The document discusses sectional orthographic projection and includes:
- Sectional views show internal details of an object using dashed hidden lines, with complexity depending on the object's internal structure. Complex objects use sectional views instead of orthographic views.
- A sectional view is obtained by an imaginary cutting plane that intersects edges of a solid. Points of intersection define the section's shape as a polygon with sides equal to points of intersection.
- Cutting planes are shown as lines with arrowheads indicating the viewing direction. Common planes include vertical, horizontal, profile, auxiliary and oblique. Hatching indicates the cut surface.
- Examples provide step-by-step solutions for drawing sectional
This document discusses the development of surfaces, which is the process of unfolding a 3D object into a flat pattern. It describes various methods for developing different types of surfaces, including parallel line development for prisms and cylinders, radial line development for cones and pyramids, triangulation for complex surfaces, and approximate development for double curved surfaces. The document then provides examples of development problems for prisms, cylinders, pyramids and cones.
This document discusses the projection of solids in engineering graphics. It begins by defining a solid as an object with three dimensions - length, breadth and height. Solids are classified into two groups: polyhedra and solids of revolution. The document then provides examples of different types of solids and discusses how to determine the front, top, and side views needed to fully represent a 3D solid in a 2D orthographic projection. It also covers notation for labeling different views. The remainder of the document works through examples of projecting solids in different positions and orientations.
This document discusses engineering drawings and orthographic projections. It explains that engineering drawings specify the precise size and shape of parts through dimensions and tolerances, rather than illustrating objects. Orthographic projections show objects from multiple views, like the front, side, and top, to accurately depict the object's geometry. These views are drawn looking straight on to each face of the object so dimensions are not distorted, unlike perspective projections. The document provides an example of an L-shape depicted through an orthographic first angle projection, with views from the front, side, and top.
The document discusses isometric projection, which is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical drawings. It defines key terms like isometric axes and lines. The steps for constructing an isometric projection are outlined, including defining the axes and adding details to blocks. Various types of objects that can be drawn using isometric projection are described, such as those with normal, oblique, or curved surfaces. Circles are approximated as ellipses, while curved lines use a series of offset points.
The document discusses sectional orthographic projection and includes:
- Sectional views show internal details of an object using dashed hidden lines, with complexity depending on the object's internal structure. Complex objects use sectional views instead of orthographic views.
- A sectional view is obtained by an imaginary cutting plane that intersects edges of a solid. Points of intersection define the section's shape as a polygon with sides equal to points of intersection.
- Cutting planes are shown as lines with arrowheads indicating the viewing direction. Common planes include vertical, horizontal, profile, auxiliary and oblique. Hatching indicates the cut surface.
- Examples provide step-by-step solutions for drawing sectional
This document discusses the development of surfaces, which is the process of unfolding a 3D object into a flat pattern. It describes various methods for developing different types of surfaces, including parallel line development for prisms and cylinders, radial line development for cones and pyramids, triangulation for complex surfaces, and approximate development for double curved surfaces. The document then provides examples of development problems for prisms, cylinders, pyramids and cones.
This document discusses the projection of solids in engineering graphics. It begins by defining a solid as an object with three dimensions - length, breadth and height. Solids are classified into two groups: polyhedra and solids of revolution. The document then provides examples of different types of solids and discusses how to determine the front, top, and side views needed to fully represent a 3D solid in a 2D orthographic projection. It also covers notation for labeling different views. The remainder of the document works through examples of projecting solids in different positions and orientations.
This document discusses engineering drawings and orthographic projections. It explains that engineering drawings specify the precise size and shape of parts through dimensions and tolerances, rather than illustrating objects. Orthographic projections show objects from multiple views, like the front, side, and top, to accurately depict the object's geometry. These views are drawn looking straight on to each face of the object so dimensions are not distorted, unlike perspective projections. The document provides an example of an L-shape depicted through an orthographic first angle projection, with views from the front, side, and top.
The document discusses isometric projection, which is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical drawings. It defines key terms like isometric axes and lines. The steps for constructing an isometric projection are outlined, including defining the axes and adding details to blocks. Various types of objects that can be drawn using isometric projection are described, such as those with normal, oblique, or curved surfaces. Circles are approximated as ellipses, while curved lines use a series of offset points.
El documento explica las curvas cónicas, que son las que resultan de la intersección de un plano con una superficie cónica de revolución. Las tres curvas cónicas principales son la elipse, la parábola y la hipérbola. Se describen los elementos característicos de cada una como ejes, focos, directrices, así como métodos para su construcción.
Este documento presenta instrucciones para construir diferentes curvas cónicas (elipses, parábolas e hipérbolas) mediante diferentes métodos geométricos. Incluye instrucciones para trazar estas curvas dados sus elementos característicos como ejes, focos, diámetros conjugados, directrices, así como para trazar tangentes y normales a partir de puntos en o fuera de las curvas. El documento proporciona una guía paso a paso para construir estas curvas cónicas y sus elementos asociados utilizando propiedades geométricas.
1. The document describes various solids and their classification into two groups - Group A consisting of solids with bases and tops of the same shape, and Group B consisting of solids with bases of some shape and just a point as the top.
2. Dimensional parameters of different solids like cylinders, cones, prisms and pyramids are defined. Positions of solids relative to planes are also described.
3. Three step methods for solving problems involving solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes are outlined. Various categories of illustrated problems involving different cases are listed.
A circle with a diameter of 5 cm is positioned with its plane vertical and inclined at 30 degrees to the vertical plane. The circle's center is located 3 cm above the horizontal plane and 2 cm in front of the vertical plane. The summary shows the top-down and front projections of the circle along with its traces on the horizontal and vertical planes.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHICS/ ENGINEERING DRAWING,
IMPORTANCE OF DRAWING/ GRAPHICS IN ENGINEERING,
NECESSITY TO READ DRAWINGS,
IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/ GRAPHICS IN MANUFACTURING,
TYPES OF DRAWING AND ITS PACTICAL APPLICATION.
This document is a chapter from an engineering graphics textbook. It discusses various types of axonometric and oblique pictorial drawings, including isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections. It provides objectives and defines key terms. The chapter contains over 40 figures that demonstrate how to construct various elements in isometric drawings, including lines, curves, ellipses, sections and more. It also discusses dimensions, fillets, and other techniques for isometric technical drawings.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de tangencias y enlaces entre circunferencias, rectas y puntos. Explica las condiciones de tangencia entre circunferencias y entre circunferencias y rectas. Luego detalla procedimientos para trazar rectas tangentes a una o dos circunferencias, así como circunferencias tangentes a rectas o a otras circunferencias dados diferentes datos. Finalmente, cubre la construcción de enlaces de puntos mediante arcos de circunferencia y de curvas técnicas como óvalos, ovoides y espirales.
It is introductory ppt for AutoCAD and its capabilities with Proposed learning goal. Made to self teach.
video links are provided for easy clarification.
click underlined lines
Mechanical Drafting Projection of solidsGaurav Mistry
The document discusses the projection of solids in mechanical drafting. It begins with an introduction to projections and classifications of projections. It then discusses various types of solids like polyhedrons, prisms, pyramids, and solids of revolution. The document focuses on the orientation of solids, describing the six possible orientations with examples. It provides detailed steps for projecting a solid when its axis is inclined to both the horizontal and vertical planes.
Orthographic projections are a method for conveying the shape and size of engineered objects using 2D drawings. They involve taking views of an object from the front, top, and side with parallel projecting rays. Lines and areas in the views represent edges, surfaces, and intersections between surfaces of the 3D object. Sectional views use a cutting plane to reveal internal features that would otherwise be hidden. They distinguish cut areas, which are hatched, from open areas cut through by the sectioning plane. Orthographic projections and sections effectively communicate 3D geometric information through 2D drawings.
An engineering drawing is a technical drawing that clearly defines and communicates a design. It is used for collaboration, procurement, manufacturing, and quality control. The document discusses the role of graphics in visualization, communication, and documentation. It also provides examples of engineering drawing applications in construction, manufacturing, and ships. Key aspects like types of lines, dimensioning, lettering, and scales are explained.
El sistema diédrico es un método de representación geométrica de los elementos del espacio tridimensional sobre un plano. Se conoce coloquialmente como las vistas de un objeto.
Here is a 1:4 scale constructed to measure up to 5 decimeters:
[DIAGRAM]
A line 12.5 cm long is divided into 5 equal divisions, with each division representing 1 decimeter. The first division is further divided into 10 equal sub-divisions, with each sub-division representing 1 centimeter. Numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 are marked to the right of the divisions to indicate decimeters. "cm" is marked to the left of 0 to label the centimeter sub-divisions. "1:4" is written below to indicate the representative fraction.
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics topics for diploma and engineering students. It covers introduction to engineering graphics, drawing instruments, lines and dimensioning, geometric constructions, scales, and conic sections. Key points include definitions of engineering drawings and graphics, types of drawing tools, guidelines for dimensioning drawings, methods for geometric constructions of lines and polygons, uses of scales and vernier scales, and constructions of parabolas and hyperbolas. The document serves as a reference for the essential concepts and techniques in engineering graphics.
The document discusses assembly drawings and isometric views. It explains that assembly drawings show how parts of a product fit together, and can be drawn as fitted assemblies or exploded views. Exploded views separate the parts to show the correct assembly order. The document then provides rules for drawing isometric projections, including that vertical lines stay vertical and horizontal lines incline 30 degrees, all lines are foreshortened, non-isometric lines are drawn using two connecting isometric lines, and hidden edges are typically omitted.
El documento explica las curvas cónicas, que son las que resultan de la intersección de un plano con una superficie cónica de revolución. Las tres curvas cónicas principales son la elipse, la parábola y la hipérbola. Se describen los elementos característicos de cada una como ejes, focos, directrices, así como métodos para su construcción.
Este documento presenta instrucciones para construir diferentes curvas cónicas (elipses, parábolas e hipérbolas) mediante diferentes métodos geométricos. Incluye instrucciones para trazar estas curvas dados sus elementos característicos como ejes, focos, diámetros conjugados, directrices, así como para trazar tangentes y normales a partir de puntos en o fuera de las curvas. El documento proporciona una guía paso a paso para construir estas curvas cónicas y sus elementos asociados utilizando propiedades geométricas.
1. The document describes various solids and their classification into two groups - Group A consisting of solids with bases and tops of the same shape, and Group B consisting of solids with bases of some shape and just a point as the top.
2. Dimensional parameters of different solids like cylinders, cones, prisms and pyramids are defined. Positions of solids relative to planes are also described.
3. Three step methods for solving problems involving solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes are outlined. Various categories of illustrated problems involving different cases are listed.
A circle with a diameter of 5 cm is positioned with its plane vertical and inclined at 30 degrees to the vertical plane. The circle's center is located 3 cm above the horizontal plane and 2 cm in front of the vertical plane. The summary shows the top-down and front projections of the circle along with its traces on the horizontal and vertical planes.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHICS/ ENGINEERING DRAWING,
IMPORTANCE OF DRAWING/ GRAPHICS IN ENGINEERING,
NECESSITY TO READ DRAWINGS,
IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/ GRAPHICS IN MANUFACTURING,
TYPES OF DRAWING AND ITS PACTICAL APPLICATION.
This document is a chapter from an engineering graphics textbook. It discusses various types of axonometric and oblique pictorial drawings, including isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections. It provides objectives and defines key terms. The chapter contains over 40 figures that demonstrate how to construct various elements in isometric drawings, including lines, curves, ellipses, sections and more. It also discusses dimensions, fillets, and other techniques for isometric technical drawings.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de tangencias y enlaces entre circunferencias, rectas y puntos. Explica las condiciones de tangencia entre circunferencias y entre circunferencias y rectas. Luego detalla procedimientos para trazar rectas tangentes a una o dos circunferencias, así como circunferencias tangentes a rectas o a otras circunferencias dados diferentes datos. Finalmente, cubre la construcción de enlaces de puntos mediante arcos de circunferencia y de curvas técnicas como óvalos, ovoides y espirales.
It is introductory ppt for AutoCAD and its capabilities with Proposed learning goal. Made to self teach.
video links are provided for easy clarification.
click underlined lines
Mechanical Drafting Projection of solidsGaurav Mistry
The document discusses the projection of solids in mechanical drafting. It begins with an introduction to projections and classifications of projections. It then discusses various types of solids like polyhedrons, prisms, pyramids, and solids of revolution. The document focuses on the orientation of solids, describing the six possible orientations with examples. It provides detailed steps for projecting a solid when its axis is inclined to both the horizontal and vertical planes.
Orthographic projections are a method for conveying the shape and size of engineered objects using 2D drawings. They involve taking views of an object from the front, top, and side with parallel projecting rays. Lines and areas in the views represent edges, surfaces, and intersections between surfaces of the 3D object. Sectional views use a cutting plane to reveal internal features that would otherwise be hidden. They distinguish cut areas, which are hatched, from open areas cut through by the sectioning plane. Orthographic projections and sections effectively communicate 3D geometric information through 2D drawings.
An engineering drawing is a technical drawing that clearly defines and communicates a design. It is used for collaboration, procurement, manufacturing, and quality control. The document discusses the role of graphics in visualization, communication, and documentation. It also provides examples of engineering drawing applications in construction, manufacturing, and ships. Key aspects like types of lines, dimensioning, lettering, and scales are explained.
El sistema diédrico es un método de representación geométrica de los elementos del espacio tridimensional sobre un plano. Se conoce coloquialmente como las vistas de un objeto.
Here is a 1:4 scale constructed to measure up to 5 decimeters:
[DIAGRAM]
A line 12.5 cm long is divided into 5 equal divisions, with each division representing 1 decimeter. The first division is further divided into 10 equal sub-divisions, with each sub-division representing 1 centimeter. Numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 are marked to the right of the divisions to indicate decimeters. "cm" is marked to the left of 0 to label the centimeter sub-divisions. "1:4" is written below to indicate the representative fraction.
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics topics for diploma and engineering students. It covers introduction to engineering graphics, drawing instruments, lines and dimensioning, geometric constructions, scales, and conic sections. Key points include definitions of engineering drawings and graphics, types of drawing tools, guidelines for dimensioning drawings, methods for geometric constructions of lines and polygons, uses of scales and vernier scales, and constructions of parabolas and hyperbolas. The document serves as a reference for the essential concepts and techniques in engineering graphics.
The document discusses assembly drawings and isometric views. It explains that assembly drawings show how parts of a product fit together, and can be drawn as fitted assemblies or exploded views. Exploded views separate the parts to show the correct assembly order. The document then provides rules for drawing isometric projections, including that vertical lines stay vertical and horizontal lines incline 30 degrees, all lines are foreshortened, non-isometric lines are drawn using two connecting isometric lines, and hidden edges are typically omitted.
Webcast presentato da Tomaso Giusti e Luis Alvarez di LinkedIn Italia.
Scopri com gli esperti di LinkedIn Italia chi sono, dove sono, cosa cercano e come attirare e assumere u talenti Digital sempre più richiesti dalle aziende.
2. Chi è Euclide
• Euclide (in greco antico Εὐκλείδης, traslitterato in Eukléides; ...) è
un matematico e scienziato greco antico , che visse molto probabilmente
durante il regno di Tolomeo I (367 a. C.367 ca. –283 a. C. .). È stato
sicuramente il più importante matematico della storia antica, e uno dei più
importanti e riconosciuti di ogni tempo e luogo.
• Euclide è noto soprattutto come autore degli Elementi, la più importante opera
di geometria dell'antichità; tuttavia di lui si sa pochissimo.
3. I cinque postulati
Tutta la geometria di Euclide si poggia su cinque postulati che il matematico Playfair
(1795) espose nel seguente modo:
-È sempre possibile tracciare una retta tra due punti qualunque;
-È sempre possibile prolungare una linea retta;
-È sempre possibile costruire una circonferenza di centro e raggio qualunque
(ossia è sempre possibile determinare una distanza maggiore o minore);
-Tutti gli angoli retti sono tra loro congruenti;
-Data una retta e un punto esterno ad essa esiste un'unica retta parallela passante
per detto punto.
Il quinto postulato è conosciuto anche come postulato del parallelismo ed è quello che distingue la
geometria euclidea dalle altre, dette non euclidee
Negando il quinto postulato nella versione data da Playfair possono ottenersi due diverse geometrie:
quella ellittica (nella quale non esistono rette passanti per un punto esterno alla retta data ad essa
parallele) e quella iperbolica (nella quale esistono almeno due rette passanti per un punto e parallele
alla retta data).
4. ENTI FONDAMENTALI DELLA GEOMETRIA
Il punto, la retta e il piano si assumono come enti
fondamentali della geometria. Di essi non si dà
alcuna definizione e il loro concetto deve essere
considerato come primitivo.
5. IL PUNTO
Un granello di sabbia, la traccia
lasciata su un foglio dalla punta di una
matita, danno l'idea intuitiva del punto.
6. LA RETTA
Un filo teso, la traccia che si ottiene
su un foglio facendo scorrere una
matita lungo l'orlo di una
riga, danno l'idea intuitiva della
retta. Essa deve essere concepita
estremamente sottile, cioè priva di
spessore, ed illimitata
7. IL PIANO
Un foglio di carta ben teso su un
tavolo, pensando che esso sia
indefinitamente esteso in tutti i
sensi, una superficie stagnante
di un lago, danno l'idea intuitiva
del piano