introduction to yeast. classification of yeast.
morphology of yeast.
cell wall composition of yeast.
structure of yeast.
plasma membrane structure of yeast. function of cell organelles.
A fimbria (Latin for 'fringe', plural fimbriae), also referred to as an "attachment pilus" by some scientists, is an appendage that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3–10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They may be straight or flexible.
A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; plural: pili) is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.[1] The terms pilus and fimbria (Latin for 'fringe'; plural: fimbriae) can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins, which are oligomeric.
FOLLOW US ON YOUTUBE # BIOTECH SIMPLIFIED #
What are Algae: Biological and economic importance of algae; Characteristics...mehwishmanzoor4
WHAT ARE ALGAE?Characteristics of Algae,The Biological Importance of Algae,
Primary producers
Algae as food
Algae as fodder for cattle
Algae as bio-fertilizers
Algae in pisi culture
Role in soil erosion
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE
Algae in Industry
Antibiotics
Sewage disposal
Research Material
In space ship
Algae in medicine
Algae in fertilizers
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
Structure of bacteria, its characteristics, Reproduction, bacterial shapes, types of bacteria , Difference bw gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Economic importance of bacteria,Quiz questions.
A fimbria (Latin for 'fringe', plural fimbriae), also referred to as an "attachment pilus" by some scientists, is an appendage that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3–10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They may be straight or flexible.
A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; plural: pili) is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.[1] The terms pilus and fimbria (Latin for 'fringe'; plural: fimbriae) can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins, which are oligomeric.
FOLLOW US ON YOUTUBE # BIOTECH SIMPLIFIED #
What are Algae: Biological and economic importance of algae; Characteristics...mehwishmanzoor4
WHAT ARE ALGAE?Characteristics of Algae,The Biological Importance of Algae,
Primary producers
Algae as food
Algae as fodder for cattle
Algae as bio-fertilizers
Algae in pisi culture
Role in soil erosion
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE
Algae in Industry
Antibiotics
Sewage disposal
Research Material
In space ship
Algae in medicine
Algae in fertilizers
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
Structure of bacteria, its characteristics, Reproduction, bacterial shapes, types of bacteria , Difference bw gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Economic importance of bacteria,Quiz questions.
bacteria reproduce by binary fission , which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. it occurs through formation of the Z ring that recruits additional proteins to form the septa ring.
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
Folding depends upon sequence of Amino Acids not the Composition. Folding starts with the secondary structure and ends at quaternary structure.
Denaturation occur at secondary, tertiary & quaternary level but not at primary level.
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
EMB AGAR or EOSIN METHYLENE BLUE AGAR is used for isolation and differentiation of
gram negative enteric bacilli from clinical and non-clinical samples. Primarily this medium was
used for the detection and confirmation of coliforms. Medium contains Lactose and Sucrose,
due to these carbohydrates sources medium can be differential in primary culture: salmonellas and
shigellas which are lactose-negative can be differentiated from other lactose - negative but sucrose -
positive organisms such as Proteus sp.
bacteria reproduce by binary fission , which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. it occurs through formation of the Z ring that recruits additional proteins to form the septa ring.
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
Folding depends upon sequence of Amino Acids not the Composition. Folding starts with the secondary structure and ends at quaternary structure.
Denaturation occur at secondary, tertiary & quaternary level but not at primary level.
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
EMB AGAR or EOSIN METHYLENE BLUE AGAR is used for isolation and differentiation of
gram negative enteric bacilli from clinical and non-clinical samples. Primarily this medium was
used for the detection and confirmation of coliforms. Medium contains Lactose and Sucrose,
due to these carbohydrates sources medium can be differential in primary culture: salmonellas and
shigellas which are lactose-negative can be differentiated from other lactose - negative but sucrose -
positive organisms such as Proteus sp.
The chapter contain detail descriptions regarding structures and functions of different cell organelles of plant and animal cells which is helpful to UG and PG students of Science. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. The basic constituents of plant and animal cells are the same,
viz nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and various inorganic substances
They organized in the same fundamental manner. The shape of plant cell is rectangular and that of animal cell is round with irregular appearance. Cell organelles various membrane bound structures that are
found within a cell such as nucleus, plastids, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum etc.
The chapter contain detail descriptions regarding structures and functions of different cell organelles of plant and animal cells which is helpful to UG and PG students of Science. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. The basic constituents of plant and animal cells are the same,
viz nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and various inorganic substances
They organized in the same fundamental manner. The shape of plant cell is rectangular and that of animal cell is round with irregular appearance. Cell organelles various membrane bound structures that are
found within a cell such as nucleus, plastids, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum etc.
Introduction to investing in the Indian stock market.
Factors to consider when choosing a share to buy.
Overview of the Indian economy in 2024.
Top sectors expected to perform well in 2024.
Analysis of the current market trends and opportunities.
Research on the best-performing companies in 2024.
Evaluation of the financial health and growth potential of selected shares.
Expert recommendations on the best share to buy in 2024.
Risk assessment and mitigation strategies for investing in the chosen share.
Introduction to Investing in the Stock Market.pptxkanchan sharma
Introduction to Investing in the Stock Market.
Basics of Investing in Shares like Risk and Return, Market Research, Diversification.
Different Types of Shares like Common Stock, Preferred Stock,
Blue-Chip Stocks.
Factors to Consider Before Investing like Financial Goals,
Risk Tolerance, Market Conditions.
Strategies for Successful Investing like Long-Term Investing, Value Investing, Growth Investing.
Risks and Rewards of Share Market Investment.
Monitoring and Managing Your Investments.
Conclusion and Key Takeaways.
Designing-a-New-House-Interior
Understanding the Client's Needs.
Creating a Desing Concept
Selecting Color Schemes and Materials. Furniture and Layout Planning Lighting Design Incorporating Technology
Adding Finishing Touches
Budgeting and Management
Introduction-to-Psychology-in-Marketing. Understanding Consumer Behavior. The Role of Emotions in Decision Making. The Power of Persuasion and Influence, Techniques for Creating Effective Advertising. The Use of Color, Imagery, and Languages. Ethical Considerations in Using Psychology in Marketing. Case Studies and Real-World Examples
introduction to chartered accountant. how to become a chartered accountant.
roles and responsibilities of a chartered accountant. benefits of hiring a chartered accountant. qualifications and characteristics of a chartered accountant. services provided by chartered accountant. industries that require a chartered accountant . challenges faced by chartered accountants .
introduction to fungi. general characters of fungi. life cycle of penicillium...kanchan sharma
introduction to fungi.
classification of fungi
general characteristics of fungi.
life cycle of penicillium
life cycle of sacchromyces
importance of penicillium and sacchromyces
introduction to viruses, classification and structure.kanchan sharma
introduction to viruses. structure of viruses.
classification of viruses.
structure of plant, animal and bacterial viruses.
satellite virus, viroids, virions, their structure and function
examples of animal and plant viruses.
introduction to microbial growth.
different types of growth.
different types of cultivation .
m.sc microbiology, m.sc biotech
batch, fed-batch cultivation , continous cultivation, chemostat and turbidostat
synchronous growth and diauxic growth
improvement in crop yield foe all class science project easy to understand easy to learn more about crop yield all topic covered
( what is crop yield, crop production, improvement in crop yield , crop variety improvement , crop production improvements ,crop production management) contact us for any presentation in this email -Dimpysharma42008@gmail.com
for all class hindi grammar samas for class 6th to 10th halp for projects and easy to understand edited by kanchan contact us for any kind of presentations in this email - Dimpysharma42008@gmail.com
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
1. Introduction to Yeast
Yeast, a type of fungus, is a unicellular microorganism belonging to the
kingdom Fungi. It plays a crucial role in various fields such as baking,
brewing, and bioethanol production. Yeast can reproduce both sexually and
asexually, and its metabolic activities have wide-ranging implications.
ks by kanchan sharma
2. Classification of Yeast
Diversity of Yeast Species
Yeast can be classified into various species,
each with unique characteristics and genetic
makeup. Some common species include
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans,
and Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Evolutionary Relationships
The classification of yeast involves studying their
evolutionary relationships and genetic
divergence. This not only aids in understanding
their biodiversity but also provides insights into
their ecological roles.
3. Morphology and Structure of Yeast
Cells
Cellular Morphology
Yeast cells are typically oval or spherical
in shape and range in size from 3 to 4
micrometers. They can exist as single
cells or form multicellular structures
depending on environmental conditions.
Structural Components
The yeast cell consists of a prominent
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, and
plasma membrane. Each component
has specific functions vital for the survival
and functioning of the cell.
4. Yeast is a type of unicellular fungus that contains the same
organelles as found in a mature eukaryotic cell. Here are some
key features of its structure:
•Cell Wall: The cell wall of yeasts is made up of glycoproteins,
polysaccharides like chitin, and mannoproteins.
•Vacuoles: The vacuoles in the yeast cell occupy around 20%
of the cell volume and are important for breaking down proteins,
storing nutrients, and maintaining homeostasis.
•Mitochondria: Mitochondria in yeasts play a similar role as in
plant and animal cells. They are the source of energy for
growth, respiration, and homeostasis. ATPs are produced in
yeast mitochondria by the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
•Endomembrane System: The endomembrane system of the
yeast cell consists of ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and
endoplasmic reticulum. The system is involved in sorting,
packaging, and transporting molecules to other parts of the cell.
•Size and Shape: A typical yeast cell is about 0.075 mm in
diameter and can grow in various egg-shaped or spherical
filamentous forms.
The most common examples of yeast include Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
for instance, has a smooth, moist, flat, and dull or glistening
appearance. They are creamish in color.
Structure of Yeast
5. Cell Wall Composition and Function
1 Chitin and Glucans
The yeast cell wall primarily comprises
chitin and glucans, providing rigidity
and shape to the cell. These
components also play roles in cellular
integrity and environmental
interactions.
2 Protection and Defense
The cell wall acts as a protective
barrier, shielding the yeast cell from
physical and chemical stresses. It also
interacts with the external
environment and is involved in
pathogenicity in certain yeast species.
6. Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Fluid Mosaic Model
The plasma membrane of yeast cells follows
the fluid mosaic model, consisting of
phospholipid bilayers interspersed with
proteins. This structure allows for selective
permeability and cellular signaling.
Transport and Signaling
Integral proteins within the plasma membrane
facilitate the transport of molecules in and out of
the cell, as well as mediate intercellular
communication and response to external
stimuli.
7. Cytoplasmic Organelles in Yeast
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are key organelles responsible for energy production through
oxidative phosphorylation. They play a vital role in cellular respiration and
metabolism.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport
within the cell. It consists of rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (lacking
ribosomes).
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is essential for processing, modifying, and packaging
proteins for secretion or transport to other cellular locations. It plays a crucial role
in intracellular trafficking.
8. Nucleus and Genetic Material in Yeast
1 Nuclear Envelope
The nucleus of a yeast cell is enclosed within a double membrane called the
nuclear envelope. This structure separates the genetic material from the rest of
the cellular components.
2 Chromatin Organization
The genetic material in yeast cells is organized as chromatin, comprising DNA
and proteins. The arrangement of chromatin influences gene expression and
cellular functions.
3 Nucleolus
The nucleolus within the nucleus is associated with ribosome biogenesis. It is
involved in the assembly of ribosomal subunits, essential for protein synthesis.
9. Mitochondria and Energy
Production in Yeast
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Mitochondria are the site of oxidative
phosphorylation, generating ATP as an
energy currency for cellular processes.
This process involves the electron
transport chain and ATP synthesis.
Krebs Cycle
The mitochondria of yeast cells play a
pivotal role in the Krebs cycle, also
known as the citric acid cycle, which is
crucial for energy production from
metabolized nutrients.
10. Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein
Synthesis in Yeast
1 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The rough ER is studded with
ribosomes and is involved in the
synthesis of membrane-bound and
secretory proteins in yeast cells
through translation and protein
folding.
2
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and
contributes to lipid synthesis,
metabolism, and detoxification of
drugs and other xenobiotics in yeast
cells.
11. Golgi Apparatus and Vesicle
Trafficking in Yeast
1 Vesicle Formation
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the
modification, sorting, and packaging of
proteins into vesicles for transport to
various cellular destinations, including
secretion or other organelles.
2 Intracellular Transport
Vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus
are involved in intracellular transport,
ensuring precise delivery of proteins and
lipids to their designated cellular locations
in yeast cells.
