In this ppt you'll learn about the packet delivery. How the Ip packet is delivered from transmitter to receiver when the Mobile node is in the Foreign network. Also you'll be able to learn all definitions like What is mobile node, correspondent node, Home agent, Foreign Agent, Tunneling, Encapsulation, COA(care of address) etc. After that you'll learn about the Agent advertisement and registering of care of address including different steps.
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11)
Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11)
Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
MOBILE IP_INTRODUCTION_OVERVIEW OF MOBILE IP_KEY MECHANISMS OF MOBILE IP_SCHEMATIC MODEL OF MOBILE IP_TUNNELLING_CARE OF ADDRESS-TCP_PACKET FORWARDING_TCP SLIDING WINDOWS
UNIT IV MOBILE NETWORK AND TRANSPORT LAYERS
Mobile IP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol-Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols–Multicast routing-TCP over Wireless Networks – Indirect TCP – Snooping TCP – Mobile TCP – Fast Retransmit / Fast Recovery – Transmission/Timeout Freezing-Selective Retransmission – Transaction Oriented TCP- TCP over 2.5 / 3G wireless Networks
Overview of Mobile IP , Features of Mobile IP , Key Mechanism in Mobile IP , route Optimization , Overview of TCP/IP , Architecture of TCP/IP , Adaptation of TCP Window , Improvement in TCP Performance,mobile computing.
Performance of Various Mobile IP Protocols and Security ConsiderationsCSCJournals
Mobile IP is the underlying technology for support of various mobile data and wireless networking applications. Mobile IP can be thought of as the cooperation of three major subsystems. First , there is a discovery mechanism defined so that mobile computers can determine their new attachment points (new IP addresses) as they move from place to place within the internet. Second , once the mobile computer knows the IP address at its new attachment point , it registers with an agent representing it at its home network. Lastly , Mobile IP defines simple mechanisms to deliver datagram’s to the mobile node when its is away from its home network. This work focuses on parameters based comparison for different mobile IP protocols. Parameters include Bandwidth , Time Delay and file size. An analytic model is adopted to propose for evaluating the mean signaling delay and the mean bandwidth per call according to the type of MT mobility. In this analysis, the MHMIP outperforms the DHMIP and MIP strategies in almost all the studied cases. The main contribution of this paper is the analytic model that allows the mobility management performance evaluation and basic security implementations on Agents. In future, Maintaining most computers on a private network, visible to the public Internet necessitated with highly secured environment.
MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
Assembly Code using Instruction Scheduling.
What is pipelining in embedded system?
Which instruction takes how many cycles for execution?
What is pipeline interlock?
Why branch instruction takes three execution cycles?
Scheduling of load instructions (C program and assembly code)
Methods of Scheduling the Load instructions: Preloading and Unrolling
In this ppt you'll see what are the main things that you need to take care of before and during a telephonic interview, video call interview or face to face interview. It might be helpful to you.
In this ppt you will learn about the common questions asked by the interviewer in any interview. And you'll get examples of the answers too. So modify the answers accordingly.
Job design is a core function of human resource management and it is related to the specification of contents, methods and relationship of jobs in order to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the social and personal requirements of the job holder or the employee
Job analysis is a family of procedures to identify the content of a job in terms of activities involved and attributes or job requirements needed to perform the activities. Job analysis provides information of organizations which helps to determine which employees are best fit for specific jobs.
Human resources management and planningSOURABH KUMAR
Human Resource Management, or HRM, is the practice of managing people to achieve better performance. For example, if you hire people into a business, you are looking for people who fit the company culture as they will be happier, stay longer, and be more productive than people who won't fit into the company culture.
Introduction to RF Module and its parts and its types.
1) Introduction
2) different modules and ranges
3) RF transmitter
4) RF receiver
5) Transceiver
6) Applications
7) Characterstics
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. MOBILE IP TERMINOLOGY
MOBILE NODE (MN): A mobile node is an end-system or router that can change its point of
attachment to the internet using mobile IP.
The MN keeps its IP address and can continuously communicate with any other system in the
internet as long as link-layer connectivity is given.
Correspondent Node (CN): communication partner
Home Network: The home network is the subnet the MN belongs to with respect to its IP address.
No mobile IP support is needed within the home network.
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3. MOBILE IP TERMINOLOGY
Home Agent (HA): router in the home network of the MN, which registers the location of the MN,
tunnels IP datagrams to the COA when MN is away from home.
Foreign Network: The foreign network is the current subnet the MN visits and which is not the home
network
Foreign Agent (FA): router in the current visited network of the MN, which forwards the tunneled
datagrams to the MN, also acts as the default router for the registered MN.
FA can also provide security services because they belong to the foreign network as opposed to the MN
which is only visiting.
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4. MOBILE IP TERMINOLOGY
Care Of Address (COA): The COA defines the current location of the MN from an IP point of view.
Foreign Agent COA: The COA could be located at the FA, i.e., the COA is an IP address of the FA.
The FA is the tunnel end-point and forwards packets to the MN.
Many MN using the FA can share this COA as common COA.
Co-LOCated COA: The COA is co-lOCated if the MN temporarily acquires an additional IP address
which acts as COA. CO-LOCATED ADDRESSES CAN BE ACQUIRED USING SERVICES LIKE DHCP
(DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL)
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6. IP PACKET DELIVERY(STEP1)
One of the requirements of mobile IP was to support hiding the mobility of the MN. CN does not need to
know anything about the MN’s current location and sends the packet as usual to the IP address of MN. This
means that CN sends an IP packet with MN as a destination address and CN as a source address. The
internet, not having information on the current location of MN, routes the packet to the router responsible
for the home network of MN. This is done using the standard routing mechanisms of the internet.
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7. IP PACKET DELIVERY(STEP2)
The HA now intercepts the packet, knowing that MN is currently not in its home network. The packet is not
forwarded into the subnet as usual, but encapsulated and tunneled to the COA. A new header is put in front
of the old IP header showing the COA as new destination and HA as source of the encapsulated packet
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8. IP PACKET DELIVERY(STEP3)
The foreign agent now decapsulates packet, i.e., removes the additional header, and forwards the original
packet with CN as source and MN as destination to the MN. Again, for the MN mobility is not visible. It
receives the packet with the same sender and receiver address as it would have done in the home network.
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9. IP PACKET DELIVERY(STEP4)
The IP datagram from MN to CN travels directly across the network, using CN’s IP address as the
destination address AND MN’S ADDDRESS(FIXED IP ADDRESS) AS SOURCE ADDRESS AS
USUALLY IT DOES.
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10. AGENT ADVERTISEMENT
One initial problem of an MN after moving is how to find a foreign agent. How does the MN discover
that it has moved? For this purpose mobile IP describes two methods: agent advertisement and agent
solicitation.
THERE ARE THREE MAIN STEPS TO DISCOVER AND REGISTER:
Discovery - A mobile node uses a discovery procedure to identify prospective home agents and foreign
agents.
Registration - A mobile node uses a registration procedure to inform its home agent of its care-of
address.
Tunneling - Tunneling procedure is used to forward IP datagrams from a home address to a care of
address.
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11. AGENT ADVERTISEMENT
foreign agents and home agents advertise their presence periodically using special agent advertisement
messages.
An agent advertisement message has one or more care-of-addresses and a flag indicating whether it is a
home agent or foreign agent.
For these advertisements Internet control message protocol (ICMP) messages are used with some mobility
extensions.
The agent advertisement packet with the extension for mobility is shown IN NEXT SLIDE. The upper part
represents the ICMP packet while the lower part is the extension needed for mobility.
11
13. Mobile-IP extension
Type = 16
Length = number of COA provided with the message. It is equal to 6+4*(no. of addresses)
Registration lifetime = maximum lifetime specified by the agent in seconds which the node can request
during registration.
Sequence No. = total no. of advertisements sent during initialization.
The flags after registration lifetime explain the features of advertisement. They are described as:
R-bit: registration with this agent is required even when the mobile node uses a collocated COA.
13
14. Mobile-IP extension
B-bit: The Foreign agent is busy to take any registrations
H-bit: Agentis home agent
F-bit: Agent is foreign agent
M-bit: Minimal encapsulation is used for encapsulation
G-bit: Generic routing encapsulation is used
r-bit: was initially set to V in first version of mobile IP (RFC 2002) suggested use of header compression
and should be ignored.
T-bit: reverse tunneling.
The foreign agent should advertise at least one CoA.
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15. Agent advertisement
Allows for the detection of mobility agents
Lists one or more available care-of addresses
Informs the mobile node about special features
Mobile node selects its care-of address
Mobile node checks whether the agent is a home agent or foreign agent
Once the care-of-address is achieved the mobile node registers it with its Home agent and informs
about the current location where the packets intended for it can be forwarded.
15
16. Registering the care-of-address
If the mobile node travels to a foreign network, it registers with the foreign agent by sending a registration
request message which includes the permanent IP address of the mobile host and the IP address of its home
agent.
The foreign agent in turn performs the registration process on behalf of the mobile host by sending a
registration request containing the permanent IP address of the mobile node and the IP address of the
foreign agent to the home agent.
When the home agent receives the Registration Request, it updates the mobility binding by associating the
care-of-address of the mobile node with its home address.
16
17. Registering the care-of-address
The home agent then sends an acknowledgement to the foreign agent.
The foreign agent in turn updates its visitors list by inserting the entry for the mobile node and relays the
reply to the mobile node
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