any obstruction in the arteries of the brain will restrict
or completely stop the flow of blood to the area of the
brain served by that portion of the system. Oxygen
deprivation causes the death of brain tissue within 3
to 5 minutes. This damage to the brain resulting from
lack of oxygen is called a stroke.

53. STROKE
▪ The weakening of artery walls associated with
arteriosclerosis may lead to an aneurysm, a sac
formed by the ballooning of a weakened artery
wall. Aneurysms may burst, causing a
hemorrhagic stroke or death
▪ An aneurysm is an abnormal swelling or bulge in
the wall of a blood vessel, such as an artery.

57. Blood pressure
▪ Blood pressure is the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of
your arteries.
▪ Blood pressure measurements are usually expressed by two numbers.
The first number represents systolic pressure, the pressure generated
by the heart’s contraction. The second number represents diastolic
pressure, or the pressure experienced between contractions, reflecting
the elasticity of the vessel walls. Both numbers are expressed in
millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg)because original measurements of
blood pressure were obtained by determining how high mercury would
rise in a glass column by the pressure of blood in circulation

59. BLOOD PRESSURE
▪ Blood pressure elevates through several
mechanisms. Some elevations in blood pressure
are normal and even adaptive.
▪ Temporary activation of the sympathetic nervous
system, for example, increases heart rate and also
causes constriction of the blood vessels, both of
which raise blood pressure.
▪ Other elevations in blood pressure, however, are
neither normal nor adaptive— they are symptoms
of cardiovascular disease.

60. HYPERTENSION
▪ High blood pressure, also called hypertension,
is blood pressure that is higher than normal. Your
blood pressure changes throughout the day based
on your activities. Having blood pressure
measures consistently above normal may result
in a diagnosis of high blood pressure (or
hypertension)

65. TREATMENT
▪The treatment of hypertension involves
behavioral changes, health psychologists play
an important role in encouraging such
behaviors as controlling weight, maintaining a
regular exercise program, and restricting
sodium intake. Adherence to these behaviors is
important for controlling blood pressure

66. SUMMARY
▪ The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.
The heart pumps blood, which circulates throughout the body,
supplying oxygen and removing waste products. The coronary
arteries supply blood to the heart itself, and when atherosclerosis
affects these arteries, coronary artery disease occurs. In this
disease process, plaques form within the arteries, restricting the
blood supply to the heart muscle. The restriction can cause angina
pectoris, with symptoms of chest pain and difficulty in breathing.
Blocked coronary arteries can also lead to a myocardial infarction
(heart attack). When the oxygen supply to the brain is disrupted,
stroke occurs. Stroke can affect any part of the brain and can vary
in severity from minor to fatal. Hypertension—high blood pressure—
is a predictor of both heart attack and stroke. Both behavioral and
medical treatments can lower hypertension as well as other risk
factors for cardiovascular disease.