The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. The principles of IPM include growing healthy crops, conserving natural enemies, regularly observing fields, and empowering farmers with expertise. IPM aims to reduce pest populations below economic injury levels using multiple compatible techniques and minimizing environmental impacts. It utilizes approaches like mechanical, biological, and chemical controls when needed.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest population management system using all suitable techniques in a compatible manner to keep pest populations below an economic injury level. It was first defined in the 1960s as using both chemical and biological methods to control pests. The key concepts of IPM include understanding agroecosystems, planning crops to avoid susceptible varieties, using cost-benefit analysis and tolerance thresholds, conserving natural enemies, timing treatments based on monitoring, and gaining public understanding of management practices. IPM aims to reduce reliance on pesticides and their negative impacts on health, resistance, and the environment.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
Pest surveillance involves regularly monitoring pest populations over time in a given area to assess changes. It is important for determining which pest control measures to implement. Common methods of pest surveillance include qualitative and quantitative surveys using various traps, counts, and indices to estimate pest numbers and damage. The key objectives are to identify pests, study population dynamics, estimate crop losses, and monitor how weather and other factors influence pest levels to forecast problems and schedule management actions.
This document discusses cultural control methods for pest management. It defines cultural control as the manipulation of agricultural practices, such as planting time, seed rate, spacing, tillage, crop rotation, and sanitation, to reduce pest damage to crops. The document provides examples of how each cultural control practice can be used against specific pests. It also discusses the historical origins of using cultural practices for pest control in India and provides an overview of different cultural control techniques.
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
Integrated Pest Management requires regular pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting. Surveys involve collecting detailed pest population information in a given area at a particular time. Surveillance is an ongoing process to monitor pest populations and occurrences over time through methods like fixed plot surveys. This provides information on existing and new pest species, population levels, and damage. Forecasting predicts future pest infestation levels based on surveillance data and environmental factors, helping farmers time control measures appropriately. Proper pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting are essential components of an effective IPM strategy.
Economical basis of IPM - Economic Thresholdskhalil amro
The document discusses key concepts in integrated pest management (IPM) theory including the economic injury level (EIL), economic threshold (ET), and tolerance levels. The EIL is the pest density that causes economic damage equal to the cost of control. The ET is slightly below the EIL to allow time for control actions before losses reach the EIL. Periodic scouting is needed to determine pest densities and understand pest-damage relationships in order to establish appropriate control thresholds. Factors like crop value, control costs, and damage coefficients are considered in EIL calculations. Limitations to EIL and ET concepts include difficulties estimating variables and incorporating external factors.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest population management system using all suitable techniques in a compatible manner to keep pest populations below an economic injury level. It was first defined in the 1960s as using both chemical and biological methods to control pests. The key concepts of IPM include understanding agroecosystems, planning crops to avoid susceptible varieties, using cost-benefit analysis and tolerance thresholds, conserving natural enemies, timing treatments based on monitoring, and gaining public understanding of management practices. IPM aims to reduce reliance on pesticides and their negative impacts on health, resistance, and the environment.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
Pest surveillance involves regularly monitoring pest populations over time in a given area to assess changes. It is important for determining which pest control measures to implement. Common methods of pest surveillance include qualitative and quantitative surveys using various traps, counts, and indices to estimate pest numbers and damage. The key objectives are to identify pests, study population dynamics, estimate crop losses, and monitor how weather and other factors influence pest levels to forecast problems and schedule management actions.
This document discusses cultural control methods for pest management. It defines cultural control as the manipulation of agricultural practices, such as planting time, seed rate, spacing, tillage, crop rotation, and sanitation, to reduce pest damage to crops. The document provides examples of how each cultural control practice can be used against specific pests. It also discusses the historical origins of using cultural practices for pest control in India and provides an overview of different cultural control techniques.
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
Integrated Pest Management requires regular pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting. Surveys involve collecting detailed pest population information in a given area at a particular time. Surveillance is an ongoing process to monitor pest populations and occurrences over time through methods like fixed plot surveys. This provides information on existing and new pest species, population levels, and damage. Forecasting predicts future pest infestation levels based on surveillance data and environmental factors, helping farmers time control measures appropriately. Proper pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting are essential components of an effective IPM strategy.
Economical basis of IPM - Economic Thresholdskhalil amro
The document discusses key concepts in integrated pest management (IPM) theory including the economic injury level (EIL), economic threshold (ET), and tolerance levels. The EIL is the pest density that causes economic damage equal to the cost of control. The ET is slightly below the EIL to allow time for control actions before losses reach the EIL. Periodic scouting is needed to determine pest densities and understand pest-damage relationships in order to establish appropriate control thresholds. Factors like crop value, control costs, and damage coefficients are considered in EIL calculations. Limitations to EIL and ET concepts include difficulties estimating variables and incorporating external factors.
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a strategy that uses various pest control methods in conjunction to manage pests in an ecologically friendly way. It involves monitoring pest populations, using cultural practices, biological controls, and targeted use of pesticides only when necessary. The key components of an IPM program include host plant resistance, monitoring, cultural controls like crop rotation and sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and selective use of pesticides to control weeds, insects, and diseases. Monitoring is the first and most important step to identify pest thresholds and determine appropriate interventions.
Host plant resistance refers to the inherent ability of a plant to resist insect damage. There are three main types of resistance: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antixenosis makes the plant an unattractive host for feeding or oviposition. Antibiosis causes adverse effects on the insect such as reduced growth or increased mortality. Tolerance allows the plant to withstand or recover from insect damage through mechanisms like increased tillering. Resistance can be controlled by single genes or polygenes and can be specific to certain insect biotypes or provide more durable, general resistance.
This document provides information on pest surveillance and forecasting. It discusses how pest surveillance involves monitoring biotic and abiotic factors to predict pest outbreaks. The key advantages of pest surveillance are that it allows for understanding pest population dynamics, devising appropriate management strategies, forecasting pest infestations, and initiating timely control measures. Components of pest surveillance include identifying the pest, assessing distribution and severity, population dynamics, weather, and natural enemies. Pest forecasting serves to predict forthcoming infestation levels and find critical stages for insecticide application. There are short-term and long-term forecasting types based on crop sampling and weather effects, respectively. Pest surveillance plays an integral role in India's IPM programs through monitoring
This presentation was delivered at the 2011 Gulf Coast Fruit & Vegetable Conference on January 27th, organized by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. The presetation disccuses some trap cropping techniques for sustainable vegetable production. Various Extension IPM resources for farmers is also included in the slideshow.
This document summarizes biological control of nematodes using various organisms. It discusses (1) the mechanisms of biological control including predation, parasitism, competition and antibiosis by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, and other organisms, (2) the modes of action of common biological control agents like fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and predatory nematodes, and (3) the advantages and disadvantages of biological control compared to chemical pesticides. Biological control offers an environmentally friendly approach but also has limitations like specific host ranges and delayed effects.
Habitat management plays an important role in integrated pest management by manipulating the agricultural landscape to promote natural enemies of pest species. The objectives of habitat management are to create suitable habitat to enhance natural enemy populations and maintain pest populations at subeconomic levels. Key approaches include intercropping, strip cropping, trap cropping, and providing additional food and overwintering resources to support natural enemies. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques can increase levels of pest egg parasitism and reduce pest populations in various crop systems.
This document summarizes plant disease management through plant quarantine. It defines plant quarantine as legal restrictions on agricultural commodity movement to prevent the establishment of plants, pests, and diseases in new areas. It provides details on the history and organization of plant quarantine in India, including relevant laws and quarantine stations at airports, seaports, and land frontiers. The document lists some examples of diseases controlled by plant quarantine in India and introduces some foreign diseases introduced to India with the year and originating country.
This document discusses insecticide resistance in insects. It begins by defining insecticide resistance as the ability of some insects to survive exposure to an insecticide that would normally kill them. The document then discusses the history of reported insecticide resistance dating back to 1914. It notes that over 500 insect species have now developed resistance. The mechanisms of resistance include metabolic resistance, target site resistance, behavioral resistance, and penetration resistance. Factors that influence the development of resistance include the frequency of insecticide application and the intensity of selection pressure from the insecticide.
Conservation and Augmentation of Biological Control Agent Karl Obispo
This document discusses different methods of biological control including conservation, augmentation, and classical biological control. Conservation involves improving habitats and reducing pesticide use to encourage natural enemy populations. Augmentation involves purchasing and releasing natural enemies when populations are not adequate. Classical biological control imports and establishes natural enemies of invasive pests. The document provides examples of each approach and emphasizes selecting insecticides and managing habitats that protect natural enemies.
Different sampling techniques for insect population estimationDevina Seram
The document discusses different sampling techniques used to estimate insect pest populations including absolute sampling methods like quadrat sampling and capture-recapture, relative sampling methods like line transect and catch per unit time, and population index methods involving measuring insect products and plant damage. It provides details on how each sampling technique is performed and important terminology related to sampling like population, sample size, and sampling unit. The goal of using these sampling methods is to determine the pest species, distribution, changes in population over time, and monitor pest levels to control populations and recommend management practices.
forecasting is the first step for IPM. forecasting reduce the protection cost.various models and software are now known to present days ,Which are useful in control the pest.
This document discusses insect behaviour and concepts related to behavioural manipulation as potential tools for pest management. It begins with an introduction to behavioural manipulation methods and the concept of super-normal stimuli. It then covers different types of stimuli insects respond to including chemical stimuli like sex pheromones, host plant volatiles, visual stimuli, and tactile stimuli. Applications of behavioural manipulation methods like monitoring, mass trapping, mating disruption and attract-and-kill are described. The document concludes by discussing future strategies for behavioural manipulation in pest management.
Successful case studies of national as well as international IPM programmessharanabasapppa
Discovery of synthetic pesticides in 1940, the whole scenario of pest management has changed.
From late 1940 to mid 1960 has been called “the dark ages” of pest control.
The insecticidal properties of DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichlorethane) discovered by Paul Muller in 1939 triggered this “dark age” of pest control.
Resistance of pests to pesticides was observed, the minor pests to major pests due to killing beneficial insects.
Biological pest control uses living organisms to reduce pest populations. There are three types of biological control strategies - importation, augmentation, and conservation. Importation involves introducing a pest's natural enemies into an area where they are not found naturally. Augmentation supplements existing natural enemy populations through additional releases. Conservation enhances conditions for natural enemies to survive and reproduce. Common natural enemies used in biological control include predators, parasites, and pathogens.
This presentation is part of a video series we are developing for a course module to help organic farmers and gardeners. The video is under production and will be available shortly at https://www.youtube.com/user/acesfieldvideo?feature=watch. Please consult your county Extension office for full recommendations and check with your supplier for organic insecticides. Products can also be purchased online.
This document provides information on host plant resistance mechanisms against insect pests and transgenic crops. It discusses different types of host plant resistance including non-preference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Non-preference refers to plant characteristics that make the plant unattractive to insects. Antibiosis involves plant toxins or nutrients that harm insects. Tolerance allows plants to withstand insect damage through regeneration. The document also describes genetic and ecological resistance mechanisms. Finally, it discusses using transgenic crops with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to develop insect resistance in commercial crops.
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. IPM is a holistic approach that uses monitoring, identification, and action thresholds to determine when and how to address pest issues using cultural, physical, biological, or chemical methods. The goal is to prevent and control pests with minimal risk to humans, the environment, and other organisms. The document outlines IPM principles and provides examples of various control tactics within each category.
The simultaneous or sequential application of herbicides with other agrochemicals like insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers can result in interactions that influence the efficacy and toxicity of the applied chemicals. These interactions may be additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or have no effect. Factors like chemical properties, mode of action, application method, and environmental conditions determine the type and extent of interactions. While some interactions like synergism can enhance weed control, others like antagonism can reduce efficacy or increase toxicity. Understanding these interactions is important for optimizing agrochemical combinations and avoiding adverse effects.
1. Farmers field school (integrated pest management) A Series of Lectures By...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) and related topics. It defines IPM as an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques. The principles of IPM are outlined as growing healthy crops, conserving natural enemies, regularly observing fields, and making farmers experts. A variety of control tactics are mentioned, including chemical, biological, cultural, and mechanical controls. Reasons for using IPM include reducing human and environmental health impacts of pesticides and preventing pest resistance.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a strategy that uses a combination of biological, cultural, physical and chemical pest control methods to manage pest populations below economically damaging levels. It focuses on prevention through methods like habitat manipulation and use of pest-resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only as a last resort treatment and in a targeted way. The goal of IPM is to manage pests in an environmentally friendly and economically sustainable manner.
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a strategy that uses various pest control methods in conjunction to manage pests in an ecologically friendly way. It involves monitoring pest populations, using cultural practices, biological controls, and targeted use of pesticides only when necessary. The key components of an IPM program include host plant resistance, monitoring, cultural controls like crop rotation and sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and selective use of pesticides to control weeds, insects, and diseases. Monitoring is the first and most important step to identify pest thresholds and determine appropriate interventions.
Host plant resistance refers to the inherent ability of a plant to resist insect damage. There are three main types of resistance: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antixenosis makes the plant an unattractive host for feeding or oviposition. Antibiosis causes adverse effects on the insect such as reduced growth or increased mortality. Tolerance allows the plant to withstand or recover from insect damage through mechanisms like increased tillering. Resistance can be controlled by single genes or polygenes and can be specific to certain insect biotypes or provide more durable, general resistance.
This document provides information on pest surveillance and forecasting. It discusses how pest surveillance involves monitoring biotic and abiotic factors to predict pest outbreaks. The key advantages of pest surveillance are that it allows for understanding pest population dynamics, devising appropriate management strategies, forecasting pest infestations, and initiating timely control measures. Components of pest surveillance include identifying the pest, assessing distribution and severity, population dynamics, weather, and natural enemies. Pest forecasting serves to predict forthcoming infestation levels and find critical stages for insecticide application. There are short-term and long-term forecasting types based on crop sampling and weather effects, respectively. Pest surveillance plays an integral role in India's IPM programs through monitoring
This presentation was delivered at the 2011 Gulf Coast Fruit & Vegetable Conference on January 27th, organized by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. The presetation disccuses some trap cropping techniques for sustainable vegetable production. Various Extension IPM resources for farmers is also included in the slideshow.
This document summarizes biological control of nematodes using various organisms. It discusses (1) the mechanisms of biological control including predation, parasitism, competition and antibiosis by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, and other organisms, (2) the modes of action of common biological control agents like fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and predatory nematodes, and (3) the advantages and disadvantages of biological control compared to chemical pesticides. Biological control offers an environmentally friendly approach but also has limitations like specific host ranges and delayed effects.
Habitat management plays an important role in integrated pest management by manipulating the agricultural landscape to promote natural enemies of pest species. The objectives of habitat management are to create suitable habitat to enhance natural enemy populations and maintain pest populations at subeconomic levels. Key approaches include intercropping, strip cropping, trap cropping, and providing additional food and overwintering resources to support natural enemies. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques can increase levels of pest egg parasitism and reduce pest populations in various crop systems.
This document summarizes plant disease management through plant quarantine. It defines plant quarantine as legal restrictions on agricultural commodity movement to prevent the establishment of plants, pests, and diseases in new areas. It provides details on the history and organization of plant quarantine in India, including relevant laws and quarantine stations at airports, seaports, and land frontiers. The document lists some examples of diseases controlled by plant quarantine in India and introduces some foreign diseases introduced to India with the year and originating country.
This document discusses insecticide resistance in insects. It begins by defining insecticide resistance as the ability of some insects to survive exposure to an insecticide that would normally kill them. The document then discusses the history of reported insecticide resistance dating back to 1914. It notes that over 500 insect species have now developed resistance. The mechanisms of resistance include metabolic resistance, target site resistance, behavioral resistance, and penetration resistance. Factors that influence the development of resistance include the frequency of insecticide application and the intensity of selection pressure from the insecticide.
Conservation and Augmentation of Biological Control Agent Karl Obispo
This document discusses different methods of biological control including conservation, augmentation, and classical biological control. Conservation involves improving habitats and reducing pesticide use to encourage natural enemy populations. Augmentation involves purchasing and releasing natural enemies when populations are not adequate. Classical biological control imports and establishes natural enemies of invasive pests. The document provides examples of each approach and emphasizes selecting insecticides and managing habitats that protect natural enemies.
Different sampling techniques for insect population estimationDevina Seram
The document discusses different sampling techniques used to estimate insect pest populations including absolute sampling methods like quadrat sampling and capture-recapture, relative sampling methods like line transect and catch per unit time, and population index methods involving measuring insect products and plant damage. It provides details on how each sampling technique is performed and important terminology related to sampling like population, sample size, and sampling unit. The goal of using these sampling methods is to determine the pest species, distribution, changes in population over time, and monitor pest levels to control populations and recommend management practices.
forecasting is the first step for IPM. forecasting reduce the protection cost.various models and software are now known to present days ,Which are useful in control the pest.
This document discusses insect behaviour and concepts related to behavioural manipulation as potential tools for pest management. It begins with an introduction to behavioural manipulation methods and the concept of super-normal stimuli. It then covers different types of stimuli insects respond to including chemical stimuli like sex pheromones, host plant volatiles, visual stimuli, and tactile stimuli. Applications of behavioural manipulation methods like monitoring, mass trapping, mating disruption and attract-and-kill are described. The document concludes by discussing future strategies for behavioural manipulation in pest management.
Successful case studies of national as well as international IPM programmessharanabasapppa
Discovery of synthetic pesticides in 1940, the whole scenario of pest management has changed.
From late 1940 to mid 1960 has been called “the dark ages” of pest control.
The insecticidal properties of DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichlorethane) discovered by Paul Muller in 1939 triggered this “dark age” of pest control.
Resistance of pests to pesticides was observed, the minor pests to major pests due to killing beneficial insects.
Biological pest control uses living organisms to reduce pest populations. There are three types of biological control strategies - importation, augmentation, and conservation. Importation involves introducing a pest's natural enemies into an area where they are not found naturally. Augmentation supplements existing natural enemy populations through additional releases. Conservation enhances conditions for natural enemies to survive and reproduce. Common natural enemies used in biological control include predators, parasites, and pathogens.
This presentation is part of a video series we are developing for a course module to help organic farmers and gardeners. The video is under production and will be available shortly at https://www.youtube.com/user/acesfieldvideo?feature=watch. Please consult your county Extension office for full recommendations and check with your supplier for organic insecticides. Products can also be purchased online.
This document provides information on host plant resistance mechanisms against insect pests and transgenic crops. It discusses different types of host plant resistance including non-preference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Non-preference refers to plant characteristics that make the plant unattractive to insects. Antibiosis involves plant toxins or nutrients that harm insects. Tolerance allows plants to withstand insect damage through regeneration. The document also describes genetic and ecological resistance mechanisms. Finally, it discusses using transgenic crops with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to develop insect resistance in commercial crops.
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. IPM is a holistic approach that uses monitoring, identification, and action thresholds to determine when and how to address pest issues using cultural, physical, biological, or chemical methods. The goal is to prevent and control pests with minimal risk to humans, the environment, and other organisms. The document outlines IPM principles and provides examples of various control tactics within each category.
The simultaneous or sequential application of herbicides with other agrochemicals like insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers can result in interactions that influence the efficacy and toxicity of the applied chemicals. These interactions may be additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or have no effect. Factors like chemical properties, mode of action, application method, and environmental conditions determine the type and extent of interactions. While some interactions like synergism can enhance weed control, others like antagonism can reduce efficacy or increase toxicity. Understanding these interactions is important for optimizing agrochemical combinations and avoiding adverse effects.
1. Farmers field school (integrated pest management) A Series of Lectures By...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) and related topics. It defines IPM as an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques. The principles of IPM are outlined as growing healthy crops, conserving natural enemies, regularly observing fields, and making farmers experts. A variety of control tactics are mentioned, including chemical, biological, cultural, and mechanical controls. Reasons for using IPM include reducing human and environmental health impacts of pesticides and preventing pest resistance.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a strategy that uses a combination of biological, cultural, physical and chemical pest control methods to manage pest populations below economically damaging levels. It focuses on prevention through methods like habitat manipulation and use of pest-resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only as a last resort treatment and in a targeted way. The goal of IPM is to manage pests in an environmentally friendly and economically sustainable manner.
1) The document discusses the concepts, principles, evolution and components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It describes how IPM aims to control pests in a way that minimizes environmental and health risks through the integration of multiple control tactics.
2) Key concepts of IPM include understanding the agricultural ecosystem, planning crop systems to reduce pest problems, considering cost-benefit ratios of control methods, and tolerating a certain level of pest damage. Common IPM components are monitoring, cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical control methods.
3) The evolution of IPM involved a shift away from reliance on pesticides alone after issues like pest resistance emerged, towards a more integrated approach balancing multiple control tactics
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecologically-based pest control strategy that relies on natural pest enemies, weather, and cultural control methods. It aims to suppress pest populations below economic injury levels through monitoring and record-keeping to determine treatment thresholds. IPM advocates judicious use of pesticides as a last resort, combining biological and chemical control. The approach reduces environmental and health risks compared to sole reliance on pesticides.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) utilizes various pest control tactics together in a harmonious way to achieve long-term pest control. The key components of IPM include gathering initial information, correctly identifying pests, monitoring pest populations, establishing economic injury levels, record keeping, selecting least-toxic treatment strategies, and evaluating treatments. Cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical practices are among the pest management tactics used in IPM. The logic and necessity of IPM includes potential economic benefits from reduced pesticide use, environmental benefits from decreased contamination, and knowledge benefits from a better understanding of pests and their management.
This document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which is an effective and environmentally friendly approach to pest control. IPM uses monitoring, pest forecasting, and economic thresholds to determine when control actions are needed. It integrates multiple control methods - including cultural, physical, biological and chemical - to manage pests at economically justified levels while minimizing risks to people and the environment. The goal is to encourage natural pest control and grow healthy crops with minimal ecosystem disruption. Stages in crop protection typically move from natural controls to overuse of pesticides and then back to more integrated approaches.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC FARMING.pptxkblawan03
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools. IPM focuses on long-term prevention through techniques like biological control, habitat manipulation, and use of resistant varieties. The presentation discusses the history, need, and methods of IPM including cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. It also covers the merits of IPM in reducing environmental risks and boosting crop yields, and the demmerits of being more time-consuming. The conclusion states that IPM offers a holistic approach that balances ecological, economic, and social considerations while minimizing reliance on pesticides.
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
When it comes to effectively managing pest infestations, a holistic and sustainable approach is key. That's where Integrated Pest Management (IPM) shines.
Join us as we explore the intricacies of IPM and discover how this comprehensive approach can ensure effective pest management while minimizing harm to the environment and human health.
The document discusses the role of integrated pest management (IPM) in sustainable agriculture. It notes that IPM focuses on managing pests through cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods to minimize economic, health and environmental risks. The basic principles of IPM are scouting crops weekly for pests and setting thresholds to determine when control treatments are needed, which can typically reduce pesticide use by 50% compared to regular spraying. IPM aims to develop pest control strategies that consider all relevant control tactics and are sensitive to local conditions and needs.
The document discusses the concept and evolution of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It explains that IPM originally involved using cultural and biological control techniques but shifted to chemical pesticides from the 1920s-1940s. Concerns over pesticide impacts led to renewed focus on IPM in the 1960s. IPM aims to control pests below economic thresholds using multiple techniques like host resistance, biological control, and selective pesticides. The key concepts of IPM include understanding agroecosystems, planning crops to reduce pests, considering cost-benefit ratios of control options, and timing treatments appropriately.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive approach to pest control that uses combined tactics to reduce pests to tolerable levels while minimizing risks to the environment. It was developed in the 1950s-60s as an alternative to overreliance on pesticides. IPM integrates multiple control methods including biological, cultural, mechanical and chemical. The goals of IPM are to optimize long-term profits and sustainability while rationalizing pesticide use and reducing environmental and health risks through strategies like conserving natural enemies and only using pesticides selectively. Key steps in an IPM program involve understanding the pest and plant system, determining acceptable damage levels, considering all control options, and timing controls to vulnerable points in the pest
The document discusses the history and importance of integrated pest management (IPM), which involves using multiple pest control methods such as cultural practices, biological controls, and selective use of pesticides to improve crop yields while reducing environmental impacts. IPM strategies include prevention, monitoring, and intervention techniques to manage pests and keep populations below economic threshold levels. The benefits of IPM include improved crop protection, stable crop yields, reduced pest resistance, and increased food safety.
Pest control refers to managing species that harm health, ecology, or economy. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) uses biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools together to minimize risks while controlling pests. IPM considers the ecosystem and uses monitoring, selective treatments, and prevention over time to control pests without excessive use of pesticides. Common control methods include cultural, mechanical, sanitation, natural, biological and chemical approaches.
Pest control refers to managing species seen as pests, often due to negative health, environmental, or economic impacts. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) uses biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools together to minimize risks while managing pests sustainably. IPM considers the ecosystem and uses monitoring, selective treatments, and prevention-focused cultural and mechanical controls before potential chemical applications. While chemical pesticides can efficiently control pests, integrated approaches aim to reduce usage and residue hazards for long-term prevention of damage.
This document discusses biorational pesticides, which are defined as having fundamentally different and lower risk modes of action than conventional pesticides. It covers the history of pesticide use, the regulatory drivers for developing reduced-risk pesticides, and how biorationals fit into integrated pest management approaches. The document also describes different types of biorational products like insect growth regulators, microbials, botanicals, and neonicotinoids. It discusses how biorationals can help improve sustainability in agriculture, public health, and natural resource management by providing effective pest control while being safer for humans and the environment.
The biological control and integrated pest managementbilal riaz
The document discusses various approaches to biological control and integrated pest management (IPM). It covers importation/classical biological control, augmentation biological control, conservation biological control, and their interactions with other IPM tactics like cultural controls, crop rotation, and selective pesticide use. The goal is to implement biological control practices in pest management programs while minimizing impacts on non-target species and considering factors like consumer demand and environmental safety.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for crop protection and sustainability over reliance on pesticides alone.
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM), an approach developed in the 1970s as an alternative to the "annihilation" concept of using pesticides. IPM uses a combination of cultivation practices, biological and mechanical controls, and targeted pesticides when needed to keep pests below economically damaging levels. It aims to minimize risks to humans, crops, and the environment by considering economic, ecological and social consequences. The key principles of IPM include monitoring pest levels, determining economic injury thresholds, and making informed decisions about the most appropriate control methods for each situation.
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Tidal energy has the potential to be a renewable source of energy. Mr. Allah Dad Khan, an agriculture consultant and adviser in KPK Pakistan, gave a presentation about tidal energy and waves. The presentation provided facts about harnessing the power of tides and waves for energy production.
15. Energy sources ( Fourteen main advantages and disadvantages of tidal en...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of tides. It has several advantages, including being renewable as tides are driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, being a green energy source that doesn't emit greenhouse gases, and having a predictable output. However, tidal energy also has disadvantages such as potentially impacting the environment, only being available when tides are surging for around 10 hours per day so requiring effective energy storage, and being an expensive new technology that is not yet cost-effective.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
4. Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture
The term sustainable agriculture means an integratedThe term sustainable agriculture means an integrated
system of plant and animal production practices having asystem of plant and animal production practices having a
site-specific application that will, over the long term:site-specific application that will, over the long term:
1.1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs;Satisfy human food and fiber needs;
2.2. Enhance environmental quality and the natural resourceEnhance environmental quality and the natural resource
base upon which the agricultural economy depends;base upon which the agricultural economy depends;
3.3. Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources andMake the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and
on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, naturalon-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural
biological cycles and controls;biological cycles and controls;
4.4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations; andSustain the economic viability of farm operations; and
5.5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as aEnhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a
whole."whole."
5. Integrated Farm ManagementIntegrated Farm Management
Integrated Farm Management is a whole farmIntegrated Farm Management is a whole farm
system providing efficient and profitablesystem providing efficient and profitable
production that isproduction that is environmentally responsibleenvironmentally responsible..
IFM works by integrating beneficial naturalIFM works by integrating beneficial natural
processes into modern farming techniques andprocesses into modern farming techniques and
ensures that high standards of stewardshipensures that high standards of stewardship
and environmental care are practiced.and environmental care are practiced.
6. Integrated CropIntegrated Crop
ManagementManagement
Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is a pragmaticIntegrated Crop Management (ICM) is a pragmatic
approach to the production of crops, unlike Integratedapproach to the production of crops, unlike Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) which focuses on cropPest Management (IPM) which focuses on crop
protection, ICM includes more aspects. This canprotection, ICM includes more aspects. This can
include such things as IPM, soil, social andinclude such things as IPM, soil, social and
environmental management. Over recent decades theenvironmental management. Over recent decades the
focus on crop production has moved from yields tofocus on crop production has moved from yields to
quality and safety, then more recently sustainability.quality and safety, then more recently sustainability.
This results in new challenges for farmers and growersThis results in new challenges for farmers and growers
each season. The Syngenta approach to ICM is aimingeach season. The Syngenta approach to ICM is aiming
to combine all aspects of crop inputs and managementto combine all aspects of crop inputs and management
to achieve the needs of the producer and consumerto achieve the needs of the producer and consumer
7. Integrated Disease ManagementIntegrated Disease Management
Effective control of a particular disastrousEffective control of a particular disastrous
disease, or all the common diseases of adisease, or all the common diseases of a
plant can be achieved by using allplant can be achieved by using all
relevant, appropriate methods of diseaserelevant, appropriate methods of disease
control. Such an approach of diseasecontrol. Such an approach of disease
control is called ''integrated diseasecontrol is called ''integrated disease
managementmanagement
8.
9.
10. 1010
• IPM is not just about management of
pests alone; it is a sustainable Crop
Production approach based on sound
eco-system analysis.
Integrated Pest
Management (IPM)
11. What is IPM?What is IPM?
Ecosystem-basedEcosystem-based
strategy that focusesstrategy that focuses
on long-termon long-term
prevention of pests orprevention of pests or
their damage throughtheir damage through
a combination ofa combination of
techniques such astechniques such as
biological control,biological control,
habitat manipulation,habitat manipulation,
modification ofmodification of
cultural practices, andcultural practices, and
use of resistantuse of resistant
varieties.varieties.
12. ‘A pest management system that, in the context
of the associated environment and population
dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable
techniques and methods in as compatible a
manner as possible and maintains the pest
population at levels below those causing
economic injury’
----- FAO
13. Aims of IPM:Aims of IPM:
Reduce pest populations to levels belowReduce pest populations to levels below
those causing economic impact, usingthose causing economic impact, using
multiple, compatible techniques;multiple, compatible techniques;
Reduce environmental impact of pestReduce environmental impact of pest
management.management.
14. The Principles of Integrated PestThe Principles of Integrated Pest
ManagementManagement
1.1. Sustainable agriculture requires that today's production needs are met whileSustainable agriculture requires that today's production needs are met while
improving the productionimproving the production
2.2. resource base for future generationsresource base for future generations.. IPM, as a corner stone of sustainableIPM, as a corner stone of sustainable
agriculture, seeks to improveagriculture, seeks to improve
3.3. farmer practices in order to create higher profits while not only protecting, butfarmer practices in order to create higher profits while not only protecting, but
improving environment qualityimproving environment quality
4.4. and community health. In order to do this IPM implementation is based on fourand community health. In order to do this IPM implementation is based on four
practical principles:practical principles:
A.A. Grow a healthy cropGrow a healthy crop
B.B. Conserve natural enemiesConserve natural enemies
C.C. Observe fields regularlyObserve fields regularly
D.D. ••Farmers become expertsFarmers become experts
15. Economic injury levelEconomic injury level
Lowest number of insects that will causeLowest number of insects that will cause
economic damageeconomic damage..
16. Economic decision levels - thresholds
• Usually expressed as number of insects per
area, plant, or sampling procedure
• Sometimes use extent of plant damage
• Include biological and economic information
17. Economic / ActionEconomic / Action
threshold:threshold:
Number of insects that should instigateNumber of insects that should instigate
management actionmanagement action
18. IPM PhilosophyIPM Philosophy
There are many variants of IPM philosophy.There are many variants of IPM philosophy.
These differences form a continuum fromThese differences form a continuum from
simply using knowledge of pest biology tosimply using knowledge of pest biology to
apply pesticides with timing that is optimal forapply pesticides with timing that is optimal for
managing pests, while minimizing applicationsmanaging pests, while minimizing applications
of pesticides, to the total exclusion of "hard"of pesticides, to the total exclusion of "hard"
pesticides in favor of "soft" or naturally derivedpesticides in favor of "soft" or naturally derived
materials that are less disruptive to nontargetmaterials that are less disruptive to nontarget
organisms and the environment ("bio-intensive"organisms and the environment ("bio-intensive"
or "bio-based" IPM).or "bio-based" IPM).
19. 1.Chemical Control
2.Biological Control
3.Cultural Control
4.Mechanical & Physical Controls
5.Host Plant Resistance
6. Genetic Control
7.Behavioral Control
8.Regulatory Control
Tactics of Pest Management
20.
21. Biological control:Biological control:
Natural enemies of pests cause mortality;Natural enemies of pests cause mortality;
Can maintain pest population at below-thresholdCan maintain pest population at below-threshold
levelslevels
PredatorsPredators
ParasitoidsParasitoids
PathogensPathogens
23. Pest Management vs. PestPest Management vs. Pest
ControlControl
Pest management aims to maintain insectPest management aims to maintain insect
populations below a threshold;populations below a threshold;
Emphasis is not on eradication.Emphasis is not on eradication.
24. Insects – prevalent features of our
environment
• Number of species;
• Interactions in
ecosystems and
with us;
• Our major competitors.
25. Reasons for IPMReasons for IPM
1.1. Chemical pesticidesChemical pesticides
can impact the humancan impact the human
health and ecosystemshealth and ecosystems
2.2. Example: DDT, aExample: DDT, a
pesticide, canpesticide, can
accumulate in theaccumulate in the
fatty tissue of animalsfatty tissue of animals
and affect birdand affect bird
reproductionreproduction
26. Reasons for IPMReasons for IPM
1.1. Insects canInsects can
become resistantbecome resistant
to chemicalto chemical
pesticidespesticides
2.2. ApproximatelyApproximately
500 species of500 species of
insects areinsects are
resistant to oneresistant to one
or more pesticidesor more pesticides
27. How does IPM work?How does IPM work?
Reduces the amount ofReduces the amount of
chemical pesticides bychemical pesticides by
using three possibleusing three possible
approaches:approaches:
1. Mechanical1. Mechanical
2. Biological2. Biological
3. Chemical3. Chemical
28. Mechanical approach:Mechanical approach:
1.1. Limits the pest's access toLimits the pest's access to
food, water and harboragefood, water and harborage
sites (i.e. proper storage ofsites (i.e. proper storage of
food/water supplies orfood/water supplies or
installation or repair ofinstallation or repair of
physical barriers to futurephysical barriers to future
pest intrusion use ofpest intrusion use of
mechanical devices (i.e. traps)mechanical devices (i.e. traps)
2.2. Example – Japanese beetleExample – Japanese beetle
trapstraps
29. Biological approach:Biological approach:
1.1. Introduction of aIntroduction of a
natural enemy ofnatural enemy of
the pestthe pest
2.2. Example – LadyExample – Lady
bugs feed on aphidsbugs feed on aphids
and can beand can be
introduced tointroduced to
reduce the aphidreduce the aphid
population on cropspopulation on crops
30. Chemical approach:Chemical approach:
PesticidePesticide
applications thatapplications that
have minimal riskshave minimal risks
associatedassociated
with their usewith their use
Using the leastUsing the least
amount of chemicalsamount of chemicals
that will still bethat will still be
effectiveeffective
31. Insects use of PheromonesInsects use of Pheromones
1.1. Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an animalPheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal
that signals another animal of thethat signals another animal of the samesame species.species.
2.2. Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone toExample: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to
attract a maleattract a male
32. Pheromones and IPMPheromones and IPM
1.1. Pheromones can bePheromones can be
utilized to catch orutilized to catch or
deter insectsdeter insects
2.2. Example: PheromoneExample: Pheromone
“traps”, which contain“traps”, which contain
the pheromonethe pheromone
emitted by the femaleemitted by the female
gypsy moth can be setgypsy moth can be set
to catch male mothsto catch male moths
33. Advantages & Disadvantages of IPMAdvantages & Disadvantages of IPM
Reduce chemicals beingReduce chemicals being
usedused
May reduce # ofMay reduce # of
pesticide resistantpesticide resistant
insectsinsects
Only uses chemicals ifOnly uses chemicals if
necessarynecessary
Long term benefitsLong term benefits
(lower cost for(lower cost for
chemicals, better forchemicals, better for
environment and humanenvironment and human
health)health)
Individual using IPMIndividual using IPM
must be educatedmust be educated
about the optionsabout the options
Takes more time toTakes more time to
initiate than simplyinitiate than simply
“spraying for pests”“spraying for pests”
Must be closelyMust be closely
monitored for bestmonitored for best
resultsresults
Natural enemies ofNatural enemies of
pests may becomepests may become
pests themselvespests themselves
34.
35. Multiple Approaches to IPMMultiple Approaches to IPM
PAMSPAMS
Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, SuppressionPrevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, Suppression
VS.VS.
SeasonalSeasonal
Pre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvestPre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvest
VS.VS.
DisciplineDiscipline
Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.
Can couch IPM in various combinations orCan couch IPM in various combinations or
formatsformats
37. ToF Structure
•
Participants
•
30 – 36 Trainees
•
4-6 Facilitators
•
1 Coordinator
•
Fully Residential
•
2 ha. Land for raising cotton by trainees
•
Training
•
Season-long with 2 or 3 small breaks
•
About 150 days (for cotton) on site excluding the breaks
•
ToF covers all aspects of crop management
47. 4747
• Conduct Insect zoo studies and discover functions of organisms in
the eco-system
Contd…
48. 4848
• Make field observations, conduct Cotton Eco-system Analysis
(CESA) and make informed crop management decisions
Contd…
49. 4949
In the FFS:
The farmers are assisted in solving their
problems by themselves; they are not provided
with ready made solutions
The facilitators expose farmers to ideas and are
not trying to convince the farmers to adopt a
particular technology
The facilitators help them in analyzing the
situation and make informed decisions
Contd…