Research methodology.

1. By
Gayathiry

2. Research
 RESEARCH=RE+SEARCH
 “RE” MEANS AGAIN AND AGAIN
 “SEARCH” MEANS TO FIND OUT
SOMETHING
 It include collecting, organizing and
evaluating data.
 The systematic approach concerning
generalization and the formulation of theory is
also research

5. DEFINITION
“ Research is a careful & systematic afford of gaining
new knowledge”.
- Marry and Redman
“A collection of methods and methodologies that
researchers apply systematically to produce
scientifically based knowledge about the social world”.
- Neuman

8. Objectives of Research
 Defining and redefining the problems
 Find out truth which is hidden and which has not been
discovered yet.
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon to achieve new
insight into it.
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
 To test a hypothesis of casual relationship between variable
 To portray accurately the characteristics of particular
individual, situation or a group.
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs
or with which it is associated with something else.
 Making deductions and reading conclusions .
 Testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypotheses

9. Motivation in Research
 Desire to get research degree
 Desire to face challenges in solving
the unsolved problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy doing
some creative work
 Desire to be of service to the society
 Desire to get responsibility

10. Type of
Research
Descripti
ve vs.
Analytical
Applied
vs.
Fundame
ntal
Quantitati
ve vs.
Qualitativ
e
Conceptu
al vs.
Empirical
Some
Other
Types of
Research

11. DESCRIPTIVE & ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
 Surveys and fact finding enquiries of
different kinds .
 Researcher has no control over
the variables; he can only report
what has happened or what is
happening
 Descriptive research is
undertaken to provide answers to
questions of who, what, where,
when, and how – but not why
Subdivisions
Survey Research
The Case Study
Correlational Study Comparative
Study
Example:-A student of Management
pursue research on customer
preference about a product or
service. Frequency of shopping.
 Involves in-depth study and
evaluation of available
information
 The researcher has to use facts
or information already available
and analyze these to make a
critical evaluation of the
material
Subdivisions
Historical Research Philosophical
Research Review Research
synthesis (meta analysis i.e.
analysis of the review already
published)
Example- Research on a
company’s financial performance
over long times.

12. APPLIED VS. FUNDAMENTAL
 Applied Research or Action
Research
 Is carried out to find solution
to a real life problem
requiring an action or policy
decision.
 Finding a solution to an
immediate problem.
Subtypes
Marketing Research
Evaluation Research
Examples : impact directly on
health, wealth, or culture
 Basic / Pure / Fundamental
Research
 Concerned with
generalizations and with the
formulations of a theory
 It is undertaken out of
intellectual curiosity and is
not necessarily problem
oriented
Example : relating to natural
phenomenon or relating to
pure mathematics

13. • Based on measurement of
quantity or amount
• Weighing,
measuring,statistical and
mathematical are examples
of quantitative research
Quantitative
• Phenomena relating to
quality or kind .
• Character, personality and
mankind
Qualitative
QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE

14. Conceptual Research
• Related to some abstract idea(s) or theory.
• In generally used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or to
reinterpret existing ones.
Empirical Research
• Data based research which depends on
experience or observation alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.
CONCEPTUAL & EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

15. SOME OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Research confined to a single time
period
• E.g. Population Censes
One-time
Research
• Research carried on over several time periods.
• It repeatedly draw sample units of a population over
time.
• • One method is to draw different units from the
same sampling frame.
• • A second method is to use a “panel” where the
same people are asked to respond periodically
• e.g. Trend studies, Panel studies
Longitudinal
Research
• Such research follow case-study methods or in
depth approaches to reach the basic causal
relationst.
• E.g. Researches done by doctors on a crucial
disease
Diagnostic
Research /
clinical research

16. A researcher is
free to pick up
a problem,
redesign the
enquiry as he
proceeds and
is prepared to
conceptualize
as he wishes
Conclusion
Oriented Research is
always for the
need of a decision
maker and the
researcher in this
case is not free to
embark upon
research
according to his
own inclination.
E.g Operations
research is an
example of
decision oriented
research since it is
a scientific method
of providing
Decision-
oriented
research

17. Historical
Research
• Utilizes historical sources like
documents, remains, etc. to study
events or ideas of the past, including
the philosophy of persons and
groups at any remote point of time
Exploratory
Research /
Formulative
Research
• It is the preliminary study of an
unfamiliar problem, about which the
researcher has little or no knowledge.
Any research starts with an
exploratory research that's a basic
step.
Field-setting
research
/laboratory
research
/simulation
research
• Depending upon the environment in
which it is to be carried out.
• E.g gathering the data

18. Research approaches •
Three types of research approaches are
 Quantitative approach.
 Qualitative approach.
 Mixed methods approach
Quantitative
approach
• in terms of using numbers
• closed-ended questions
• testing objective theories by examining the relationship among
variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typically
on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using
statistical procedures.
• The final written report has a set structure consisting of
introduction, literature and theory, methods, results, and
discussion.
• This approach can be further sub- classified into
• inferential,(guess) - same characteristics
• experimental - effect on other variables and
• simulation approaches - construction of an artificial
environment within which relevant information.

19. Qualitative
Research
• in terms of using words
• open-ended questions
• approach for exploring and understanding the
meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or
human problem.
• The process of research involves emerging
questions and procedures, data typically collected
in the participant’s setting, data analysis inductively
building from particulars to general themes, and the
researcher making interpretations of the meaning of
the data.
• The final written report has a flexible structure.
• Those who engage in this form of
inquiry support a way of looking at
research that honors an inductive
style, a focus on individual meaning,
and the importance of rendering the
complexity of a situation

21. Mixed methods research
It an approach to inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and
qualitative data, integrating the two forms of data, and using distinct designs that
may involve philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks.
The core assumption of this form of inquiry is that the combination of
qualitative and quantitative approaches provides a more complete understanding
of a research problem than either approach alone..

23.  “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence,
for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention”
-Hudson Maxim
 Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the
development of logical habits of thinking and organization.
 Research plays a dynamic role in several fields and it has increased
significantly in recent times, it can be related to small businesses and also
to the economy as a whole.
 Most of the Government Regulations and Policies are based on and are a
result of intensive research.
 Its significance lies in solving various planning and operational problems.
 It aids in decision making.
 It involves the study of cause and effect relationships between various
variables and helps to identify behaviour/patterns/trends in certain
variables.
Significance of Research