The document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry, describing the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. Upstream involves exploration and production of oil and gas. Midstream involves transportation and storage. Downstream involves further processing of oil and gas into end products or raw materials. The document uses Chevron as an example of an integrated oil and gas company that operates across all three sectors of the industry.
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Introduction to oil and gas exploration and processingJohn Kingsley
This is a comprehensive presentation designed to give an overview and to introduce oil & gas operations.
Following are the contents of the presentation :
a) How Oil & Gas were formed ?
b) How are Oil and Gas deposits located ?
c) Economics of Exploration operations.
d) Definition of Oil Reserves.
e) Drilling & Production Process - How are they safely and efficiently extracted for onward processing without creating detrimental environmental impacts ?
f) History of “Off-shore Oil & Gas Exploration”.
g) Different types of “Off-shore Production facilities”.
h) Characteristics of Crude oil.
i) Oil & Gas Industry – Overall Block diagram.
j) Separation of Oil, Gas and Water.
k) Gas treatment and Export.
l) Oil treatment and Export.
m) Water treatment and disposal.
n) Pipeline transportation basics.
Know more about iFluids Engineering --> visit www.iFluids.com
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Introduction to oil and gas exploration and processingJohn Kingsley
This is a comprehensive presentation designed to give an overview and to introduce oil & gas operations.
Following are the contents of the presentation :
a) How Oil & Gas were formed ?
b) How are Oil and Gas deposits located ?
c) Economics of Exploration operations.
d) Definition of Oil Reserves.
e) Drilling & Production Process - How are they safely and efficiently extracted for onward processing without creating detrimental environmental impacts ?
f) History of “Off-shore Oil & Gas Exploration”.
g) Different types of “Off-shore Production facilities”.
h) Characteristics of Crude oil.
i) Oil & Gas Industry – Overall Block diagram.
j) Separation of Oil, Gas and Water.
k) Gas treatment and Export.
l) Oil treatment and Export.
m) Water treatment and disposal.
n) Pipeline transportation basics.
Know more about iFluids Engineering --> visit www.iFluids.com
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Production
Today we’re going to talk about the production function of Upstream. If you missed the previous podcasts on Upstream Fundamentals, Exploration and Drilling, be sure to go check those out. We’ll put the relevant links in the program notes.
The Production and Offshore Construction Module provides a high level overview of production operations. It introduces the offshore contractors and production service providers that assist E&P companies in efficiently producing oil and gas.
We’ll also cover well completions and key measures and drivers that influence production business operations.
We’ll also give some historical perspective on this part of upstream oil and gas operations.
Production
Once oil or gas is found with a wildcat or discovery well, the next step in adding value to reserves is to get the reservoir fluids brought to the surface, or “produce” them. After all, upstream is also called E&P!
Introduction to Project Economics in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Upstream) Industry, including basic project economics method and example of calculation.
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
WHY IS A RESERVES DEFINITION NEEDED?;
Classification Framework; Proven Reserves; Unproven reserves; Resources; RESERVES UNCERTAINTY CATEGORIES; PROJECT MATURITY SUB-CLASSES; PETROLEUM RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROJECT STAGESOIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION STAGES; OIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION; PROJECT EVALUATION ; PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (POSG)
A brief summary of Oil and Gas Upstream. PPT includes basic Chemistry, Basic Geology, Oil formation, Migration of Petroleum, Reservoir, porosity, permeability, Geological structures for petroleum entrapment, Exploration methods, Geological methods, Geophysical methods, geophysical methods, seismic methods, seismic methods, gravity methods, magnetic methods, well drilling, preparation to drill, setting the rig, drilling, enhanced oil recovery, EOR, primary oil recovery, secondary oil recovery, thermal recovery, gas injection and chemical injection
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - MidstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Midstream
What is Midstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Midstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Midstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
Midstream Business Characteristics
Midstream Participants
Processing – The Next Step in Adding Value
Transportation
Storage
Midstream - As its name implies, the midstream segment encompasses facilities and processes that sit between the upstream and downstream segments. Activities can include processing, storage and transportation of crude oil and natural gas.
In most cases, oil and gas reserves are not located in the same geographic location as refining assets and major consumption regions.
Transportation is a big part of midstream activities and can include using pipelines, trucking fleets, tanker ships, and rail cars.
The midstream segment is separated from upstream and downstream in most oil companies because it is considered a low risk, regulated type of business. It does not fit the risk profile or asset complexity of the other segments of the oil and gas industry.
Success in the midstream segment depends on many external forces including:
-Upstream operations continuous delivery of reserves
-Refinery margins that encourage refined product production
-Health of the downstream, natural gas, and petrochemical industry markets.
-Natural gas price levels that impact the attractiveness of NGL’s as feedstock
-Political sentiment for pipeline expansion and “not in my backyard” hurdles
While the midstream gathering and processing sector is relatively free of commercial regulation, the movement of gas by interstate pipelines and subsequent state level distribution activities are highly regulated in the US by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
Difference Between Upstream & Midstream & Downstream Activities in Oil and Ga...Student
The Upstream activities sector include the searching and extraction of underground crude oil and natural gas , drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
In the petroleum industry, locating underground or underwater oil reserves characterizes the upstream process. Additionally, the upstream process in this industry involves bringing oil and gas to the surface. Extraction wells represent an example of a structure operating in this stage in the process. The upstream stage in the production process may also manifest itself as a supplier providing raw materials to manufacturers or other businesses that ultimately process the materials.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Production
Today we’re going to talk about the production function of Upstream. If you missed the previous podcasts on Upstream Fundamentals, Exploration and Drilling, be sure to go check those out. We’ll put the relevant links in the program notes.
The Production and Offshore Construction Module provides a high level overview of production operations. It introduces the offshore contractors and production service providers that assist E&P companies in efficiently producing oil and gas.
We’ll also cover well completions and key measures and drivers that influence production business operations.
We’ll also give some historical perspective on this part of upstream oil and gas operations.
Production
Once oil or gas is found with a wildcat or discovery well, the next step in adding value to reserves is to get the reservoir fluids brought to the surface, or “produce” them. After all, upstream is also called E&P!
Introduction to Project Economics in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Upstream) Industry, including basic project economics method and example of calculation.
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
WHY IS A RESERVES DEFINITION NEEDED?;
Classification Framework; Proven Reserves; Unproven reserves; Resources; RESERVES UNCERTAINTY CATEGORIES; PROJECT MATURITY SUB-CLASSES; PETROLEUM RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROJECT STAGESOIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION STAGES; OIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION; PROJECT EVALUATION ; PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (POSG)
A brief summary of Oil and Gas Upstream. PPT includes basic Chemistry, Basic Geology, Oil formation, Migration of Petroleum, Reservoir, porosity, permeability, Geological structures for petroleum entrapment, Exploration methods, Geological methods, Geophysical methods, geophysical methods, seismic methods, seismic methods, gravity methods, magnetic methods, well drilling, preparation to drill, setting the rig, drilling, enhanced oil recovery, EOR, primary oil recovery, secondary oil recovery, thermal recovery, gas injection and chemical injection
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - MidstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Midstream
What is Midstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Midstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Midstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
Midstream Business Characteristics
Midstream Participants
Processing – The Next Step in Adding Value
Transportation
Storage
Midstream - As its name implies, the midstream segment encompasses facilities and processes that sit between the upstream and downstream segments. Activities can include processing, storage and transportation of crude oil and natural gas.
In most cases, oil and gas reserves are not located in the same geographic location as refining assets and major consumption regions.
Transportation is a big part of midstream activities and can include using pipelines, trucking fleets, tanker ships, and rail cars.
The midstream segment is separated from upstream and downstream in most oil companies because it is considered a low risk, regulated type of business. It does not fit the risk profile or asset complexity of the other segments of the oil and gas industry.
Success in the midstream segment depends on many external forces including:
-Upstream operations continuous delivery of reserves
-Refinery margins that encourage refined product production
-Health of the downstream, natural gas, and petrochemical industry markets.
-Natural gas price levels that impact the attractiveness of NGL’s as feedstock
-Political sentiment for pipeline expansion and “not in my backyard” hurdles
While the midstream gathering and processing sector is relatively free of commercial regulation, the movement of gas by interstate pipelines and subsequent state level distribution activities are highly regulated in the US by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
Difference Between Upstream & Midstream & Downstream Activities in Oil and Ga...Student
The Upstream activities sector include the searching and extraction of underground crude oil and natural gas , drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
In the petroleum industry, locating underground or underwater oil reserves characterizes the upstream process. Additionally, the upstream process in this industry involves bringing oil and gas to the surface. Extraction wells represent an example of a structure operating in this stage in the process. The upstream stage in the production process may also manifest itself as a supplier providing raw materials to manufacturers or other businesses that ultimately process the materials.
Marco Sully Perez said Oil and gas workers face unique health and safety challenges and are recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector under the National Workplace Research Initiative (NORA) to identify and develop intervention strategies in the labor sector Protect. health and safety issues. In 2011, the oil and gas and ancillary industries employed more than 450,000 people (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages). Therefore, oil well drilling and field maintenance are two different types of business activities in the oil and gas industry.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Critical analysis of Hydraulic stimulation of geothermal reservoirs: fluid fl...Umer Bhatti
Critical analysis of Hydraulic stimulation, geothermal reservoirs, fluid flow, electric potential and microseismicity, the Soultz-Sous-Forets Hot Dry Rock Site
water contamination, affects of arsenic on human health, reactivity of arsenic, sources of arsenic, natural and human induced sources of arsenic, arsenic bearing minerals, rocks containing arsenic, health affects of arsenic, redox and oxidation of arsenic
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
2. Oil & Gas in Our Life
Transportation Fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet/aviation fuel, marine fuel oil, natural gas vehicle, high
speed diesel)
Power Plant Fuel (natural gas, compressed natural gas/CNG, diesel fuel)
Household Fuel (heating oil, liquefied petroleum gas/LPG, kerosene)
Petrochemical Products (plastic, fertilizer, synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber, insecticides,
pharmaceuticals, detergent, paints, solvent, industrial chemical, industrial gas, etc.)
Asphalt and bitumen.
3.
4. Oil & Gas Industry Sector
Upstream Midstream Downstream
Finding, lifting, and
processing oil & gas
from subsurface into
surface and ready for
transportation. Also
known as Exploration
and Production (E&P).
Transportation and
storage of crude oil
and natural gas from
E&P plant for further
processing by
pipeline, railway, road,
or tanker.
Further processing of
crude oil and natural
gas into useful final
product or raw
material for other
industry. Also known
as Refining &
Marketing (R&M) Oil
& Gas Industry Sector.
5. Oil & Gas Industry Sector
Upstream Midstream Downstream
6.
7. Upstream Oil & Gas Life Cycle
• Activities to offer the right to manage an area
(block) which is expected to contain oil & gas.
Licensing
(contract signing)
• Activities to search for oil & gas deposits on the
reservoir beneath the earth surface within block’s
boundary.
Exploration
(discovery)
8. Upstream Oil & Gas Life Cycle
• Activities to define the oil & gas volume and
characteristic more precisely after discovery.
Appraisal
(project sanction)
• Activities to build the subsurface & surface
to produce oil & gas safely & efficiently.
Development (first oil
and gas)
9. Upstream Oil & Gas Life Cycle
• Activities to extract, process, and export oil & gas
as per contract agreement.
Production
(end of production)
• Activities to plug wells permanently, remove
surface facilities, and restore the block as per
state.
Abandonment
(contract expiry)
10. Licensing Round
Government has the area (including oil & gas beneath the surface) but no resource (money, man
power, technology), while Oil Company have the resource, but not the area.
Government, via host authority (government regulatory body or national oil company) will offer
certain area known as “block” to oil companies in an activity called “Licensing Round.”
Government will offer raw data & petroleum agreement to attract oil companies to invest for
exploration & production (E&P) activities.
Oil companies will compete each other in a bidding / tender stage to obtain the right for E&P in
a certain block. The winner will be granted the right (contract) to manage E&P activities in a
certain period and get compensation based on the agreement.
In this stage, government need to attract investment by offering “interesting package” while keep
protecting the national interest.
11. Exploration & Appraisal
Exploration Appraisal
• Activities to find oil & gas prospect
beneath the earth surface by means
of gravity survey, magnetic survey,
and seismic reflection survey.
• Once prospect is likely to be found,
exploration (wildcat) drilling will be
conducted to determine the presence
of oil & gas reserve.
• Most wildcat drilling fail to find oil &
gas (dry hole), only few (less than
25%) hits oil & gas layer (discovery).
• After discovery, more drilling is
required to “appraise” the reservoir.
• It is required to determine the
reservoir size which define the volume
& to get better characteristic of oil &
gas.
• Volume will be measured in million
barrels oil and billion cubic feet gas,
both original in place volume &
recoverable volume.
• Important characteristic includes
pressure, temperature, oil viscosity,
hydrocarbon composition,
compartmentalization, and
contaminants.
12. 1. Seismic 2. Seismic 2D Imaging
4. Drilling 3. Further Modeling
Seismic and Drilling
13. Field Development Plan (FDP)
Once the estimated recoverable value is determined, the Company will prepare a plan to
monetize the reserve, called Field Development Plan / Plan of Development (PoD).
FDP shall contain at least:
Subsurface characteristic (OIIP, GIIP, contaminants, etc)
Recoverable reserve in P90-P50-P10
Production Rate & Field Life Production Facilities (number & type of wells, surface facilities type)
Project Plan (including Cost, Schedule, Quality)
Project Economics
Other aspects like Risk, Health Safety Environment (HSE)
14. Field Development Plan (FDP)
FDP shall be approved by the host authority. Once approved, the Company will conduct a tender
for facilities development.
In the same time, Company will secure the hydrocarbon sales, especially gas, known as Gas Sales
Agreement (GSA). While for oil, it will be absorbed by the market as per oil price trend.
Once the GSA secured and cost of development known from proposed tender price, the
Company will further calculate the project economic. If it meet the criteria, the Company will
sanction (commit to invest money) the project, known as Final Investment Decision (FID).
15. Production Facilities
A set of equipment to extract (lift) oil & gas from
subsurface to surface, process, & export it to
customer as per requirement specified in the
contract.
Based on the location, it consists of subsurface
(wells) & surface facilities.
Optimum facilities size will depend on reservoir size
& contract duration which will define the optimum
production rate FPSO Oil tanker Offshore Surface
Facilities Wells Reservoir.
16. Drilling & Completion (Wells)
A well is created by drilling a hole into the earth by using a drilling
rig that rotates a drill bit.
Once drilled, a steel pipe called casing is placed in the hole &
secured with cement. This process is continued by using smaller
drill bit & casing until reach the reservoir target.
After reaching the target, well must be “completed”. The process to
prepare the well to produce oil & gas is called “completion”.
Completion is designed to allow oil & gas to flow but to block
unwanted material like sand.
17. Surface Production Facilities
Surface Facilities consist of wellhead, processing, and exporting facilities.
Wellhead is the top part of the wells which is used to control the flow,
protect from excessive pressure, and interface between surface and
reservoir.
Main processing function is to separate the mixture of oil, gas, water,
and other contaminants (i.e. CO2, H2S) and to condition the crude oil
and natural gas as per required sales specification.
Once crude oil processed, it will be exported through pipeline, oil tanker,
truck, or railway.
For natural gas, it can only be exported by pipeline. If the volume is too
big or the distance is too far, gas has to be liquefied and exported in
liquid phase by LNG tanker.
Based on the location, it can be placed on land (onshore) or sea
(offshore).
18. Offshore Facilities
Based on the substructure (the structure which supports the
equipment above called topside), offshore facilities is divided
into:
Bottom Supported & Vertically Moored
Floating & Subsea
19. Oil & Gas Processing Facilities
Oil-gas-water mixture is separated in
separator.
Oil will be stabilized by removing
more gas, then pumped to pipeline
or FPSO.
Gas will be treated to remove more
liquid, then compressed to pipeline.
Water will be treated before
disposed overboard / re- injected
into reservoir.
21. Production Period
Typical production phase start with ramp up period (increase production rate up to peak,
normally less than a year), then plateau (maintain peak for several years, for oil production
normally less than 5 years while for gas production between 5 to 10 years), then declining until
reach economic limit (timing when operating cost is higher than production revenue) or end of
contractual period.
Plateau & decline phase can be extended by applying secondary recovery (i.e. gas injection &
water injection) and tertiary recovery (i.e. chemical injection & steam injection), however cost to
benefit ratio must be carefully calculated since secondary/tertiary recovery is more expensive
than primary recovery. Time Plateau phase Primary recovery Secondary recovery Tertiary
recovery Plateau.
22. Abandonment
The last phase in upstream life cycle is
abandonment.
The activities comprises well plug &
abandonment (P&A) and surface facilities
removal.
Well must be permanently closed and sealed,
so no more hydrocarbon can escape to the
surface.
Surface facilities must be removed until few
meter below seabed, or left on the seabed as
an artificial reef after free hydrocarbon
condition reached.
Site must be restore to as close as its original
condition. Special vessel to remove offshore
platform.
23.
24. Oil Transportation - Onshore
Since most of the oil & gas field is located far from the
civilization, it is crucial to deliver the crude oil & natural gas to
increase its value.
Initially, produced oil is stored inside wooden barrel which then
delivered by using horse carriage. It is the beginning of using
“barrel” as oil volume measurement unit.
After invention of gasoline & diesel engine, horse carriage is
replaced by truck & train.
Once the volume getting bigger and the distance getting further,
barrel method become uneconomic and pipeline was
introduced.
25. Oil Transportation - Offshore
Normally, offshore pipeline laid on the seabed used to
convey oil from offshore platform to onshore facility.
However, if the distance is too far or the volume is too
low, transporting liquid via pipeline can be technically
and economically challenging.
In this case, oil will be stored offshore (by using FPSO,
FSO, or subsea storage) and then transported by using
oil tanker. Floating Production Storage Offloading Oil
Tanker Subsea Storage
26. Gas Transportation
Initially, gas is considered by-product which is only disposed by burning
or commonly known as flaring.
Only after gas can be monetized / sold (petrochemical plant, power
plant), gas transportation is required.
Since natural gas cannot be stored easily like liquid, produced gas has
to be delivered soon after processed by using pipeline, either onshore
or offshore.
However, if the distance is too far and the volume is too big, pipeline
become un-economical.
In this case, gas has to be transformed into liquid phase by condensing
it up to -162o C in atmospheric temperature to reduce its volume by
600 times, which is known as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).
LNG can be transported in a specially designed cryogenic (very cool)
tank attached to vessel (known as LNG tanker) or truck.
27.
28. Downstream Industry
A portion of the industry that is responsible for the refining, distributing, and retail of petroleum
products, sometimes also called Refining & Marketing (R&M).
Refining means process the raw materials (crude oil & natural gas) into higher value product,
either final product (ready to consume like LPG for home cooking) or intermediate product (raw
material for further processing like ammonia for fertilizer).
Downstream plants include oil refineries and petrochemical plants.
29. Oil Refinery
Crude oils are not uniform, but rather are mixtures of thousands of different compounds called
hydrocarbons. Each component of each compound has its own size, weight and boiling
temperature.
Crude oils have low value if not processed/refined.
Petroleum refining is a physical and chemical process to transform crude oils into useful products.
First, crude oils are washed in a desalter and then heated.
Next, they enter the crude fractioner (tall vertical column) which separate the oil components
based on each component’s boiling point without chemical reaction.
From crude fractioner, crude components are further processed, sometimes involving chemical
reaction, to create higher value products.
32. Marketing
Downstream consumers includes commercial and retail consumers.
Commercial consumers includes petrochemical & industrial manufacturers, utilities (especially
power plant), transportation fleets (airlines, trucks, vessels), and municipalities.
Downstream industry may also only involve in distribution and sales of petroleum product, either
to commercial or retail consumer, without having any plant.
Downstream product pricing, especially mass product like gasoline, highly depends on oil price.
However, specialized product like racing lubricant is less sensitive to oil price.
33. Oil & Gas Industry Sector Boundary
Actually, the boundary between upstream, midstream, and downstream is sometimes not clear /
gray area.
Pipeline from upstream industry to downstream industry may be owned by upstream company
or independent midstream company.
LNG industry is normally considered midstream or downstream industry, however with FLNG
revolution, it is now part of upstream sector.
Due to large investment & complex requirement, normally a company only involve in one sector
only, however some very large companies involve in upstream- midstream-downstream sector,
known as integrated oil & gas companies, i.e. Shell, ExxonMobil, and Petronas.
34.
35. CHEVRON
Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation.
A big conglomerate in oil and gas sector
It consists of all 3 sectors
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
36. Upstream
Exploration operations all across the globe
Focus areas are the deep-water U.S. Gulf of Mexico, offshore Western Australia, West
Africa, and shale and tight resource plays in the United States, Canada and Argentina
portfolio spans across all forms of energy
Heavy oil
Deep water
Natural Gas
LNG
Shale/Tight resources
37. Midstream
Chevron Pipe Line Company and Chevron Shipping Company manage safe, reliable,
flexible and efficient systems
Chevron Pipe Line Company transports crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids,
carbon dioxide, petrochemicals and refined products through a series of pipelines and
storage facilities that it owns and operates
Chevron Shipping Company manages a fleet of vessels to transport crude oil, liquefied
natural gas and our refined products worldwide.
Chevron’s fleet travels approximately 1.4 million miles every year. That’s the equivalent of
56 trips around the world.
38. Downstream
Refining system manufactures fuels and other products sold by marketing, lubricants,
and supply and trading organizations under the Chevron, Texaco and Caltex brands.
Chevron Supply and Trading (S&T) provides a critical link between the market and
Chevron’s upstream, downstream and chemicals companies
GSAT markets and manages transportation for Chevron’s equity natural gas production
and manages all LPG/NGL trading activities.
Product Supply and Trading manages global supply, trading and logistics for a wide
range of products
39. Other Operations
Chemicals and Additives
Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, a joint venture produces different additives for fuel,
lubricants, consumers and industrial products
Oronite products combine innovative technology and the latest research to help maximize the
reliability, efficiency and life of engines
Power
Chevron Power and Energy Management Company manages Chevron’s interest in gas-fired and
renewable power generation assets and provides comprehensive commercial, engineering and
operational support services to improve the power reliability and energy efficiency