This document provides an introduction to the UNIX operating system. It discusses that UNIX was initially developed in 1970 and is widely used in academic and research institutions. The document then describes key features of UNIX including multitasking, being multi-user, portability, file security, communication tools, and accounting utilities. It also outlines the architecture of UNIX including the kernel, shell, commands/utilities, and user applications. Finally, it covers the UNIX file system structure and permissions.
Introduction to Unix operating system Chapter 1-PPT Mrs.Sowmya JyothiSowmya Jyothi
Unix is a multitasking, multiuser operating system developed in 1969 at Bell Labs. It allows multiple users to use a computer simultaneously and users can run multiple programs at once. There are several Unix variants like Solaris, AIX, and Linux. Unix was originally written for the PDP-7 computer in C programming language, making it portable. It uses a hierarchical file system and treats all resources as files with permissions. Processes run programs and the shell interprets commands to run programs or interact with the kernel for system calls. Everything in Unix is either a file or a process.
Unix operating system architecture with file structure amol_chavan
The document provides information about the Unix operating system, including:
- Unix was originally developed in 1969 at Bell Labs and consists of programs that link the computer and user. There are various commercial and open-source variants available.
- It allows for multi-user access where many users can use the system at once, and multitasking where users can run multiple programs simultaneously.
- The kernel manages hardware interaction, memory, processes, I/O, and enforces access permissions. The shell interprets commands for the kernel to execute programs and utilities like cp, mv, cat, and grep.
- All data is organized into files within a hierarchical directory structure called the file system, with directories like
Unix was created in 1969 by Ken Thompson at Bell Labs to allow multiple users to access a computer simultaneously. It features a multi-user design, hierarchical file system, and shell interface. The kernel handles memory management, process scheduling, and device interactions to enable these features. Common Unix commands like cat, ls, cp and rm allow users to work with files and directories from the shell. File permissions and ownership are managed through inodes to control access across users.
The kernel manages system resources like disks, tapes, printers, and communication lines. The file system provides an organizing structure for data storage through files and directories arranged in a hierarchical tree structure with the root directory at the top. The shell acts as the interface between the user and the operating system by translating commands to actions by the kernel and programs. UNIX allows for multi-tasking of multiple processes running simultaneously and is multi-user, enabling multiple users to use the same system simultaneously.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
The dominant general-purpose[3] personal computer operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 76.45%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (17.72%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.73%).[4] In the mobile sector (including smartphones and tablets), Android's share is up to 72% in the year 2020.[5] According to third quarter 2016 data, Android's share on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent with also a growth rate of 10.3 percent per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent with per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent.[6] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems),[3][7] such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution). Others may have higher system requirements.
This document provides information about a course on Shell Programming and Scripting Languages. It discusses:
- The course objectives which are to explain UNIX commands, implement shell scripts using Bash, and learn Python scripting.
- The course outcomes which are to understand UNIX commands and utilities, write and execute shell scripts, handle files and processes, and learn Python programming and web application design.
- Prerequisites of DOS commands and C programming.
- An overview of UNIX including the file system, vi editor, and security permissions.
The document provides an introduction to the UNIX operating system. It describes UNIX as a CUI operating system that serves as an interface between hardware and software and can be used on various computer types. The history of UNIX is discussed, noting it was developed at Bell Labs as an alternative to MULTICS and was later rewritten in C language. Key features of UNIX include being multi-user, multi-tasking, portable, having a hierarchical file structure, and machine independence. The document also outlines the structure and components of the UNIX operating system.
Introduction to Unix operating system Chapter 1-PPT Mrs.Sowmya JyothiSowmya Jyothi
Unix is a multitasking, multiuser operating system developed in 1969 at Bell Labs. It allows multiple users to use a computer simultaneously and users can run multiple programs at once. There are several Unix variants like Solaris, AIX, and Linux. Unix was originally written for the PDP-7 computer in C programming language, making it portable. It uses a hierarchical file system and treats all resources as files with permissions. Processes run programs and the shell interprets commands to run programs or interact with the kernel for system calls. Everything in Unix is either a file or a process.
Unix operating system architecture with file structure amol_chavan
The document provides information about the Unix operating system, including:
- Unix was originally developed in 1969 at Bell Labs and consists of programs that link the computer and user. There are various commercial and open-source variants available.
- It allows for multi-user access where many users can use the system at once, and multitasking where users can run multiple programs simultaneously.
- The kernel manages hardware interaction, memory, processes, I/O, and enforces access permissions. The shell interprets commands for the kernel to execute programs and utilities like cp, mv, cat, and grep.
- All data is organized into files within a hierarchical directory structure called the file system, with directories like
Unix was created in 1969 by Ken Thompson at Bell Labs to allow multiple users to access a computer simultaneously. It features a multi-user design, hierarchical file system, and shell interface. The kernel handles memory management, process scheduling, and device interactions to enable these features. Common Unix commands like cat, ls, cp and rm allow users to work with files and directories from the shell. File permissions and ownership are managed through inodes to control access across users.
The kernel manages system resources like disks, tapes, printers, and communication lines. The file system provides an organizing structure for data storage through files and directories arranged in a hierarchical tree structure with the root directory at the top. The shell acts as the interface between the user and the operating system by translating commands to actions by the kernel and programs. UNIX allows for multi-tasking of multiple processes running simultaneously and is multi-user, enabling multiple users to use the same system simultaneously.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
The dominant general-purpose[3] personal computer operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 76.45%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (17.72%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.73%).[4] In the mobile sector (including smartphones and tablets), Android's share is up to 72% in the year 2020.[5] According to third quarter 2016 data, Android's share on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent with also a growth rate of 10.3 percent per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent with per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent.[6] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems),[3][7] such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution). Others may have higher system requirements.
This document provides information about a course on Shell Programming and Scripting Languages. It discusses:
- The course objectives which are to explain UNIX commands, implement shell scripts using Bash, and learn Python scripting.
- The course outcomes which are to understand UNIX commands and utilities, write and execute shell scripts, handle files and processes, and learn Python programming and web application design.
- Prerequisites of DOS commands and C programming.
- An overview of UNIX including the file system, vi editor, and security permissions.
The document provides an introduction to the UNIX operating system. It describes UNIX as a CUI operating system that serves as an interface between hardware and software and can be used on various computer types. The history of UNIX is discussed, noting it was developed at Bell Labs as an alternative to MULTICS and was later rewritten in C language. Key features of UNIX include being multi-user, multi-tasking, portable, having a hierarchical file structure, and machine independence. The document also outlines the structure and components of the UNIX operating system.
The document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system. It discusses the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, utilities, and application programs. It then defines the operating system as a program that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. The document outlines the goals of an operating system and provides a brief history of the development of UNIX from Multics. It also describes some key concepts of UNIX including the kernel, shell, files, directories, and multi-user capabilities.
This document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system. It discusses the key components of a computer system including the hardware, operating system, utilities, and application programs. It then describes the goals and functions of an operating system. The rest of the document discusses the history and development of UNIX, its components like the kernel and shell, commands, files and directories, and features such as multi-user capability, security, and memory management.
The Unix operating system was developed in 1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna at Bell Labs. It uses a kernel to manage hardware interactions and processes, memory, file systems, and device access. The shell interprets commands from users and passes them to the kernel. There are various shells like C Shell, Bourne Shell, and Korn Shell. Unix organizes all data into files within a hierarchical directory structure.
- Linux originated as a clone of the UNIX operating system. Key developers included Linus Torvalds and developers from the GNU project.
- Linux is open source, multi-user, and can run on a variety of hardware. It includes components like the Linux kernel, shell, terminal emulator, and desktop environments.
- The document provides information on common Linux commands, files, users/groups, permissions, and startup scripts. It describes the Linux file system and compression/archiving utilities.
Unix and shell programming | Unix File System | Unix File Permission | BlocksLOKESH KUMAR
This document provides an introduction to the Unix operating system, including its history, components, features, and file system organization. It discusses the kernel and shell components, types of shells like Bourn shell and C shell, and features such as multi-user capability, multitasking, security, and portability. It also describes the Unix file system structure, types of files, directories, and permission blocks.
The document provides information on the history and features of the UNIX operating system. It discusses that UNIX was first created in 1969 at Bell Labs and made commercially available in 1977. It then describes several key features of UNIX including being multi-tasking, multi-user, having a hierarchical file system, shell interface, and being portable across different hardware. The document also discusses the UNIX kernel and system architecture, including the kernel interacting with hardware and managing tasks like memory, files, and processes. It provides information on different UNIX shells like the Bourne shell, C shell, and Korn shell.
linux system and network administrationshaile468688
This document provides an overview of Linux system and network administration. It discusses Linux security concepts like risk assessment and encryption. It describes Linux resource monitoring and management tools. It also outlines Linux user administration and how Linux can support a Windows network through Samba. The document defines Linux, Unix, and Windows operating systems and compares their architectures. It examines Linux file systems, storage management, and network concepts.
Module 1 provides an introduction to Unix, including its architecture, features, environment, structure, and commands. The Unix architecture is composed of hardware, kernel, system call interface (shell), and application libraries/tools. The kernel controls hardware and processes, while the shell interprets commands. Utilities include text editors, search programs, and sort tools. Commands follow a standard structure and include options and arguments. Basic commands like echo, printf, ls, who, date, passwd and cal are discussed. POSIX and the Single Unix Specification standardize the Unix environment.
The document discusses the UNIX operating system. It describes UNIX as a stable, multi-user operating system developed in the 1960s for servers, desktops, and laptops. The UNIX operating system consists of three main parts: the kernel, the shell, and programs. The kernel allocates resources and handles processes and communications, while the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel. There are various versions of UNIX that share common features.
The document provides an overview of the Unix operating system, including its history, design principles, and key components. It describes how Unix was developed at Bell Labs in the 1960s and later influenced by BSD at UC Berkeley. The core elements discussed include the process model, file system, I/O, and standard user interface through shells and commands.
The document provides an overview of basic computer operating systems concepts. It discusses file management, file systems, directories, paths, file operations, and roles in file management. It also summarizes concepts related to security management, failure management, supervisors, and where to find more information on operating systems.
The document provides an overview of the Unix operating system and its components. It discusses:
- Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system made up of a kernel, shell, and programs. The kernel manages hardware access and allocation of resources while the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel.
- The history of Unix, which was first created in 1969 at Bell Labs. Key developments included it being rewritten in C in 1973 and the origins of Linux in 1991.
- The core components of Unix - the kernel, shell, utilities, and applications. The kernel handles processes and resources while the shell interprets commands. There are standard utilities and custom applications.
- The document provides an introduction and overview of the history and structure of the Unix operating system
- It describes how Unix was developed in the 1960s and 1970s at Bell Labs and others and became widely adopted, especially in academia
- The key aspects of Unix covered include its layered design, file system structure, use of directories, files and inodes to organize data, and how programs interface with the kernel through system calls
From UNICS To Unix: A brief history: - Early on, in the 1960s and 1970s, every major
computer manufacturer supplied operating system as a proprietary software
Chapter 2 Introduction to Unix ConceptsMeenalJabde
The document provides an introduction to Unix concepts including:
1. It describes the architecture of Unix as having 4 layers - hardware, kernel, shell commands, and application layer. The kernel interacts with hardware and manages tasks like memory and process scheduling.
2. It lists some basic Unix commands like ls, echo, printf, who, date, passwd, cal and explains how to combine commands using operators like && and ||.
3. It explains Unix files and directories are organized in a hierarchical tree structure with the root directory at the top. There are different types of files like ordinary, special, pipes and symbolic links.
Host security measures aim to comprehensively protect individual hosts through host-centric approaches tailored to the host's architecture and configuration. This involves securing configurations, access controls, permissions and services on Unix-like systems. Common weaknesses include password issues, exploitable services and improper permissions. Unix uses users, groups and world permissions on files and directories to control access. Proper configuration of these permissions and use of setuid programs is important for security. The Unix password system has evolved from storing passwords in plaintext to using shadow files and stronger encryption.
Host security measures aim to comprehensively protect individual hosts through host-centric approaches tailored to the host's architecture and configuration. This involves securing configurations, access controls, permissions and services on Unix-like systems. Common weaknesses include password issues, exploitable services and improper permissions. Unix uses users, groups and world permissions on files and directories to control access. Sensitive system directories must have proper permissions to balance security and usability. Remote access utilities like rlogin pose risks if not properly configured, so disabling them in favor of SSH is recommended. The Unix password system has evolved from insecure early implementations to more secure modern schemes that hash passwords and store them separately from account details.
1_Introduction_To_Unix_and_Basic_Unix_CommandsGautam Raja
This document provides a content manual for the TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES Pre ILP – Unix LOUNGE. It contains two chapters that introduce basic Unix concepts and commands. Chapter 1 covers an overview of operating systems and the architecture of Unix, including the kernel, shell, file system structure, and flavors of Unix. Chapter 2 describes basic Unix commands such as ls, pwd, man, date, and cal. It provides examples and explanations of how to use the options for each command. The document is intended to teach users fundamental Unix knowledge and skills.
This document provides an introduction to the UNIX operating system. It discusses the history and development of UNIX, the key components of the UNIX system architecture including the kernel, shells/GUIs, and file system. It also outlines common UNIX commands and sessions, describing how to log in and out, change passwords, and view system information. The document is intended to explain the basic concepts and components of UNIX to new users.
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning.pptxHarsha Patel
Reinforcement learning is a machine learning technique where an agent learns to achieve a goal by trial and error interactions with its environment. The agent performs actions and receives positive or negative feedback in the form of rewards and penalties, allowing it to learn over time which actions yield the most reward. Some key applications of reinforcement learning include robotics, game playing, industrial automation, and personalized education systems.
Introduction to Association Rules.pptxHarsha Patel
The document discusses association rule learning and the Apriori algorithm. It begins by defining association rule learning and its applications, such as market basket analysis. It then explains the key concepts of support, confidence and lift used to measure rule strength. The document proceeds to describe the Apriori algorithm, including its candidate generation and frequent itemset determination steps. An example is provided to demonstrate how the Apriori algorithm is applied to generate association rules from a transactional dataset.
The document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system. It discusses the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, utilities, and application programs. It then defines the operating system as a program that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. The document outlines the goals of an operating system and provides a brief history of the development of UNIX from Multics. It also describes some key concepts of UNIX including the kernel, shell, files, directories, and multi-user capabilities.
This document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system. It discusses the key components of a computer system including the hardware, operating system, utilities, and application programs. It then describes the goals and functions of an operating system. The rest of the document discusses the history and development of UNIX, its components like the kernel and shell, commands, files and directories, and features such as multi-user capability, security, and memory management.
The Unix operating system was developed in 1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna at Bell Labs. It uses a kernel to manage hardware interactions and processes, memory, file systems, and device access. The shell interprets commands from users and passes them to the kernel. There are various shells like C Shell, Bourne Shell, and Korn Shell. Unix organizes all data into files within a hierarchical directory structure.
- Linux originated as a clone of the UNIX operating system. Key developers included Linus Torvalds and developers from the GNU project.
- Linux is open source, multi-user, and can run on a variety of hardware. It includes components like the Linux kernel, shell, terminal emulator, and desktop environments.
- The document provides information on common Linux commands, files, users/groups, permissions, and startup scripts. It describes the Linux file system and compression/archiving utilities.
Unix and shell programming | Unix File System | Unix File Permission | BlocksLOKESH KUMAR
This document provides an introduction to the Unix operating system, including its history, components, features, and file system organization. It discusses the kernel and shell components, types of shells like Bourn shell and C shell, and features such as multi-user capability, multitasking, security, and portability. It also describes the Unix file system structure, types of files, directories, and permission blocks.
The document provides information on the history and features of the UNIX operating system. It discusses that UNIX was first created in 1969 at Bell Labs and made commercially available in 1977. It then describes several key features of UNIX including being multi-tasking, multi-user, having a hierarchical file system, shell interface, and being portable across different hardware. The document also discusses the UNIX kernel and system architecture, including the kernel interacting with hardware and managing tasks like memory, files, and processes. It provides information on different UNIX shells like the Bourne shell, C shell, and Korn shell.
linux system and network administrationshaile468688
This document provides an overview of Linux system and network administration. It discusses Linux security concepts like risk assessment and encryption. It describes Linux resource monitoring and management tools. It also outlines Linux user administration and how Linux can support a Windows network through Samba. The document defines Linux, Unix, and Windows operating systems and compares their architectures. It examines Linux file systems, storage management, and network concepts.
Module 1 provides an introduction to Unix, including its architecture, features, environment, structure, and commands. The Unix architecture is composed of hardware, kernel, system call interface (shell), and application libraries/tools. The kernel controls hardware and processes, while the shell interprets commands. Utilities include text editors, search programs, and sort tools. Commands follow a standard structure and include options and arguments. Basic commands like echo, printf, ls, who, date, passwd and cal are discussed. POSIX and the Single Unix Specification standardize the Unix environment.
The document discusses the UNIX operating system. It describes UNIX as a stable, multi-user operating system developed in the 1960s for servers, desktops, and laptops. The UNIX operating system consists of three main parts: the kernel, the shell, and programs. The kernel allocates resources and handles processes and communications, while the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel. There are various versions of UNIX that share common features.
The document provides an overview of the Unix operating system, including its history, design principles, and key components. It describes how Unix was developed at Bell Labs in the 1960s and later influenced by BSD at UC Berkeley. The core elements discussed include the process model, file system, I/O, and standard user interface through shells and commands.
The document provides an overview of basic computer operating systems concepts. It discusses file management, file systems, directories, paths, file operations, and roles in file management. It also summarizes concepts related to security management, failure management, supervisors, and where to find more information on operating systems.
The document provides an overview of the Unix operating system and its components. It discusses:
- Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system made up of a kernel, shell, and programs. The kernel manages hardware access and allocation of resources while the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel.
- The history of Unix, which was first created in 1969 at Bell Labs. Key developments included it being rewritten in C in 1973 and the origins of Linux in 1991.
- The core components of Unix - the kernel, shell, utilities, and applications. The kernel handles processes and resources while the shell interprets commands. There are standard utilities and custom applications.
- The document provides an introduction and overview of the history and structure of the Unix operating system
- It describes how Unix was developed in the 1960s and 1970s at Bell Labs and others and became widely adopted, especially in academia
- The key aspects of Unix covered include its layered design, file system structure, use of directories, files and inodes to organize data, and how programs interface with the kernel through system calls
From UNICS To Unix: A brief history: - Early on, in the 1960s and 1970s, every major
computer manufacturer supplied operating system as a proprietary software
Chapter 2 Introduction to Unix ConceptsMeenalJabde
The document provides an introduction to Unix concepts including:
1. It describes the architecture of Unix as having 4 layers - hardware, kernel, shell commands, and application layer. The kernel interacts with hardware and manages tasks like memory and process scheduling.
2. It lists some basic Unix commands like ls, echo, printf, who, date, passwd, cal and explains how to combine commands using operators like && and ||.
3. It explains Unix files and directories are organized in a hierarchical tree structure with the root directory at the top. There are different types of files like ordinary, special, pipes and symbolic links.
Host security measures aim to comprehensively protect individual hosts through host-centric approaches tailored to the host's architecture and configuration. This involves securing configurations, access controls, permissions and services on Unix-like systems. Common weaknesses include password issues, exploitable services and improper permissions. Unix uses users, groups and world permissions on files and directories to control access. Proper configuration of these permissions and use of setuid programs is important for security. The Unix password system has evolved from storing passwords in plaintext to using shadow files and stronger encryption.
Host security measures aim to comprehensively protect individual hosts through host-centric approaches tailored to the host's architecture and configuration. This involves securing configurations, access controls, permissions and services on Unix-like systems. Common weaknesses include password issues, exploitable services and improper permissions. Unix uses users, groups and world permissions on files and directories to control access. Sensitive system directories must have proper permissions to balance security and usability. Remote access utilities like rlogin pose risks if not properly configured, so disabling them in favor of SSH is recommended. The Unix password system has evolved from insecure early implementations to more secure modern schemes that hash passwords and store them separately from account details.
1_Introduction_To_Unix_and_Basic_Unix_CommandsGautam Raja
This document provides a content manual for the TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES Pre ILP – Unix LOUNGE. It contains two chapters that introduce basic Unix concepts and commands. Chapter 1 covers an overview of operating systems and the architecture of Unix, including the kernel, shell, file system structure, and flavors of Unix. Chapter 2 describes basic Unix commands such as ls, pwd, man, date, and cal. It provides examples and explanations of how to use the options for each command. The document is intended to teach users fundamental Unix knowledge and skills.
This document provides an introduction to the UNIX operating system. It discusses the history and development of UNIX, the key components of the UNIX system architecture including the kernel, shells/GUIs, and file system. It also outlines common UNIX commands and sessions, describing how to log in and out, change passwords, and view system information. The document is intended to explain the basic concepts and components of UNIX to new users.
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning.pptxHarsha Patel
Reinforcement learning is a machine learning technique where an agent learns to achieve a goal by trial and error interactions with its environment. The agent performs actions and receives positive or negative feedback in the form of rewards and penalties, allowing it to learn over time which actions yield the most reward. Some key applications of reinforcement learning include robotics, game playing, industrial automation, and personalized education systems.
Introduction to Association Rules.pptxHarsha Patel
The document discusses association rule learning and the Apriori algorithm. It begins by defining association rule learning and its applications, such as market basket analysis. It then explains the key concepts of support, confidence and lift used to measure rule strength. The document proceeds to describe the Apriori algorithm, including its candidate generation and frequent itemset determination steps. An example is provided to demonstrate how the Apriori algorithm is applied to generate association rules from a transactional dataset.
Clustering is an unsupervised machine learning technique that groups unlabeled data points into clusters based on similarities. It can be used for tasks like market segmentation, image segmentation, and anomaly detection. The k-means clustering algorithm is a common partitioning clustering method that divides data into k predefined clusters by minimizing distances between data points and cluster centroids.
The document discusses classification algorithms, which are supervised machine learning techniques used to categorize new observations based on patterns learned from training data. Classification algorithms learn from labeled training data to classify future observations into a finite number of classes or categories. The document provides examples of classification including spam detection and categorizing images as cats or dogs. It describes key aspects of classification algorithms like binary and multi-class classification and discusses specific algorithms like logistic regression and support vector machines (SVM).
The document discusses regression analysis and different types of regression models. It defines regression analysis as a statistical method to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It explains linear regression, multiple linear regression, and polynomial regression. Linear regression finds the linear relationship between two variables, multiple linear regression handles multiple independent variables, and polynomial regression models nonlinear relationships using polynomial functions. Examples and code snippets in Python are provided to illustrate simple and multiple linear regression analysis.
Intro of Machine Learning Models .pptxHarsha Patel
There are four main types of machine learning:
1. Supervised learning uses labelled data to map inputs to outputs. It includes classification and regression.
2. Unsupervised learning uses unlabeled data to find hidden patterns in data by clustering them. It includes association and clustering.
3. Semi-supervised learning uses a combination of labelled and unlabeled data.
4. Reinforcement learning involves an agent learning through trial-and-error interactions with an environment. The agent receives rewards or penalties to maximize rewards.
The document discusses various aspects of machine learning including:
- Machine learning involves extracting knowledge from data to enable machines to learn without being explicitly programmed. It uses algorithms to model data and make predictions.
- The machine learning process includes data acquisition, processing, modeling, execution, and deployment. Algorithms are used to model the data and refine solutions.
- Machine learning has applications in healthcare, finance, retail, travel, and media by providing personalized recommendations, detecting fraud, optimizing prices and improving customer service.
- Data preprocessing is required to clean and transform raw data before training machine learning models. This includes data integration, cleaning, and transformation techniques.
Unit-V-Introduction to Data Mining.pptxHarsha Patel
Data mining involves extracting useful patterns from large data sets to help businesses make informed decisions. It allows organizations to obtain knowledge from data, make improvements, and aid decision making in a cost-effective manner. However, data mining tools can be difficult to use and may not always provide precise results. Knowledge discovery is the overall process of discovering useful information from data, which includes steps like data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, and mining followed by pattern evaluation and presentation of knowledge.
Unit-IV-Introduction to Data Warehousing .pptxHarsha Patel
Data warehousing combines data from multiple sources to ensure data quality and accuracy. It separates analytics processing from transactional databases. A data warehouse stores historical data and allows fast querying of all data, using OLAP, while a database stores current transactions for online processing using OLTP. A multidimensional data model organizes data into cubes with dimensions and facts to allow analyzing data from different perspectives. Key components of a data warehouse architecture include external data sources, a staging area using ETL, the data warehouse, and data marts containing subsets of warehouse data.
Unit-III-AI Search Techniques and solution'sHarsha Patel
Informed search algorithms use domain knowledge to guide the search for a solution more efficiently than uninformed searches. Some common informed search algorithms are greedy search and A* search, which uses a heuristic function to estimate distance to the goal. Uninformed searches like breadth-first search and depth-first search do not use additional information beyond how to traverse the search tree.
Unit-II-Introduction of Artifiial Intelligence.pptxHarsha Patel
The document discusses artificial intelligence (AI) and intelligent systems. It defines AI as creating machines that can think and act like humans by learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. It discusses early work in AI from the 1940s-1950s and provides examples of current applications of AI such as self-driving cars, virtual assistants, robots, and more. The document also covers the goals, advantages, and disadvantages of AI as well as its use in domains including healthcare, gaming, transportation, and others.
Unit-I-Introduction to Recent Trends.pptxHarsha Patel
The document provides an introduction to recent trends in artificial intelligence, data warehousing, data mining, and Spark. It defines each topic and discusses their goals, types, advantages, and uses. For artificial intelligence, it outlines what AI is, why it is used, its goals, and the advantages and disadvantages. For data warehousing, it defines what a data warehouse is, its goals and needs. For data mining, it defines what it is, its types, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, for Spark, it defines what Spark is, its history, features, and common usages.
The document discusses Unix commands and processes. It describes:
1. There are two types of processes - foreground processes which are interactive and initiated by the user, and background processes which are non-interactive and initiated by the system or user.
2. External commands are located in directories like /bin or /usr/bin and require spawning a new process when executed.
3. The type command describes if a command is an alias, keyword, builtin, or external file. The man command displays manuals for commands, divided into sections.
4. The root login provides the highest access on a system. The su command allows switching to another user, like root, with root privileges.
The document provides an overview of the vi text editor and basic shell scripting. It describes vi's two modes - command mode and insert mode. It also outlines common vi commands for navigating, editing, saving, and quitting. Additionally, it covers shell script basics like variables, comments, and I/O redirection. Pipes and filters are discussed as a way to connect commands. The nice command is introduced as a method for changing a process's priority.
The document discusses shells and shell programming. It provides information on:
- Shells provide an interface to run commands and programs and display outputs. Common shells include Bourne, C, and other derivative shells.
- Shells prompt for commands and interpret them, passing commands to the kernel for execution and displaying outputs.
- Shell scripts allow automated execution of commands through programming constructs like variables, conditionals, loops, and functions.
The document discusses Unix processes and process management. It defines a process as a program under execution. A parent process can create child processes using the fork() system call. The shell is typically the parent of commands run in the foreground, while background processes may have the init process as their parent. Processes have various states like running, ready, sleeping, and zombie. Commands like ps, nice, kill, and top can be used to view and manage processes.
This document provides an introduction to the UNIX operating system. It discusses that UNIX was initially developed in 1970 and is widely used in academic and research institutions. The document then describes key features of UNIX including multitasking, being multi-user, portability, file security, communication tools, and accounting utilities. It also outlines the architecture of UNIX including the kernel, shell, commands/utilities, and user applications. Finally, it covers the UNIX file system structure and permissions.
This document provides information on handling files under Unix. It discusses what files are, Unix filenames and conventions, and important Unix commands and tools for working with files, including cat, head, tail, cut, paste, uniq, tr, wc, sort, grep, egrep, fgrep, and tar. Special features like I/O redirection, piping, and standard files are also covered.
An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It provides an environment for users to run programs conveniently and efficiently by managing computer resources and hardware. An operating system performs important functions like process management, I/O operations, file system manipulation, communication, error detection, resource allocation, and protection. It uses process control blocks to store information about running processes and manages their different states which include new, ready, running, waiting, blocked, and terminated.
The document discusses Unix commands and processes. It describes:
1. There are two types of processes - foreground processes which are interactive and initiated by the user, and background processes which are non-interactive and initiated by the system or user.
2. External commands are located in directories like /bin or /usr/bin and require spawning a new process when executed.
3. The type command describes if a command is an alias, keyword, builtin, or external file. The man command displays manuals for commands, divided into sections.
4. The root login provides the highest access as the superuser. The su command allows switching to other users including root with proper privileges.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Introduction to Unix Operating System:
UNIX is a powerful Operating System initially developed by Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell laboratories in 1970.
It is prevalent among scientific, engineering, and academic institutions
due to its most appreciative features like multitasking, flexibility, and
many more.
In UNIX, the file system is a hierarchical structure of files and
directories where users can store and retrieve information using the
files.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
4. Multitasking: A UNIX operating system is a multitasking operating
system that allows you to initiate more than one task from the same
terminal so that one task is performed as a foreground and the other task
as a background process.
Multi-user: UNIX operating system supports more than one user to
access computer resources like main memory, hard disk, tape drives, etc.
Multiple users can log on to the system from different terminals and run
different jobs that share the resources of a command terminal.
Portability: This feature makes the UNIX work on different machines
and platforms with the easy transfer of code to any computer system.
Since a significant portion of UNIX is written in C language, and only a
tiny portion is coded in assembly language for specific hardware.
File Security and Protection: Being a multi-user system, UNIX makes
special consideration for file and system security.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
5. Command Structure: UNIX commands are easy to understand and
simple to use. Example: "cp", mv etc. While working in the UNIX
environment, the UNIX commands are case-sensitive and are entered
in lower case.
Communication: In UNIX, communication is an excellent feature
that enables the user to communicate worldwide. It supports various
communication facilities provided using the write command, mail
command, talk command, etc.
Open Source: UNIX operating system is open source it means it is
freely available to all and is a community-based development project.
Accounting: UNIX keeps an account of jobs created by the user. This
feature enhances the system performance in terms of CPU monitoring
and disk space checking.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
6. UNIX Tools and Utilities: UNIX system provides various types of
tools and utilities facilities such as UNIX grep , sed and awk , etc. Some
of the general-purpose tools are compilers, interpreters, network
applications, etc.
Architecture of the Unix Operating System:
A computer system contains hardware and software that controls and
manage computer hardware, software resources, and Operating system
required for the computer.
The operating system acts as the intermediate between hardware and
the user-defined application software. Unix is a multitasking,
multiuser operating system.
The software is of two types:
System software
Application software.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
7. The system software provides platform for other software on the
computer . Application Software is user-defined software that works on
the system software. An operating system is a system software.
The Unix system architecture is divided by into four layers.
Kernel
Shell
Commands and Utilities
User Applications
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
9. Unix Kernel
Kernel is the central core that interacts directly with the hardware of the
system.
The main functions of Kernel are:
Computer hardware such as memory, disc, printers are controlled
by the kernel.
The kernel schedules the processes, control and executes various
user-defined tasks.
Manages the data storage
Unix Shell
It is the interface between the user and the kernel. Users can interact
with the shell using shell commands.
Users communicate directly with Shell. Translates user’s
commands into functions understandable by Kernel
It interprets commands given by the users and executes them
using the kernel.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
10. Issues a shell prompt and waits for user response
Provides programming ability to the users to write shell
commands
Commands and Utilities
Commands used by the Unix operating system are:
‘sh’ – shell commands providing a primary user interface,
There are various commands and utilities which you can make
use of in your day to day activities. cp, mv, cat and grep
User Applications
All the data/programs which the user writes.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
11. UNIX FILE SYSTEM
Introduction
A file is one in which data can be stored .
It is a sequence of bits , bytes or lines and stored on a storage device like
a disk.
In unix everything is stored in terms of files.
It could be a program , an executable code, a file, a set of instructions, a
database , a directory or a subdirectory.
A unix file is a tool or an application that defines the structure of the
file and its format.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
12. Unix Filenames
Unix is case sensitive! So a file named my data. Txt is different from
mydata.txt which is again different from mydata.txt.
Unix filenames contain only letters, numbers and
the_(underscore)&.(dot)characters. All other characters should be
avoided. The /(slash) characters is especially important/since it is used
to designate subdirectories.
It is also possible to have additional dots in the filename.
The part of the name that follows the dot is often used to designate the
type of file.
Files that end in.TXT are text files.
Files that end in .C are source code in the ‘C’ language.
Files that end in.HTML files for the web.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
13. But this is just a convention and not a rule enforced by the operating
system . This is a good and sensible convention which you should
follow.
Most UNIX system allow a maximum of 14 characters as the length of a
filename. However it depends on the UNIX variant used.
FILE SYSTEM
The unix file system is organized as a hierarchical tree structure.
The structure of a simple unix file system divided into 4 parts.
1. The Boot block
2. The Super block
3. The Inode block
4. The Data blocks
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
14. 1) The Boot Block
The boot block is located at the beginning of the file system.
It can be accessed with minimal code incorporated in the computer’s
ROM bios.
It contains the initial bootstrap program used to load the os.
2) The Super Block
It contains statistical information to keep track of the entire file
system. Whenever disk manipulation is required, the super block is
accessed.
The Super Block contains the following information:
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
15. 1. Size of the file system: This is the storage size of the device.
2. List of storage blocks: The storage space is divided up into a series of
standard size blocks.
3. Number of free blocks on the file system.
4. A list of free blocks with their location.
5. Index to next free block on the list.
6. A list of free inodes.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
16. 3) The Inode Block
Information about each file in the file system is a special kernel
structure called an inode.
It contains a pointer to the disk blocks containing the data in the file,
information such as type of file, permission bits, the owner and group,
file size, file modification and so on.
The name of each file is listed in the directory the file is associated
with. A directory is special type of containing a list of filenames and
associated inodes.
When a user attempts to access a given file by name, the name is
looked up in the directory. Where the corresponding inode is found.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
17. An inode for a file contains the following information.:
File ownerid : It is the numeric id used in the password file to uniquely
identify a user on the system.
Group id (GID) : This identifies a group that can be granted special
access by the owner.
File type : It indicates whether inode represents a
file,adirectory,aFIFO,character device.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
18. 4) Data Block
It contain the actual data contained in the files.
These blocks follows the inode table and occupy most of the storage
device space.
It allotted to one file cannot be allotted to another file, unless the two
files are linked.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
19. File access permissions
User access: Access by the person who owns the file.
Group access: Access by the members of a specified group.
Other access: The rest of the world, who are not the owner.
Types of Access
Read access : To be able to read the data stored in file.
Write access : To be able to modify the data stored in file.
Execute access : To be able to request that the system attempt to
execute the file.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
20. Introduction to File System and Process Environment.
Unix file system is a logical method of organizing and storing large
amounts of information in a way that makes it easy to manage.
A file is a smallest unit in which the information is stored. Unix file
system has several important features.
All data in Unix is organized into files.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
21. Types of Files
The unix os is built around the concept of the a file system which is
which is used to store all of information. Including the operating sysem
kernel itself.
There are 4 types of files:
1. Ordinary or Regular files
2. Directory files
3. Device files or special files
4. Hidden files
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
22. 1.Regular or ordinary files:
It can contain text, data, or program information, files cannot
contain other files or directories. Instead use the underscore(’_’)
symbol. it is ordinary file.
An ordinary file can be of 2 types.
i. Text file
ii. Binary
I. Text File: A text file contains only printable characters. It contains line
of character, each line terminated by a newline character .
Ex: text files include c and Java program ,shell and perl scripts.
II. Binary File: A binary file contains both printable and unprintable
character(0 to 255 ASCII code).
Ex: binary files include unix command ,object code of c programs
,pictures , sound , and video files. file
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
23. 2. Directory files :
Directories are containers or folders that hold files, and other
directories . Directories can point to other directories which are known
as Sub directories.
The directories generally contains files and other sub directories along
with their link information . normally a directory contains 2 pieace of
information.
i. The file name
ii. A unique identification number.
When a user creates or remove a file ,the kernel updates the
corresponding directory by adding or removing the inode number and
files name associated with the file.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
24. 3. Device files :
To provide applications, with easy access to hardware devices. UNIX
allows them to be used in much the same way as ordinary files. The
video screen of your pc , RAM , disk , input ports and other such
devices are usually accessed through device file.
Two types of device files in unix:
Block-oriented :Block-oriented devices which transfer data in blocks.
EX: Hard disk
Character-oriented: Character oriented devices that transfer data on a
byte –by byte basis( eg. modems , printers and networks).
Hidden files : The filename can begin with a dot character is called
hidden file.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
25. Types of users
1. The owner of file(user)
2. The users who belong to the same group as the file(group)
3. Everyone else(other)
UNIX Directory Structure
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
26. Directories are organised into a hierarchical structure that fan out like
an upside own tree.
The top most directory is known as root and it is written as (/).
The roots contains subdirectory and each of these can contains more
subdirectory and so on.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
27. Directory Contents
/ The root directory
/bin Essential low-level system utilities
/usr/bin Higher-level system utilities and application programs
/sbin Super user system utilities (for performing system
administration tasks )
/lib Program libraries (collections of system calls that can be
included in programs by a compiler)for low level system utilities.
/usr/lib Program libraries for higher level user programs
/tmp Temporary file storage space (can be used by any user)
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
28. Directory Contents
/dev Holds the files /device drivers necessary to operate peripherals
such as terminals , keyboard, printer , hard disk etc
/var Contains files that vary in size , mail
Directories , printer , spool file , logs etc..
/usr/include Contains standard headed files used by c programs
/home User home directories containing personal file space for
each user. each directory is named after the login of the user.
/etc Unix system configuration and information files.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
29. File access methods
Owner:
It is the owner of the file . the owner’s permissions determine what
actions the owner of the File can perform on the file.
Group:
It gives the name of the group . the groups permissions determine what
actions a user, who is a member of the group that a file belongs to , can
perform on the file.
Other:
the rest of the world who are not the owner . the permissions for others
indicate what action all other users can perform on the file.
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
30. File and Directory related commands
1.Ls command : listing files
It is used to display all the files and sub directories in a current directory.
Syntax : ls options filename
Ls options :
-a : list all files including hidden files . Hidden file names start with a dot
character.
A single dot (.) refers to the current directory and a double dot (..) refer
to the parent Directory .
-x : list the content in a row – wise format.
-r : list contents , sorted in reverse alphabetical order.
*t : list all files ending with letter t .
t* : list all file names starting with letter t .
-u : list the contents based on the access time or using time .
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
31. 2.Cat command : it is used to
i. Creating files :
cat command can be used to create small files
syntax :
cat options input file
Example : $cat > fruits
Apple
Banana
Orange
<ctrl d> or (ctrl + d)
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
32. ii. Displaying contents of a file :
cat display only the contents of the file
syntax :
$cat filename
Ex :
$cat > veg
Carrot
Beans
Tomato
< ctrl + d>
$cat fruits veg
Apple
Banana
orange
carrot
Beans
Tomato
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
33. iii. Concatenation of files :
Cat command can concatenate the contents of two or more files and
start
Store then in another file.
Syntax :
$cat test1 test2 > test3
Ex $cat fruits veg > food
$cat food
Apple
Banana
Orange
Carrot
Beans
Tomato
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
34. iv. Append files :
Cat command is to append or add data to the contents of the file
Syntax :
$cat >> filname1
Ex :
$cat fruit1
Grapes
(ctrl + d)
Options
-v : displays non-printable ASCII characters.
-n : numbers the lines in the file .
-s : silent (no error messages).
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
35. 3.Cal command :
Cal command is used to print the calendar of a required month or year
Syntax :
cal { [month] year }
Ex :
$cal 2013 | more
Date and time command :
it displays the current date with time .
syntax :
date options arguments
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
36. options :
d : day of the month.
y : last two digits of the year .
H,M& S : hour ,minutes,seconds.
D : date in mm/dd/yy format .
T :time in hh : mm : ss format .
h :month name.
a :day of week.
Ex :
$date
Sat jan 05 15:35:30 1st 2016
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
37. 4.Who Command:
Who command provides the login details of all current users in 3
columns format.
Syntax :
Who options am i
First column shows login names , second column shows the devices
names of the terminals and third column shows the login date and
time .
Options :
-H :displays headers for the columns .
U :displays more details including idle time ,PID and comments .
PID is the process – ID , which is a unique number identifying a process .
Who am i gives the self login details of a week .
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
38. 5.Printf : print formatted output command .
it is used to write formatted output .
syntax :
print f format arguments
TTY : terminal command
It is used to known the name of the device file .
Syntax :
tty
Ex :
$tty
/dev/pts /1
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
39. 6.Uname : system name command
It is used to know the name and certain features of the system
Syntax :
Uname options
Options
-v :prints the versions of os .
-a :options displays all deatails of the system .
-m :machine details .
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
40. 7.Passwd
It is used to change password in passwd .
Syntax :
$passwd
8.echo :
it is usually used in shell scripts to display messages on the terminal
Syntax :
echo options arguments
Ex :
$echo I am studying in 2 Bca
I am studying in 2 Bca
$echo “ I am studing in 2 Bca “
I am studing in 2 Bca
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
41. 9.Bc : calculator command
there are two types of calculator .
1. Xcalc :it is a graphical object which
is used only on x- window system and is easy to use .
2. bc : it is a text – based command .
it behaves both as base calculator and a small language .
it can perform all arithmetic operations .
Syntax :
bc arguments
Ex :$bc $bc $bc
15+5 sqrt(49)10/3
20 7 3
21 22 23
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
42. 10.Pwd : print working directory command
Pwd in a command that prints the absolute pathname of your current
working directory
Syntax :
Pwd
Ex :
$pwd
/home/rama
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
43. 11.The home directory :
When you log into unix ,your current working directory is your user
home directory.
we can refer to home directory at any times as (tilde)” ~ ” .
so, ~std2/play is another way for user std 1 tp specify an absolute path
to the directory /home/std2/play ,user std2 may refer to the directory as
~ /play .
The home directory can be found using a shell variable called HOME
as shown :
$ echo $HOME
/home/rama
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
44. 12.Pathnames :
It is the notation used to point to the particular file or directory
Pathnames is divided in to two
a) Absolute path
b) Relative path
a) Absolute path :
Absolute path all ways starts from root directory (/) .
Ex :
User /jen /person
b) Relative path :
It points to a file or directory relative to your current working directory .
Ex :
Person /art.html
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
45. 13.Cd-changing the directory
It is used to move from one directory to another.it uses a pathname as its
arguments.
.(single dot)means current
directory.
..(double dot)means the parent
directory.
~(tilde)means your home directory.
A plain cd without pathname brings
you back to your home directory.
Syntax
Cd pathname
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
47. 14.mkdir:making directors
mkdir command is used to create new directories.
Syntax:
mkdir options dir-names
ex:$mkdirranjitha
$cd ranjitha
ranjitha $ pwd
/home/ranjitha
15.rmdir:
It removes one or more directories or subdirectories.
Syntax
rmdir dir-names
ex: $cd
$rmdir ranjitha
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
48. 16. touch :
The ‘$ touch’ command creates a file(not directory) and you can simple
add an extension such as .txt after it to make it a Text File.
$ to
17. cp :
This ‘$ cp ‘ command stands for ‘copy’ and it simply copy/paste the file
wherever you want to.
$ cp
18. mv :
The ‘$ mv’ command stands for ‘move’ and it simply move a file from a
directory to another directory.
$ mv
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
49. 19. rm : The ‘$ rm ‘ command for remove and the ‘-r’ simply recursively
deletes file. Try ‘$ rm filename.txt’ at your terminal
$ rm
20. chmod :
The ‘$ chmod’ command stands for change mode command.As there are
many modes in Unix that can be used to manipulate files in the Unix
environment. Basically there are 3 modes that we can use with the
‘chmod’ command
1. +w (stands for write and it changes file permissions to write)
2. +r (stands for read and it changes file permissions to read)
3. +x (generally it is used to m
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
50. 21. file:
The ‘$ file’ command displays the type of file . As Linux treats everything
as a file so on executing the command file on a directory(Downloads) it
displays directory as the output
$ ls
22. sort :
As the name suggests the ‘$ sort’ sorts the contents of the file according to
the ASCII rules.
$ sort
23. grep :
grep is an acronym for ‘globally search a regular expression and print it’.
The ‘$ grep’ command searches the specified input fully(globally) for a
match with the supplied pattern and displays it.
$ grep
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
51. 24.man :
The ‘$ man’ command stands for ‘manual’ and it can display the in-built
manual for most of the commands that we ever need.
$ man
25. lpr :
The ‘$ lpr’ command send a file to the printer for printing.
$ lpr
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune
52. 26. clear :
The ‘$ clear’ command is used to clean up the terminal so that you can
type with more accuracy
$ clear
27. history :
The ‘$ history’ command is used to get list of previous commands may be
obtained by executing the following command. you can also use
parameters like !n to re-execute the nth command, !! to executes the most
recent command, and !cp this will execute the most recent command that
starts with cp.
$ history
Mrs.Harsha V Patil, MIT ACSC Alandi , Pune