The document discusses difficult airway management in the ICU. It begins by defining difficult mask ventilation and difficult tracheal intubation. It then discusses managing the anticipated difficult airway, unanticipated difficult airway, and cannot intubate cannot ventilate scenarios. Various airway devices and techniques are described for establishing an airway, including awake intubation, fiberoptic intubation, bougie, lightwand, supraglottic airways, and surgical airways like needle cricothyrotomy. Factors like blade selection, external laryngeal manipulation, and videolaryngoscopy are also covered to optimize first attempt intubation success in difficult airways.
Critically ill patients requiring noninvasive or invasive ventilation often present to emergency departments, and due to hospital crowding and constrained critical care services, may remain in the emergency department for a prolonged duration. Compared with their intensive care unit counterparts, emergency department clinicians may have variable exposure to management of this patient population and may lack knowledge and expertise, particularly in their
longitudinal management beyond initial stabilization. This
review has discussed several key aspects of management
of noninvasive and invasive ventilation, with a particular emphasis on initiation and ongoing monitoring priorities,
and focused on maintaining patient safety and improving
patient outcomes.
Pre-oxygenation is: safe, simple, cheap, effective, well-tolerated. This article provides a compelling argument in favour of pre-oxygenation prior to all general anaesthesia.
I created these slides to outline for our sales team some of the techniques and procedures that would be covered in the new Advanced Airway course. This was a challenge since I was given very little course information, so a lot of reading a research was required. In the course of creating this, I learned a lot! On this upload, deleted faculty biographies, seminar date/location, and pricing.
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE INTUBATION II Parts II Details II Clinical DiscussionSwatilekha Das
What is endotracheal intubation?
Endotracheal intubation is a procedure by which a tube is inserted through the mouth down into the trachea (the large airway from the mouth to the lungs). Before surgery, this is often done under deep sedation. In emergency situations, the patient is often unconscious at the time of this procedure.
For detailed information plz watch the slides till end.......
And plz like, share and comment and follow......
Critically ill patients requiring noninvasive or invasive ventilation often present to emergency departments, and due to hospital crowding and constrained critical care services, may remain in the emergency department for a prolonged duration. Compared with their intensive care unit counterparts, emergency department clinicians may have variable exposure to management of this patient population and may lack knowledge and expertise, particularly in their
longitudinal management beyond initial stabilization. This
review has discussed several key aspects of management
of noninvasive and invasive ventilation, with a particular emphasis on initiation and ongoing monitoring priorities,
and focused on maintaining patient safety and improving
patient outcomes.
Pre-oxygenation is: safe, simple, cheap, effective, well-tolerated. This article provides a compelling argument in favour of pre-oxygenation prior to all general anaesthesia.
I created these slides to outline for our sales team some of the techniques and procedures that would be covered in the new Advanced Airway course. This was a challenge since I was given very little course information, so a lot of reading a research was required. In the course of creating this, I learned a lot! On this upload, deleted faculty biographies, seminar date/location, and pricing.
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE INTUBATION II Parts II Details II Clinical DiscussionSwatilekha Das
What is endotracheal intubation?
Endotracheal intubation is a procedure by which a tube is inserted through the mouth down into the trachea (the large airway from the mouth to the lungs). Before surgery, this is often done under deep sedation. In emergency situations, the patient is often unconscious at the time of this procedure.
For detailed information plz watch the slides till end.......
And plz like, share and comment and follow......
Endotracheal Intubation For Paramedical StudentsSafiulla Nazeer
This an Presentation of ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION. Which Consist of Definition, Indication , Contra-indication, Equipments, Techniques, Procedure and Compliction.
Introduction:
Patients in any healthcare setting can quickly become acutely unwell, and assessment and management of the airway is always the priority in any clinical situation (Resuscitation Council UK, 2021). When patients are critically unwell, there is a high risk of respiratory deterioration, and many patients require an artificial airway to facilitate their treatment. Knowing how to assess and manage the airway is a key skill for the nurse working in critical care.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
2. INTRODUCTION
The difficult airway is a common problem in adult critical care
patients. However, the challenge is not just the establishment of a
safe airway, but also maintaining that safety over days, weeks, or
longer.
Definition: Aiway difficulty can be considered under 2 headings-
a) Difficult mask ventilation
b) Difficult tracheal intubation
3. These may be encountered together or in isolation.
DMV can be defined as the inability of an unassisted anesthesiologist
a) to maintain oxygen saturation, measured by pulse oximetry, >92%; or
b) to prevent or reverse signs of inadequate ventilation during positive-pressure mask
ventilation under general anesthesia.
Difficult tracheal intubation (DTI) is tracheal intubation requiring “multiple intubation
attempts in the presence or absence of tracheal pathology“. However, there is no
universal definition and because the expertise of the intubator, the equipment used, and
the number of attempts made may vary.
DTI may be the result of difficulty in visualization of the larynx—termed difficult direct
laryngoscopy or anatomic abnormality (distortion or arrowing of the larynx or trachea)
Visualization of the larynx is usually described using the Cormack and Lehane grades
with grades 3 and 4 indicating DDL.
4. Managing the Difficult Airway
This has been considered under three headings:
a) the anticipated difficult airway;
b) the unanticipated difficult airway;
c) the difficult airway resulting in a “cannot
intubate and cannot ventilate”
5. Awake Intubation
Awake intubation is more time-consuming,
needsexperienced personnel, is less pleasant (thanintubation
under anesthesia), and may have to be abandoned as a
result of the patient's inability or unwillingness to cooperate.
However, because spontaneous breathing and
pharyngeal/laryngeal muscle tone is maintained, it is
significantly safer.
6. Intubation Under Anesthesia
Despite the safety advantage of awake intubation in these patients
, anesthesia before attempted orotracheal intubation may be viewed as more
appropriate. This strategy should only be used by those skilled and
experienced in airway management. Preparation of the patient, equipment,
and staff is paramount. Adjuncts (see subsequently) should be available, either
to improve the chances of intubation or to provide a safe alterna-tive airway if
intubation cannot be achieved. The central principle is the in-duction of deep
anesthesia, sufficient to allow direct laryngoscopy and tracheal in-tubation
without the use of a muscle re-laxant, with maintenance of spontaneous
respiration. This involves an inhalational induction using a volatile agent (for
example, sevoflurane) or the slow administration of the iv agents like propofol
followed by inhalation technique.
7. Fiberoptic intubation
Awake fiberoptic intubation is the technique of choice with an informed,
prepared patient and a trained operator with appropriate equipment. The
technique ensures that spontaneous respiration and upper airway tone can
be maintained.
Adequate psychological preparation is essential. Numerous sedation agents
including benzodiazepines, opioids such as remifentanil, and intravenous
anesthetic agents such as (low-dose) propofol infusion. Supplemental
oxygen should be provided, usually through the contralateral nostril. Care
must be taken not to overdose the patient and to maintain spontaneous
respiration throughout.
Topical anesthetic agents include lignocaine . Nebulized lignocaine can be
used but may result in high blood lignocaine levels, coughing, and
bronchospasm. Anesthesia of the vocal cords and upper trachea is usually
provided by a “spray as you go” technique using 2% lignocaine. Another
potential technique is superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerve
block.
8. Fiberoptic intubation is more straightforward & frequently done through
nasal route then oral route.
The operator stand behind the patient’s head. Vocal cords are visualized
and then lignocaine is sprayed through the cords.
Scope is then advanced to the mid-tracheal level and carina is visualized
.
The ETT may then be placed carefully & confirmation is made by EtCO2.
9. Fiberoptic Intubation (FBI)
The use of a flexible bronchoscope to intubate
The endotracheal tube is passed directly over the bronchoscope into the
trachea
Uses: - Patients with difficult airways
- Pre-operative assessment
- Extubation assessment
10. Advantages:
– This technique allows direct visualization of the airway
– Direct confirmation of ETT placement
– Can be done awake
Disadvantages:
– Expensive,, requires care and skill
– View may be hampered by blood or secretions
12. Bimanual laryngoscopy
Backward pressure on the cricoid cartilage,
or the BURP maneuver (backward, upward, and rightward pressure),
applied by an assistant may improve the view of the larynx at direct laryngoscopy.
However, cricoid pressure and BURP, when performed by a “blinded” assistant, has
also been shown to impair laryngeal visualization on some occasions.
External laryngeal manipulation (also termed bimanual laryngoscopy) involves a
cricoid pressure- or BURP-type maneuver performed initially by the laryngoscopist
and then maintained by an assistant.
It has been shown to improve the view at direct laryngoscopy. Direct comparison has
shown that external laryngeal manipulation (bimanual laryngoscopy) is superior to
BURP in improving laryngeal visualization, whereas cricoid pressure is the least
effective technique.
13. Stylet
The stylet is a smooth, malleable metal or plastic rod
that is placed inside an ETT to adjust the curvature, typically into a J or
“hockey stick” shape to allow the tip of the ETT to be directed through a
poorly visualized or unseen glottis.
The stylet must not project beyond the end of the ETT to avoid potential
airway injury.
14. Bougie
the gum elastic bougie is a blunt-ended,
malleable rod that may be passed through the poorly or non-visualized
larynx by putting a J-shaped bend at the tip and passing it “blindly” in the
midline upward beyond the base of the epiglottis.
The ETT can then be “rail-roaded” over the bougie, which is then
withdrawn. For many, it is the first choice adjunct in the difficult intubation
situation
18. Light wand
The light wand is a malleable fiberoptic light source on which an ETT can be
mounted and subsequently railroaded into the trachea when the light source
has passed beyond the glottis. It facilitates blind tracheal intubation by
distinguishing the tracheal lumen from the (more posterior) esophagus as a
result of the greater intensity of light visible through anterior soft tissues of
the neck as the light source passes beyond the vocal cords. It may be used
in conjunction with the laryngeal mask airway or as part of a combined
technique with a fiberoptic scope. A potential disadvantage is the need for
low ambient light, which may not be desirable (or easily achieved) in a
critical care setting. Light wand devices may be contraindicated in patients
with known abnormal upper airway anatomy and those in whom detectable
transillumination is unlikely to be adequately achieved.
19.
20. Supraglottic Devices
Supraglottic devices are the suitable alternative to
endotracheal intubation, Useful when endotracheal
intubation has failed
Suitable for use by those with limited experience with
endotracheal intubation
Should be immediately available for every difficult
airway situation
Various types available
21. I GEL
2nd generation Supraglottic airway device
Single use SAD
Made of Medical grade thermoplastic elastomer
SEBS (Styrlene ethylene Butadiene styrene)
ADVANTAGES
Allows ease of insertion and reduced trauma
Gastric channel to prevent aspiration
Integral bite block
Eliminates rotation
Reduces possibility of epiglottis downfolding and
obstructing airway
22. INTUBATING LMA
Rigid, anatomically curved, airway tube that
is wide enough to accept an 8.0 mm cuffed
ETT and is short enough to ensure passage
of the ETT cuff beyond the vocal cords.
Epiglottic elevating bar in the mask aperture
which elevates the epiglottis as the ETT is
passed through.
Available in three sizes, one size for children,
two sizes for adults
23. LMA Pro-Seal
Not necessarily a Difficult Airway Device,
but is useful in situation where patient
has not been fasting
May be useful in failed obstetric
intubation
This has an extra tube which provides
excess access to stomach contents
Protects against aspiration by providing
an escape for unexpected regurgitation
Drain tube prevents against gastric
insufflation
24.
25. LMA Supreme™
Quite new to the market, combines all the
best features of all previous LMA except
you can’t intubate through it
The SLMA is easily and rapidly inserted,
providing a reliable airway and a good
airway seal
Rates of failure, manipulations required
and complications are very low.
Can be used when tracheal intubation fails
in non-fasted patients
Useful in “failed intubation” and the “can’t
intubate-can’t ventilate” situation
26. COMBITUBE
The Combitube is a combined esophageal obturator and tracheal tube and is usually
inserted blindly.
Whether the “tracheal” lumen is placed in the trachea or esophagus,
the Combitube will allow ventilation of the lungs and give partial protection against
aspiration.
In many situations, the Combitube is a (less widely used) alternative to the LMA,
including the “cannot intubate- cannot ventilate” situation.
Disadvantages include the inability to suction the trachea when placed in the
esophagus (the most common position). Insertion may also cause trauma and is
contraindicated in patients with known esophageal pathology, intact laryngeal
reflexes, or in those who have ingested caustic substances
27. ESOPHAGEAL- TRACHEAL COMBITUBE
Useful as emergency airway
Two lumens allow function whether place
in esophagus or trachea
Esophageal balloon minimizes aspiration
28. FAILURE TO INTUBATE & FAILURE TO VENTILATE
This is an absolute emergency and a grave threat to life. To ensure all involved
perform at their best, it is important to remain calm and follow an appropriate
algorithm. The options are to find a satisfactory method of ventilation without
intubation (“noninvasive”) or to perform a cricothyroidotomy or (potentially)
tracheostomy. Reduced to its simplest, the options are
a) check the basics to see if intubating conditions can be improved
b) use of a supraglottic airway
c) perform a cricothyroidotomy , which may be more easily remembered using the
phrase “Fiddle, Larry, Stick”.
29. SURGICAL AIRWAY
The indication for a surgical airway is inability to intubate the trachea in a patient who
requires it and the techniques available are cricothyroidotomy or tracheostomy.
Cricothyroidotomy may be performed using three techniques: needle, wire-guided
percutaneous, or surgical.
30. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
A cricothyrotomy is only indicated when all other devices and
techniques have failed or are not available
Final step for CICV in all airway algorithms
Quicker than a tracheotomy
Life saving
Convert to definitive airway asap
Must be provided on all carts
32. Pre-oxygenation and apnoeic techniques to
maintain oxygenation
Preoxygenation with 20-25 degree head up position and continuous
positive airway pressure – delays onset of hypoxia
Nasal oxygenation during efforts of securing endotracheal tube –
increases the apnoeic time
33. Choice of laryngoscope blades
There are over 50 types of curved and straight laryngoscope blades of
varying sizes. Using specific blades in certain circumstances is felt to be very
advantageous by some but not all. In patients with a large lower jaw or “deep
pharynx,” the view at laryngoscopy may be improved significantly by using a
size 4 Mackintosh blade (rather than the more common size 3) to ensure the
tip of the blade reaches the base of the vallecula to facilitate optimal elevation
of the epiglottis. Other blades, for example, McCoy (a curved Mackin-tosh-type
blade with a laryngoscopist controlled hinged portion just proximal to the tip),
may be advantageous in specific situations.
37. A difficult laryngoscopic view is found (i.e. Cormack and Lehane Grade III or IV),
then it is reasonable to have one further “best” attempt at Laryngoscopy which
should consist of the following components:
• an attempt by an experienced laryngoscopist,
• an optimal patient head and neck position
• external laryngeal manipulation,
• consider adjuncts to Laryngoscopy,
• consider a single change of laryngoscope blade size and type,
• consider using a smaller sized endotracheal tube.
Difficult direct laryngoscopy
38. EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL MANIPULATION (BURP MANEUVER):
--
-Backward
-upward
-rightward pressure
Helps to increase laryngoscopic view.
Different from Sellick’s manuever
39.
40. MILLER BLADES (STRAIGHT)
The Miller blades are
commonly used for infants.
It is easier to visualize the
glottis using these blades
than the Macintosh blade in
infants, due to the larger
size of the epiglottis relative
to that of the glottis.
41. LEVERING LARYNGOSCOPE (MCCOY)
Hinged tip which facilitates
elevation of the epiglottis
Less force required to intubate
Improves view at laryngoscopy
Useful in patients wearing cervical
hard collars
Inexpensive
Steep learning curve
42. VIDEOLARYNGOSCOPES
Un-channelled videolaryngoscopes
These devices can facilitate
visualization of the larynx when it
is not possible to do so with a
conventional blade.
To achieve actual intubation the
ET tube has to be loaded onto a
stylet, then navigated into the field
of view of the videolaryngoscope,
and finally advanced into the
laryngeal inlet.
Eg: Glidescope and C-Mac®
Types of videolaryngoscopes
Videolaryngoscopes are either of the un-channelled or channelled type:
43. Channelled videolaryngoscopes
These devices include a
channel for the ET tube which
is integrated into the blade of
the laryngoscope.
The Airtraq® is an example of
a channelled videolaryngosco
Air trach
46. NEEDLE CRICOTHYROTOMY
(MANUJET III WITH JET VENTILATION CATHETER)
Useful for elective or emergency TTJV
Perc puncture of cricothyroid ligament
It consists of an injector with pressure gauge and adjustable driving pressure (0-4 BAR)
Catheters available in 3 sizes Adult 13g, Child 14g and Baby 16g
47. TRANSTRACHEAL JET VENTILATION (TTJV)
Jet ventilation using either specialized ventilator or high pressure driven valve
circuit via a catheter passed through the cricothyroid membrane
Similar technique to previous
Disadvantages
Requires high pressure gas source
May cause subcutaneous emphysema, pneumo-mediastinum, pneumothorax or
other types of barotrauma
Uses:
Emergency ventilation in the can’t intubate can’t ventilate scenario
49. LARGE CANNULAE CRICOTHYROTOMY
Used for emergency airway access when conventional ett intubation cannot be
performed
Percutaneous entry ( seldinger ) technique via cricothyroid membrane
Dilate the tract and tracheal entrance site to permit passage of the emergency
airway
Cuffed catheter to protect and control airway
50. SURGICAL CRICOTHYROTOMY
Requirements:
No 11 blade
Size 6 Shiley tracheostomy
( OR small ETT size 5.0-6.0)
Small artery forceps
Technique:
Head fully extended
longitudinal incision is made through the skin and subcutaneous fat over the thyroid
and cricoid cartilages
Tissue bluntly dissected
Cricothyroid ligament is transversely incised
Tracheal tube inserted
51. Retrograde Intubation
Under local anesthesia, a cannula is inserted through the cricothyroid
membrane into the trachea and a guidewire is passed through the needle
upward through the vocal cords into the pharynx or mouth. If necessary,
forceps may be used to retrieve the guide-wire and bring it out through the
mouth. The wire is then used to guide an ETT (railroaded over an endotracheal
exchange catheter) through the vocal cords before the withdrawal of the wire
through the cannula and further advancement of the ETT into the trachea. A
common variation to this technique is to use the wire to guide a fiberoptic
scope through the vocal cords, thus facilitating a fiberoptically guided
intubation. With this technique, the wire must be longer than the fiber-optic
scope plus the airway down to the glottis. A long angiography guidewire is
appropriate, whereas a central venous catheter guidewire is not.
52.
53.
54. TFE catheter: prevent the ET tube form redundancy
over the guidewire decrease trauma, increase
success rate