This document discusses pulmonary artery pressure monitoring using a pulmonary artery catheter. It describes how Swan-Ganz catheters are inserted into the pulmonary artery to measure pressures. The document outlines the normal values of pressures in the heart and lungs. It also discusses how the catheter is used to monitor cardiac output through thermodilution and continuous cardiac output methods. Potential complications of the procedure are mentioned.
1) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) delivers positive airway pressure without an invasive interface like an endotracheal tube.
2) NIPPV can benefit patients with respiratory failure from COPD, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and other conditions by reducing work of breathing and improving oxygenation.
3) Bi-level positive airway pressure (BPAP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are common NIPPV modes. BPAP delivers different pressures during inspiration and expiration while CPAP maintains a constant pressure.
The document discusses various modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by explaining that mechanical ventilation cannot perfectly mimic natural breathing but can provide different types of breaths characterized by their cycling and inspiratory motive force properties. It then describes the key properties that define breaths, including triggering, cycling, and inspiratory motive force. Finally, it classifies common modes of ventilation as mandatory, triggered, spontaneous, or hybrid based on these defining properties and provides examples to illustrate each category.
Basic life support (BLS) refers to emergency care provided to patients experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or airway obstruction. It includes chest compressions, use of an automated external defibrillator, and relieving airway obstructions. The chain of survival emphasizes early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced life support, and post-cardiac arrest care to maximize patient survival. BLS procedures include assessing the patient for responsiveness, activating emergency services, performing high-quality chest compressions, opening the airway, and providing rescue breaths. Defibrillation is key for shockable cardiac rhythms like ventricular fibrillation. BLS aims to provide oxygenated blood flow to vital organs until further medical help
indication foe intubation ,routes of intubation , the role of nurse in intubation ,indication of mechanical ventilation ,ventilators ,ventalotory modes and its advantages and disadvantages , complication of mechanical ventilation , nursing Management for patients on ventilator ,suction technique and weaning process
A full 60% of the infants born after 28 weeks of pregnancy or less are prone to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The lungs of these infants are underdeveloped, and the required gas exchange cannot take place. Hence their breathing needs external support.
NCPAP 300 is a simple continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) system designed to provide support to fragile infants suffering from RDS. NCPAP 300 prevents airway closure and maintains the functional residual capacity. It has been ergonomically designed and is remarkably easy to operate.
This document discusses noninvasive monitoring techniques used in intensive care units. It outlines the main objectives of noninvasive monitoring which are to understand the different noninvasive methods, technologies, and their advantages. The document describes how circulation, ventilation, and oxygenation should be monitored in critically ill patients to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. It provides details on noninvasively monitoring these areas through techniques like blood pressure monitoring, pulse oximetry, capnography, and tissue perfusion devices. The overall goal of noninvasive monitoring is to obtain important physiological data while being less complex and invasive.
This document discusses pulmonary artery pressure monitoring using a pulmonary artery catheter. It describes how Swan-Ganz catheters are inserted into the pulmonary artery to measure pressures. The document outlines the normal values of pressures in the heart and lungs. It also discusses how the catheter is used to monitor cardiac output through thermodilution and continuous cardiac output methods. Potential complications of the procedure are mentioned.
1) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) delivers positive airway pressure without an invasive interface like an endotracheal tube.
2) NIPPV can benefit patients with respiratory failure from COPD, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and other conditions by reducing work of breathing and improving oxygenation.
3) Bi-level positive airway pressure (BPAP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are common NIPPV modes. BPAP delivers different pressures during inspiration and expiration while CPAP maintains a constant pressure.
The document discusses various modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by explaining that mechanical ventilation cannot perfectly mimic natural breathing but can provide different types of breaths characterized by their cycling and inspiratory motive force properties. It then describes the key properties that define breaths, including triggering, cycling, and inspiratory motive force. Finally, it classifies common modes of ventilation as mandatory, triggered, spontaneous, or hybrid based on these defining properties and provides examples to illustrate each category.
Basic life support (BLS) refers to emergency care provided to patients experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or airway obstruction. It includes chest compressions, use of an automated external defibrillator, and relieving airway obstructions. The chain of survival emphasizes early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced life support, and post-cardiac arrest care to maximize patient survival. BLS procedures include assessing the patient for responsiveness, activating emergency services, performing high-quality chest compressions, opening the airway, and providing rescue breaths. Defibrillation is key for shockable cardiac rhythms like ventricular fibrillation. BLS aims to provide oxygenated blood flow to vital organs until further medical help
indication foe intubation ,routes of intubation , the role of nurse in intubation ,indication of mechanical ventilation ,ventilators ,ventalotory modes and its advantages and disadvantages , complication of mechanical ventilation , nursing Management for patients on ventilator ,suction technique and weaning process
A full 60% of the infants born after 28 weeks of pregnancy or less are prone to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The lungs of these infants are underdeveloped, and the required gas exchange cannot take place. Hence their breathing needs external support.
NCPAP 300 is a simple continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) system designed to provide support to fragile infants suffering from RDS. NCPAP 300 prevents airway closure and maintains the functional residual capacity. It has been ergonomically designed and is remarkably easy to operate.
This document discusses noninvasive monitoring techniques used in intensive care units. It outlines the main objectives of noninvasive monitoring which are to understand the different noninvasive methods, technologies, and their advantages. The document describes how circulation, ventilation, and oxygenation should be monitored in critically ill patients to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. It provides details on noninvasively monitoring these areas through techniques like blood pressure monitoring, pulse oximetry, capnography, and tissue perfusion devices. The overall goal of noninvasive monitoring is to obtain important physiological data while being less complex and invasive.
This document provides guidelines for pediatric advanced life support (PALS). It outlines the systematic approach algorithm which begins with checking responsiveness, calling for help, and checking for a pulse. The BLS assessment evaluates consciousness, breathing, and skin color to determine if the child is unresponsive with no breathing. For infants and children under 8, CPR should be provided first before calling for help, while those over 8 receive phone assistance first before CPR. The guidelines describe performing CPR, providing oxygen, inserting airways, monitoring the child, establishing IV/IO access, administering adrenaline, and considering reversible causes and an advanced airway. The primary and secondary assessment evaluates the child's airway, breathing, circulation, and
Tracheal intubation has several advantages including maintaining airway patency, allowing for controlled ventilation, and providing a route for anesthesia administration. Potential complications include trauma during intubation, improper tube placement, laryngospasm, and post-intubation soreness. Proper preparation of equipment like laryngoscope blades, endotracheal tubes, and ventilation bags is important. The intubation technique involves positioning the patient, using a laryngoscope to visualize the vocal cords, and guiding the tube between the cords while ventilating and monitoring breath sounds.
Paediatric basic life support (PBLS) involves resuscitation procedures to prevent anoxic brain damage and promote circulation and breathing in children. The key steps of PBLS are CAB - checking for circulation (C) by feeling for a pulse, opening the airway (A), and giving rescue breaths (B). For infants and children in cardiac arrest, high-quality chest compressions at least 100/min that depress the sternum 1/3 its depth are critical, along with proper head positioning and rescue breathing. PBLS should continue for 2 minutes in cycles of 30 compressions to 2 breaths before emergency help arrives or switching rescuers.
This document provides information on various airway management techniques including:
1) Using proper body substance isolation procedures when performing airway techniques.
2) Identifying when artificial ventilation or assisted ventilations are needed.
3) Using airway adjunct devices like oral and nasal airways when appropriate.
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) delivers ventilatory support through a mask without using an invasive tracheal tube. The document discusses the history and development of NIV, benefits in pediatric patients, indications, contraindications, modes, and key points for successful use of NIV. It provides details on using NIV to treat acute hypoxemic and chronic hypercapnic respiratory failures in children. Close monitoring and criteria for escalating to invasive ventilation if NIV fails are also reviewed.
This document provides an algorithm and guidelines for endotracheal intubation in neonates. It outlines the indications for intubation, necessary equipment, proper technique including positioning, visualizing the glottis, confirming tube placement, actions after intubation, and complications to minimize. Key steps include preparing the laryngoscope and selecting the appropriately sized endotracheal tube based on gestational age and weight. Placement is confirmed through bilateral breath sounds, chest rise, and monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide levels.
This document provides eye care tips for patients in the ICU. It recommends daily assessment of patients' ability to close their eyelids to prevent complications and administering eye lubricants every 2 hours for those unable to close their eyelids independently. Mechanical methods like taping the eyelids should be used if eyelid closure cannot be maintained passively. Specific dos and don'ts are provided for eyelid taping and lubricant application to protect the cornea while the patient is intubated or unconscious. Seeking immediate ophthalmologist opinion is advised if a white line appears inside the eye.
This is a brief review of airway management (basics, exams and devices).
Special thanks to Dr. S. Malek for kind sharing of his valuable slides on this topic.
The document calls for bystanders to provide hands-only CPR to adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It recommends that bystanders push hard and fast in the center of the chest with minimal interruptions until emergency services arrive. Hands-only CPR eliminates rescue breaths and simplifies the process to improve the low rates of bystander CPR. While all cardiac arrest victims benefit from compressions, some may require additional interventions taught in a conventional CPR course.
The document discusses difficult airway management in the ICU. It begins by defining difficult mask ventilation and difficult tracheal intubation. It then discusses managing the anticipated difficult airway, unanticipated difficult airway, and cannot intubate cannot ventilate scenarios. Various airway devices and techniques are described for establishing an airway, including awake intubation, fiberoptic intubation, bougie, lightwand, supraglottic airways, and surgical airways like needle cricothyrotomy. Factors like blade selection, external laryngeal manipulation, and videolaryngoscopy are also covered to optimize first attempt intubation success in difficult airways.
This document discusses non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and its use in treating respiratory conditions. NIV delivers oxygen through a face mask, avoiding the need for an endotracheal tube. It works by creating positive airway pressure, reducing breathing effort and expanding the lungs. The main types of NIV are noninvasive positive pressure ventilation using interfaces like masks, and negative pressure ventilation employing devices like iron lungs. Contraindications and instructions for use are also outlined.
This document provides information on airway management and ventilation techniques for EMTs. It discusses opening and maintaining the airway using head tilt/chin lift or jaw thrust, suctioning, and airway adjuncts like nasal and oral airways. It also covers assessing adequate breathing, signs of inadequate breathing, and ventilation techniques including mouth-to-mask, bag-valve-mask, and manually triggered ventilators. Special considerations for infants, children, dentures, and tracheostomies are addressed. The document concludes with details on administering oxygen using various devices.
The document discusses the difficult airway, including its definition, causes, assessment, and management. It defines difficult ventilation and difficult intubation. Causes can be related to the anesthesiologist, equipment, or patient factors like congenital syndromes or acquired conditions. Assessment involves history, physical exam including airway indices like Mallampati score, and radiologic evaluation. Management includes preparing a difficult airway cart and having alternate plans for securing the airway.
This document discusses blind oral and nasal intubation techniques. It notes that fiberoptic intubation has disadvantages and may not be available everywhere. Proper training in blind intubation techniques is important to reduce complications when advanced airway equipment is unavailable. Several blind intubation methods are described, including using a bougie, the operator's thumb, or a mouth prop to guide the endotracheal tube. Awake blind intubation requires patient preparation and sedation. Nasal intubation has specific indications and considerations. Overall the document provides guidance on performing blind intubations when direct laryngoscopy is not possible.
The document discusses various emergency surgical airway techniques including needle cricothyrotomy, percutaneous cricothyrotomy, and surgical cricothyrotomy. It provides indications for when a surgical airway is needed such as airway obstruction or trauma. The steps for performing a surgical cricothyrotomy are outlined which involve locating and incising the cricothyroid membrane to access the trachea. Complications are discussed. Other emergency airway techniques like retrograde intubation, jet ventilation, and open tracheotomy are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of breathing systems used in anesthesia, including their components, principles of function, and classifications based on gas flow patterns and carbon dioxide elimination methods. Key systems described include the Mapleson A, B, C, and D circuits as well as the Bain system.
Safety features in anesthesia machines-madras medical collegePrem Kumar
The document discusses various safety features in anaesthetic machines to protect patients from harm. It covers electrical components like master switches and power failure indicators. Pneumatic components are discussed in detail, including color coding of gas cylinders, pin indexing systems, pressure regulators, relief valves, and flowmeters. Statistics show the majority of misuse is by primary providers. The goal of these safety features is to prevent delivery of hypoxic mixtures and excessive pressures that could traumatize patients. Newer machines have more accurate monitoring and ventilation control to enhance safety.
Oxygen Therapy, Indications, procedure, precautions, different ways of oxygen delivery
Presented by Ganga Tiwari (BSC. Nursing Fourth Year , TU, IOM, MNC, Kathmandu Nepal)
The practice of anesthesia and sedation continues to expand beyond the operating room and now includes the gastroenterology suite, magnetic resonance imaging suites, and the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Non-anesthesiologists frequently administer sedation, in part because of a lack of available anesthesiologists and economic aspect, which emphasizes the safety of sedation. The Joint Commission International (JCI) set a standard responding to this issue indicating that qualified individuals who have drug and monitoring knowledge as well as airway management skills can only administer sedating agents.
Neonatal mechanical ventilation by dr Osama Hussein, president of Port said neonatology society. Presented in the NICU nursing workshop, organized by Nursing syndicate in Suez canal & Sinai in cooperation with Port said university college of nursing & Port said neonatology society, December,2014 Port said
This document provides guidelines for pediatric advanced life support (PALS). It outlines the systematic approach algorithm which begins with checking responsiveness, calling for help, and checking for a pulse. The BLS assessment evaluates consciousness, breathing, and skin color to determine if the child is unresponsive with no breathing. For infants and children under 8, CPR should be provided first before calling for help, while those over 8 receive phone assistance first before CPR. The guidelines describe performing CPR, providing oxygen, inserting airways, monitoring the child, establishing IV/IO access, administering adrenaline, and considering reversible causes and an advanced airway. The primary and secondary assessment evaluates the child's airway, breathing, circulation, and
Tracheal intubation has several advantages including maintaining airway patency, allowing for controlled ventilation, and providing a route for anesthesia administration. Potential complications include trauma during intubation, improper tube placement, laryngospasm, and post-intubation soreness. Proper preparation of equipment like laryngoscope blades, endotracheal tubes, and ventilation bags is important. The intubation technique involves positioning the patient, using a laryngoscope to visualize the vocal cords, and guiding the tube between the cords while ventilating and monitoring breath sounds.
Paediatric basic life support (PBLS) involves resuscitation procedures to prevent anoxic brain damage and promote circulation and breathing in children. The key steps of PBLS are CAB - checking for circulation (C) by feeling for a pulse, opening the airway (A), and giving rescue breaths (B). For infants and children in cardiac arrest, high-quality chest compressions at least 100/min that depress the sternum 1/3 its depth are critical, along with proper head positioning and rescue breathing. PBLS should continue for 2 minutes in cycles of 30 compressions to 2 breaths before emergency help arrives or switching rescuers.
This document provides information on various airway management techniques including:
1) Using proper body substance isolation procedures when performing airway techniques.
2) Identifying when artificial ventilation or assisted ventilations are needed.
3) Using airway adjunct devices like oral and nasal airways when appropriate.
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) delivers ventilatory support through a mask without using an invasive tracheal tube. The document discusses the history and development of NIV, benefits in pediatric patients, indications, contraindications, modes, and key points for successful use of NIV. It provides details on using NIV to treat acute hypoxemic and chronic hypercapnic respiratory failures in children. Close monitoring and criteria for escalating to invasive ventilation if NIV fails are also reviewed.
This document provides an algorithm and guidelines for endotracheal intubation in neonates. It outlines the indications for intubation, necessary equipment, proper technique including positioning, visualizing the glottis, confirming tube placement, actions after intubation, and complications to minimize. Key steps include preparing the laryngoscope and selecting the appropriately sized endotracheal tube based on gestational age and weight. Placement is confirmed through bilateral breath sounds, chest rise, and monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide levels.
This document provides eye care tips for patients in the ICU. It recommends daily assessment of patients' ability to close their eyelids to prevent complications and administering eye lubricants every 2 hours for those unable to close their eyelids independently. Mechanical methods like taping the eyelids should be used if eyelid closure cannot be maintained passively. Specific dos and don'ts are provided for eyelid taping and lubricant application to protect the cornea while the patient is intubated or unconscious. Seeking immediate ophthalmologist opinion is advised if a white line appears inside the eye.
This is a brief review of airway management (basics, exams and devices).
Special thanks to Dr. S. Malek for kind sharing of his valuable slides on this topic.
The document calls for bystanders to provide hands-only CPR to adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It recommends that bystanders push hard and fast in the center of the chest with minimal interruptions until emergency services arrive. Hands-only CPR eliminates rescue breaths and simplifies the process to improve the low rates of bystander CPR. While all cardiac arrest victims benefit from compressions, some may require additional interventions taught in a conventional CPR course.
The document discusses difficult airway management in the ICU. It begins by defining difficult mask ventilation and difficult tracheal intubation. It then discusses managing the anticipated difficult airway, unanticipated difficult airway, and cannot intubate cannot ventilate scenarios. Various airway devices and techniques are described for establishing an airway, including awake intubation, fiberoptic intubation, bougie, lightwand, supraglottic airways, and surgical airways like needle cricothyrotomy. Factors like blade selection, external laryngeal manipulation, and videolaryngoscopy are also covered to optimize first attempt intubation success in difficult airways.
This document discusses non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and its use in treating respiratory conditions. NIV delivers oxygen through a face mask, avoiding the need for an endotracheal tube. It works by creating positive airway pressure, reducing breathing effort and expanding the lungs. The main types of NIV are noninvasive positive pressure ventilation using interfaces like masks, and negative pressure ventilation employing devices like iron lungs. Contraindications and instructions for use are also outlined.
This document provides information on airway management and ventilation techniques for EMTs. It discusses opening and maintaining the airway using head tilt/chin lift or jaw thrust, suctioning, and airway adjuncts like nasal and oral airways. It also covers assessing adequate breathing, signs of inadequate breathing, and ventilation techniques including mouth-to-mask, bag-valve-mask, and manually triggered ventilators. Special considerations for infants, children, dentures, and tracheostomies are addressed. The document concludes with details on administering oxygen using various devices.
The document discusses the difficult airway, including its definition, causes, assessment, and management. It defines difficult ventilation and difficult intubation. Causes can be related to the anesthesiologist, equipment, or patient factors like congenital syndromes or acquired conditions. Assessment involves history, physical exam including airway indices like Mallampati score, and radiologic evaluation. Management includes preparing a difficult airway cart and having alternate plans for securing the airway.
This document discusses blind oral and nasal intubation techniques. It notes that fiberoptic intubation has disadvantages and may not be available everywhere. Proper training in blind intubation techniques is important to reduce complications when advanced airway equipment is unavailable. Several blind intubation methods are described, including using a bougie, the operator's thumb, or a mouth prop to guide the endotracheal tube. Awake blind intubation requires patient preparation and sedation. Nasal intubation has specific indications and considerations. Overall the document provides guidance on performing blind intubations when direct laryngoscopy is not possible.
The document discusses various emergency surgical airway techniques including needle cricothyrotomy, percutaneous cricothyrotomy, and surgical cricothyrotomy. It provides indications for when a surgical airway is needed such as airway obstruction or trauma. The steps for performing a surgical cricothyrotomy are outlined which involve locating and incising the cricothyroid membrane to access the trachea. Complications are discussed. Other emergency airway techniques like retrograde intubation, jet ventilation, and open tracheotomy are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of breathing systems used in anesthesia, including their components, principles of function, and classifications based on gas flow patterns and carbon dioxide elimination methods. Key systems described include the Mapleson A, B, C, and D circuits as well as the Bain system.
Safety features in anesthesia machines-madras medical collegePrem Kumar
The document discusses various safety features in anaesthetic machines to protect patients from harm. It covers electrical components like master switches and power failure indicators. Pneumatic components are discussed in detail, including color coding of gas cylinders, pin indexing systems, pressure regulators, relief valves, and flowmeters. Statistics show the majority of misuse is by primary providers. The goal of these safety features is to prevent delivery of hypoxic mixtures and excessive pressures that could traumatize patients. Newer machines have more accurate monitoring and ventilation control to enhance safety.
Oxygen Therapy, Indications, procedure, precautions, different ways of oxygen delivery
Presented by Ganga Tiwari (BSC. Nursing Fourth Year , TU, IOM, MNC, Kathmandu Nepal)
The practice of anesthesia and sedation continues to expand beyond the operating room and now includes the gastroenterology suite, magnetic resonance imaging suites, and the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Non-anesthesiologists frequently administer sedation, in part because of a lack of available anesthesiologists and economic aspect, which emphasizes the safety of sedation. The Joint Commission International (JCI) set a standard responding to this issue indicating that qualified individuals who have drug and monitoring knowledge as well as airway management skills can only administer sedating agents.
Neonatal mechanical ventilation by dr Osama Hussein, president of Port said neonatology society. Presented in the NICU nursing workshop, organized by Nursing syndicate in Suez canal & Sinai in cooperation with Port said university college of nursing & Port said neonatology society, December,2014 Port said
عرض تقديمي لدوره تدريبيه لشرح خطوات دعم الحياة الاساسي والإنعاش القلبي الرئوي وإدارة مجرى الهواء الأساسية للبالغين وشرح وضع التعافي "الإفاقة" للمصاب اللاواعي،
مدعم بالصور التوضيحية، ومعتمد على أحدث التوصيات العالميه لعام 2024
اهم الارشادات الصحية الخاصة بأمراض الصدر وكيفية التعامل مع ادوية امراض الصدر وكيفية استخدام البخاخات بأنواعها المختلفة . تأتى هذة المحاضرة ضمن سلسلة محاضرات اعرف دواك التى تقدمها جمعية تطبيق وتطوير الصيدلة
الخزوع العظمية في الحوض - pelvic osteotomyHassan Samman
يتم من خلال هذه المحاضرة شرح بسيط ومركز عن الخزوع العظمية في منطقة الحوض بشكل خاص مع اجراء شرح تفصيلي عن ثلاثة خزوع عظمية وهي خزع ديغا, وخزع شيلف, وخزع ستيل 4
(steel - dega - shelf)
سحب عينات الدم Phlebotomy
جامعة الملك عبدالعزيز King Abdulaziz University
كلية العلوم College of Science
قسم علوم البيولوجيا Dep.Biology
علم المناعة Immunology
This document discusses the pathophysiology and medical management of acute hemorrhagic stroke. It notes that spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage accounts for 10-20% of strokes and has a high mortality rate. Chronic hypertension is the leading cause, responsible for about 60% of cases. Other common causes include cerebral amyloid angiopathy and anticoagulant use. The location and expansion of the hematoma, development of hydrocephalus and cerebral edema are consequences that impact outcomes. Early management focuses on blood pressure control and reversal of anticoagulation to prevent hematoma expansion.
This document summarizes a study examining the role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in protecting against brain injury caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in mice. The study found that Nrf2 knockout mice exhibited larger brain injury volumes and greater neurological deficits 24 hours after ICH induction compared to wild-type mice. Additionally, Nrf2 knockout mice showed increased leukocyte infiltration, reactive oxygen species production, DNA damage, and cytochrome c release during the early post-ICH period. These results suggest that Nrf2 provides protection against ICH-induced early brain injury, likely by reducing leukocyte-mediated free radical oxidative damage.
The document discusses hematologic disorders, focusing on lymphomas. It defines lymphomas as neoplasms of lymphoid cells that usually start in lymph nodes but can spread to other lymphatic tissues. Lymphomas are broadly classified into Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Hodgkin lymphoma is described in more detail, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology involving Reed-Sternberg cells, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, medical management using chemotherapy and radiation, and nursing considerations around screening and education. NHL is discussed as a heterogeneous group of cancers involving malignant B or T lymphocytes that can infiltrate multiple lymph node sites and extranodal tissues.
This document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation. It defines mechanical ventilation as artificial ventilation of the lungs using a ventilator. Ventilators deliver gas to the lungs with either negative or positive pressure. The main purposes of mechanical ventilation are to maintain ventilation and tissue oxygenation, and decrease the work of breathing. Indications for mechanical ventilation include respiratory failure from various causes. The document describes different types of ventilators including negative pressure ventilators and various positive pressure ventilators. It also covers ventilator modes, settings, and how to optimize ventilation based on a patient's condition.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation, including its purposes, types, modes, settings, complications, weaning process, and nursing care of patients on ventilators. The main types are negative pressure ventilators like iron lungs and positive pressure ventilators. Common modes include assist-control, SIMV, PSV and APRV. Key settings include tidal volume, rate, sensitivity and PEEP. Weaning involves gradually reducing support in stages. Nursing care focuses on airway management, ventilation, safety, communication and weaning progress.
This document discusses polycythemia, which refers to an increased volume of red blood cells. There are two types: primary polycythemia vera, which is a stem cell disorder causing elevated red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts; and secondary polycythemia caused by excessive erythropoietin production in response to factors like smoking or lung disease. Symptoms include headaches and fatigue from increased blood volume and risks of clotting or bleeding. Medical management focuses on phlebotomy to reduce blood thickness while nursing management educates on risk reduction and symptom management.
This document describes respiratory care modalities including chest physiotherapy techniques like postural drainage, percussion, and breathing exercises. Postural drainage uses specific positions and gravity to drain secretions from the lungs into the trachea where they can be coughed or suctioned out. Percussion helps loosen thick secretions for removal. Breathing retraining teaches pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing to make breathing more efficient. The nurse's role is to instruct patients and families on these techniques and ensure they are performed correctly and safely to clear the lungs and improve ventilation.
This document discusses ethical issues in nursing research. It outlines the objectives of summarizing the development of ethical codes and guidelines, describing the role of institutional review boards, citing examples of informed consent elements, discussing how integrity in research is promoted, and analyzing issues that threaten integrity among nurse researchers. It also explains the role of nurse researchers as patient advocates.
This document outlines the objectives and content for a student presentation on developing nursing knowledge. It will:
1. Define knowing and knowledge and discuss three key phases in the philosophy of knowledge - rationalism, empiricism, and historicism.
2. Discuss the differences between three types of knowledge - "know how", "know that", and "know why" - giving nursing examples.
3. Examine Carper's (1978) "ways of knowing" in nursing and Kerlinger's (1986) "categories of knowledge", providing practice examples.
4. Identify two main strategies to develop nursing knowledge: inductive and deductive reasoning.
The document discusses nursing theory, including its definition, purpose, and construction. It begins by asking what nursing theories are and why they are important. Nursing theories are then defined as conceptual frameworks that describe, explain, or predict phenomena in nursing. Theories are made up of concepts linked by propositions. Several influential nursing theorists such as Florence Nightingale and Hildegard Peplau developed theories by directly observing phenomena in clinical practice. The construction of theory involves identifying concepts and linking them with propositions to form a framework for understanding nursing phenomena.
This document discusses nursing research and its importance. Nursing research is a scientific process that generates new knowledge to directly influence nursing practice. It aims to develop an evidence-based practice that improves outcomes for patients, nurses, and the healthcare system. The document defines different types of nursing research, including quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, correlational, experimental, and historical research. It also outlines the steps of the nursing research process and discusses the importance of ethics and avoiding scientific misconduct in nursing research.
This document outlines the steps in quantitative and qualitative research. It begins by differentiating between the two methods, noting that quantitative research uses numeric and measurable data while qualitative focuses on personal perceptions.
For quantitative research, the steps include identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, collecting numeric data, analyzing results, and interpreting findings. For qualitative research, the process involves identifying a problem, selecting a design, collecting subjective data through interviews or observations, analyzing themes in the data, and interpreting results.
Finally, the document discusses using both methods together in a single study to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a problem. It provides examples of nursing issues that could be addressed through these research approaches.
The document outlines the key steps in the scientific research process, including identifying a research question, forming a hypothesis, conducting research, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It discusses 12 specific steps that guide research, including identifying the research question, reviewing literature, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data. The research question is the foundation, and can be descriptive, examine relationships, or test for differences. Variables, including independent, dependent, and extraneous variables, are also defined.
This document discusses hypotheses in research studies. It defines a hypothesis and explains their purposes, including guiding research design and statistical analysis. Hypotheses can be classified in various ways, such as simple vs complex, directional vs nondirectional, and causal vs associative. The null hypothesis predicts no relationship while the research hypothesis states an expected relationship. Guidelines are provided for developing testable hypotheses and critiquing them in research reports.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of comatose patients. It emphasizes performing ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation) initially and evaluating for life-threatening issues. It describes assessing pupils, blood pressure, glucose, and using the Glasgow Coma Scale to evaluate level of consciousness. Causes of coma like head injuries, liver failure, diabetes, and renal failure are reviewed. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and supporting vital functions.
This document discusses the neural basis of consciousness and provides definitions for different levels of altered mental status including coma. It describes the anatomy related to mental status including the ascending reticular activating system, cerebral hemispheres, and their interaction. Coma is defined as a state of unconsciousness with absent sleep-wake cycles. The Glasgow Coma Scale is used to assess the severity of impaired consciousness. Various approaches for differential diagnosis of an unresponsive patient are outlined. Causes of coma including cerebrovascular disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain tumors, hypotension, and raised intracranial pressure are described. A detailed neurological examination of a comatose patient is also discussed.
This document discusses the approach to patients presenting in a coma. It defines coma as a state of unresponsiveness where patients cannot be aroused even with vigorous stimulation. It describes various stages between alertness and coma. Coma is caused by dysfunction of the brainstem or both hemispheres of the brain. A thorough assessment is needed to determine the cause and guide management, including a neurological exam to identify any focal signs. Key aspects of the exam include vital signs, pupil response, eye movements, motor response and reflexes. Different patterns on exam can localize the lesion causing the coma. Immediate life-saving interventions are also often needed.
This document provides information on approaching and assessing patients in a coma state. It defines coma and outlines systems involved in consciousness. Assessment involves examining level of arousal, brainstem reflexes like pupils and eye movements, motor function, and abnormal breathing patterns. Differential diagnosis considers diseases with and without focal signs. Treatment focuses on stabilizing vital functions, diagnostic testing like imaging and lumbar puncture, and managing elevated intracranial pressure if present. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause, with structural brain injuries generally having a worse prognosis than metabolic causes.
أهمية تعليم البرمجة للأطفال في العصر الرقمي.pdfelmadrasah8
في العصر الرقمي الحالي، أصبحت البرمجة مهارة أساسية تتجاوز كونها مجرد أداة تقنية، بل تعد مفتاحًا لفهم العالم المتصل بالإنترنت والتفاعل معه. تعليم البرمجة للأطفال ليس مجرد تعلم لغة البرمجة، بل هو تطوير لمجموعة واسعة من المهارات الأساسية التي يمكن أن تساعدهم في المستقبل.
تعزيز التفكير المنطقي وحل المشكلات
البرمجة تتطلب التفكير المنطقي وحل المشكلات بطرق منهجية. عند تعلم البرمجة، يتعلم الأطفال كيفية تحليل المشكلات وتقسيمها إلى أجزاء أصغر يمكن إدارتها. هذه المهارات ليست مفيدة فقط في مجال التكنولوجيا، بل تمتد إلى مختلف جوانب الحياة الأكاديمية والمهنية.
تحفيز الإبداع والابتكار
من خلال البرمجة، يمكن للأطفال تحويل أفكارهم إلى واقع ملموس. سواء كان ذلك بإنشاء لعبة، أو تطوير تطبيق، أو تصميم موقع ويب، يتيح لهم البرمجة التعبير عن إبداعهم بشكل فريد. هذا يحفز الأطفال على التفكير خارج الصندوق وتطوير حلول مبتكرة للتحديات التي يواجهونها.
توفير فرص مستقبلية
مع تزايد الاعتماد على التكنولوجيا في جميع القطاعات، ستكون مهارات البرمجة من بين الأكثر طلبًا في سوق العمل المستقبلي. تعلم البرمجة من سن مبكرة يمنح الأطفال ميزة تنافسية كبيرة في سوق العمل ويزيد من فرصهم في الحصول على وظائف متميزة في المستقبل.
تنمية مهارات العمل الجماعي والتواصل
تعلم البرمجة غالبًا ما يتضمن العمل في فرق ومشاركة الأفكار والمشاريع مع الآخرين. هذا يساهم في تنمية مهارات العمل الجماعي والتواصل الفعّال لدى الأطفال. كما يساعدهم على تعلم كيفية التعاون والتفاعل مع الآخرين لتحقيق أهداف مشتركة.
فهم أفضل للتكنولوجيا
تعلم البرمجة يساعد الأطفال على فهم كيفية عمل التكنولوجيا من حولهم. بدلاً من أن يكونوا مجرد مستخدمين للتكنولوجيا، يصبحون قادرين على تحليلها وفهم الأساسيات التي تقوم عليها. هذا الفهم العميق يمنحهم القدرة على التفاعل مع التكنولوجيا بطرق أكثر فعالية وكفاءة.
تعليم البرمجة للأطفال في العصر الرقمي ليس رفاهية، بل ضرورة لتأهيلهم لمستقبل مشرق. من خلال تطوير مهارات التفكير المنطقي، الإبداع، والتواصل، يتم إعداد الأطفال ليكونوا مبتكرين وقادة في العالم الرقمي المتطور. البرمجة تفتح لهم أبوابًا واسعة من الفرص والتحديات التي يمكنهم تجاوزها بمهاراتهم ومعرفتهم المتقدمة.
تعلم البرمجة للأطفال- مفتاح المستقبل الرقمي.pdfelmadrasah8
مع تزايد الاعتماد على التكنولوجيا في حياتنا اليومية، أصبحت البرمجة مهارة حيوية للأطفال. تعلم البرمجة للأطفال ليس مجرد تعلم كتابة الشيفرات، بل هو وسيلة لتعزيز التفكير النقدي، وحل المشكلات، والإبداع. من خلال تعلم البرمجة، يكتسب الأطفال أدوات تمكنهم من فهم العالم الرقمي المحيط بهم والتحكم فيه.
فوائد تعلم البرمجة للأطفال
تعزيز التفكير النقدي وحل المشكلات:
تعلم البرمجة يعلم الأطفال كيفية تقسيم المشاكل الكبيرة إلى أجزاء صغيرة يمكن التحكم فيها. يتعلمون كيفية التفكير بطرق منطقية ومنظمة، مما يساعدهم على إيجاد حلول فعالة للمشكلات.
تشجيع الإبداع:
من خلال البرمجة، يمكن للأطفال خلق أشياء جديدة مثل الألعاب، التطبيقات، والمواقع الإلكترونية. هذا يعزز إبداعهم ويشجعهم على التفكير خارج الصندوق لتطوير أفكار مبتكرة.
مهارات العمل الجماعي:
غالبًا ما تتطلب مشاريع البرمجة العمل الجماعي، مما يعلم الأطفال كيفية التعاون مع الآخرين، وتبادل الأفكار، والعمل بروح الفريق لتحقيق أهداف مشتركة.
إعدادهم للمستقبل:
في عالم يتجه نحو الرقمية بشكل متزايد، ستكون مهارات البرمجة من بين المهارات الأكثر طلبًا في المستقبل. تعلم البرمجة من سن مبكرة يمنح الأطفال ميزة تنافسية في سوق العمل المستقبلي.
طرق تعلم البرمجة للأطفال
البرامج والتطبيقات التعليمية:
هناك العديد من التطبيقات والبرامج المصممة خصيصًا لتعليم الأطفال البرمجة بطريقة ممتعة وتفاعلية. مثل "سكراتش" (Scratch) و"كوداكاديمي" (Codecademy) التي تستخدم واجهات بصرية بسيطة تسهل فهم المفاهيم الأساسية.
الدورات التعليمية عبر الإنترنت:
تقدم العديد من المنصات مثل "كود.أورغ" (Code.org) و"تيتوريالز بوينت" (TutorialsPoint) دورات مجانية ومدفوعة تعلم الأطفال البرمجة بأسلوب سهل ومشوق.
الروبوتات التعليمية:
استخدام الروبوتات مثل "ليغو ميندستورمز" (LEGO Mindstorms) و"سفيرو" (Sphero) يقدم للأطفال تجربة عملية وممتعة لتعلم البرمجة عن طريق برمجة الروبوتات لأداء مهام معينة.
الكتب والمجلات التعليمية:
هناك العديد من الكتب والمجلات المصممة لتعليم الأطفال البرمجة. تقدم هذه المصادر شرحًا مبسطًا ورسومًا توضيحية تجعل المفاهيم البرمجية سهلة الفهم للأطفال.
نصائح لأولياء الأمور
تشجيع الفضول:
دعوا أطفالكم يستكشفون البرمجة بأنفسهم. شجعوهم على طرح الأسئلة وتجربة حلول مختلفة.
توفير الموارد المناسبة:
ابحثوا عن الموارد التي تناسب أعمار أطفالكم ومستوياتهم. تأكدوا من أنها تفاعلية وممتعة لتحافظ على اهتمامهم.
المشاركة في التعلم:
كونوا جزءًا من تجربة تعلم أطفالكم. جربوا برمجة بعض المشاريع البسيطة معهم، وناقشوا ما يتعلمونه.
تعلم البرمجة للأطفال يفتح لهم آفاقًا جديدة ويزودهم بمهارات قيمة تساعدهم في حياتهم المستقبلية. إنه استثمار في قدراتهم ويمهد الطريق لهم ليكونوا جزءًا من الثورة الرقمية المستمرة. من خلال تقديم الدعم والموارد المناسبة، يمكن لأولياء الأمور والمعلمين تحفيز الأطفال على اكتشاف عالم البرمجة والإبداع فيه.
16. Types of ET tube
ET tube can be :-
- Cuffed
- Un cuffed
- Cuffed tube are used in children > 8 years
- The cuff when inflated maintains the ET tube in proper Position
and prevent aspiration of contents from GI tract into respiratory
tract .
- In children < 8 years Un cuffed ET tube are used because the
narrow subglottic area performs the function of a cuff and
prevent the ET tube from slipping .
27. A . M . B . U
كلمة
Ambu
تكون
أختصار
التالية للجملة
:
Artificial Manual Breathing Unit
or Air Mask Bag Unit
اليدوي الصناعي التنفس وحدة