This document provides an overview of the global oil and gas industry and markets. It discusses the history and evolution of the oil industry, current global energy usage and demand trends, key oil and gas producing regions and companies, oil and gas markets and pricing, the process for developing new oil and gas fields, and India's energy landscape and challenges. It aims to serve as an introductory guide to understanding the international oil and gas sector.
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Refining
This refining overview includes segments on: Why we refine crude oil, a basic summary of the refining distillation process, and some historical perspective on the evolution of refining.
The complete Refining Module includes lessons on crude oil and products, refinery processes, key business drivers that impact refining profitability, and more.
Why Do We Refine Crude Oil?
Crude oil cannot be used as it occurs in nature, other than burning for fuel, which is wasteful, It must be refined to manufacture finished products such as gasoline and heating oil.
In the refinery, crude oil components can first be split by carefully applying heat to capture various parts, called fractions, within certain boiling ranges. This is called distillation. The quality of these initial fractions produced is not sufficient to be sold directly as petroleum products without further treatment.
Moreover, the yield of products from straight distillation of crude oil is not the same as the “demand barrel” needed for the marketplace. Crude oil must therefore be further processed using both heat and pressure to improve qualities and meet market demand.
A large part of refinery processing is concerned with converting unwanted heavy fuel oil into marketable gasoline and diesel, using various processing methods.
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; GROWTH FACTORS FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors, Oil Demand, Motorization in Asian Countries, Upstream Costs Increase, Principal CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET, US Shale Oil Production, US shale oil production potential for well drilling, Other constraints, Deepwater Production, Iraqi production growth prospects, GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT] Arne Pohlman
If you are not too familiar with traded commodities, odds are that crude oil is one you know a little about. Oil, the magical elixir that much of our lives run on, even if we are not aware of it, is being consumed at a higher rate globally every year. But did you know that there are different kinds of crude oil? If you did, you may have heard of Brent and WTI Crude Oil. Do you know what the difference is between Brent and WTI Crude oil? Did you know there was a difference between the crude oils extracted around the world? If you didn’t, you’re not alone – most people likely don’t know the difference between the two. If you are curious as to what sets various crude oils apart, especially Brent and WTI, this blog post will shed some light on the differences as well as explain a bit about the Crude Oil futures markets and what role Brent and WTI play in the global oil commodity trade. But, before getting into the specifics of Brent and WTI, it might be helpful to first go through what quality metrics differentiate crude oils from one another.
Download a FREE sample of
Commodities FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast
http://www.focus-economics.com/commodities2016
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Refining
This refining overview includes segments on: Why we refine crude oil, a basic summary of the refining distillation process, and some historical perspective on the evolution of refining.
The complete Refining Module includes lessons on crude oil and products, refinery processes, key business drivers that impact refining profitability, and more.
Why Do We Refine Crude Oil?
Crude oil cannot be used as it occurs in nature, other than burning for fuel, which is wasteful, It must be refined to manufacture finished products such as gasoline and heating oil.
In the refinery, crude oil components can first be split by carefully applying heat to capture various parts, called fractions, within certain boiling ranges. This is called distillation. The quality of these initial fractions produced is not sufficient to be sold directly as petroleum products without further treatment.
Moreover, the yield of products from straight distillation of crude oil is not the same as the “demand barrel” needed for the marketplace. Crude oil must therefore be further processed using both heat and pressure to improve qualities and meet market demand.
A large part of refinery processing is concerned with converting unwanted heavy fuel oil into marketable gasoline and diesel, using various processing methods.
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; GROWTH FACTORS FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors, Oil Demand, Motorization in Asian Countries, Upstream Costs Increase, Principal CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET, US Shale Oil Production, US shale oil production potential for well drilling, Other constraints, Deepwater Production, Iraqi production growth prospects, GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT] Arne Pohlman
If you are not too familiar with traded commodities, odds are that crude oil is one you know a little about. Oil, the magical elixir that much of our lives run on, even if we are not aware of it, is being consumed at a higher rate globally every year. But did you know that there are different kinds of crude oil? If you did, you may have heard of Brent and WTI Crude Oil. Do you know what the difference is between Brent and WTI Crude oil? Did you know there was a difference between the crude oils extracted around the world? If you didn’t, you’re not alone – most people likely don’t know the difference between the two. If you are curious as to what sets various crude oils apart, especially Brent and WTI, this blog post will shed some light on the differences as well as explain a bit about the Crude Oil futures markets and what role Brent and WTI play in the global oil commodity trade. But, before getting into the specifics of Brent and WTI, it might be helpful to first go through what quality metrics differentiate crude oils from one another.
Download a FREE sample of
Commodities FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast
http://www.focus-economics.com/commodities2016
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Energy power shift 04 2015 rallis vasilis Vasilis Rallis
Webinar, Manchester Business School, MBA Energy and Industry Club
A general outlook on the energy industry and changes shaping the future. The presentation describes the shifting trends in Oil, Gas, Power (Electricity and RES), Climate Change and emerging business models
Impact of Oil Prices on the Economic Growth of PakistanMuhammad Sharjeel
We gathered data from different resources and then finalize our presentation. The intention to upload this file is to help those guys who need some guidelines for preparing presentation. :)
13 Energy Efficiency Initiatives for Saudi Arabia on Su.docxdurantheseldine
13
Energy Efficiency Initiatives for Saudi Arabia
on Supply and Demand Sides
Y. Alyousef1* and M. Abu-ebid2
1Energy Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City
for Science and Technology, Riyadh,
2AEA Technology plc, Didcot,
1Saudi Arabia
2United Kingdom
1. Introduction
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is blessed with an abundance of energy resources. It
has the world’s largest proven oil reserves, the world’s fourth largest proven gas reserves,
has abundant wind and solar renewable energy resources, and is the world’s 20th largest
producer and consumer of electricity. Saudi Arabia makes negligible use of its renewable
energy resources and almost all its electricity is produced from the combustion of fossil
fuels. Despite attempts to diversify the economy, the oil and gas industry still accounts for
approximately 75% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings.
Exploitation of the natural resources has allowed the Saudi government to keep energy
prices low through a system of direct and indirect subsidies. The nation has benefited
greatly from these policies, but together with increased prosperity and sophistication, a
culture of wasteful energy usage has become established.
KSA is experienced rapid economic growth over recent years. Since 2000, the energy
consumption per capita has increased by more than 30%. This increase in primary energy
consumption has occurred during a period of declining oil exports. In 2008, the total
primary energy consumption has approximately reached 800 million barrels of oil
equivalent (BOE), of which more than 60% was oil. The consumption of primary energy
within the Kingdom is expected to double in 2030 leading to diminishing oil exports based
on current trends (Ministry of Water and Electricity, 2009).
There is widespread recognition within KSA that with growing internal demand for
primary energy there will be a declining proportion of oil for export. Consequently, the
national government has identified energy efficiency as a key national priority, reflecting the
rapid increase in domestic consumption of petroleum products, related GHG emissions and
the associated opportunity cost of lost export revenues. There is also a strategic national
push to develop an energy efficiency and renewable technology R&D and manufacturing
base in an attempt to diversify the economy away from fossil fuels.
*Corresponding Author
www.intechopen.com
Energy Efficiency – A Bridge to Low Carbon Economy
280
2. Fossil fuel production and consumption
2.1 Oil production and consumption
Saudi Arabia is the largest producer and net exporter of oil in the world with more than 10
million barrels/day produced in 2007. The state-owned oil company, Saudi Aramco, is the
world’s largest oil company. The country has around 100 major oil and gas fields and more
than 1500 wells. Recently, the Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of .
India is the world’s fourth-largest energy consumer in the world; oil and gas account for 37.3 per cent of total energy consumption. Buoyant economic growth is the main factor driving the country’s energy requirements.
India has 5.6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, with an average oil production of 0.8 million barrels per day (MPBD). Oil consumption is estimated to expand at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.4 per cent during FY2008-16 to 4 MPBD by 2016. India has 1,330 billion cubic meters (BCM) of gas reserves and produced 47.6 BCM of gas in 2012.
The Government of India has enacted various policies, such as the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) and Coal Bed Methane (CBM) policy, to encourage investments across the industry's value chain. 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) is allowed in the exploration and production (E&P) projects/ companies; and 49 per cent is allowed in refining.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports have increased significantly; offering huge opportunities for LNG terminal operation, engineering, procurement and construction services.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
1. THE OIL & GAS WORLD
A GLOBAL INDUSTRY &
MARKET OVERVIEW
Aalok Patwardhan
2. Contents
Black Gold – A brief history & evolution
Global Energy scenario
Oil Industry Scenario
Oil & Gas Markets
Setting up a new Oil &/or Gas field
India Highlights – Energy Scenario
Challenges & Opportunities
Learning tools
Unit Guide
3. Oil is Energy, Energy is
Wealth & Wealth is
everything!
Oil is Energy, Energy is Life &
Life most definitely is
everything!
4. ‘Black Gold’
A brief history and key events in its evolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyQhJEi8fh
U
5. Key events in recent history
1951 to 1959 Nationalisation of the Iranian oil industry & OPEC
formation
1973 First oil price shock - Arab boycott of oil supplies to USA
because of Arab Israeli war; price rises from US$ 2.50 to US$ 10 per
bbl
1973 to 79 Nationalisation of the Iraqi, Kuwaiti & Saudi Arabian oil
industries
1979 Second oil price shock - Iranian revolution; price rises from
US$ 12 to US$ 30 per bbl
1991 Third oil shock - Gulf War (Kuwait); price rises from US$ 15 to
US$ 35
1999 Agreement between Saudi Arabia, Mexico and Venezuela
2003 Iraqi war; price rises from US$ 30 to US$ 70
2006 Oil Price crosses US $ 100
2008 Oil Price peaks at US $ 147
6. Global Energy Scenario
How much is consumed?
Where is it consumed?
Demand – Increasing thirst for energy
http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/
energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/
2013-in-review.html
16. Global Oil Reserves
Gross global (proven) reserves stand at
approximately 1.7 trillion barrels*
* - excluding Shale Oil estimates
17. OPEC – What is it?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Mission:
to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries
and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an
efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a
steady income to producers and a fair return on capital for those
investing in the petroleum industry.
Key Facts:
is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the
Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Comprising of 12 Member Countries with
HQ in Vienna, Austria
80% of world production of the world's proved oil reserves are located
in OPEC Member Countries, with the bulk in the Middle East
OPEC's oil reserves currently stand at well above 1,190 billion barrels
(1.2 trillion barrels).
28. The big players in Oil & Gas
The top 10
global players
control almost
60% of the
total daily oil
supply
29. Highlights
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p74Dgpr1EB0
Brent crude oil spot prices averaged $87/bbl in
October. Since July 2014, Prices have dropped by
over 25%
The global oil supply forecast for 2015 is 92.9 mbpd.
Saudi Arabia's production is still projected to decline
in 2015 below its current level of 9.5 million bbl/d to
avoid further downward pressure on oil prices.
Global oil prices are expected to hold at <$100/bbl in
the short term. However in the long term, demand
pressures and supply challenges will lead to a price
increase to over $120/bbl.
30. What happens when
a source of Oil & Gas
is discovered? How
is it set up?
31. Business Model – Process
The Operator finds a place to drill a well (Prospecting conducted by specialists)
Somehow the Operator finds a spot he thinks is likely to produce oil or gas.
The Operator Leases the Land (Through auctions, bids conducted by local government)
The Operator locates the Owners of the Land and arranges to Lease the Land for
purposes of drilling a well. This arrangement may require the Operator to pay the
Owners a monthly fee, plus an arrangement is made to pay them a percentage of the
proceeds of the revenue generated when the well starts producing oil or gas.
Formation of Partnership (Legal process, registration, incorporation)
Since the cost of drilling a well is quite expensive, the Operator decides to raise some
money from Investors to help defray the costs. For e.g. the Operator projects the well
will cost $300,000 to drill. He decides to solicit 30 Investors at $10,000 each.
32. Business Model – Process
Investors & Financing the operation (Banks, Big Oil Majors etc.)
Each Investor can send his entire $10,000, or it might be constructed such that each
Investor sends $5,000 and will be billed the remainder as expenses are acquired.
Commencement of Drilling & extraction operations (Operator & Downstream partner)
As the Operator begins to drill the well, he begins to accrue Expenses - Invoices are sent
to the Operator. These Expenses need to be Billed to each Investor for his fair share.
Production from Well - Begins to Produce Oil or Gas (Downstream Partner/Purchaser)
Now that the Well is producing oil or gas, the Operator begins to sell the product to a
Purchaser. The Purchaser send the Operator a Run Check periodically (fixed). This revenue
needs to be disbursed to each Investor for his fair share.
33. Business Model – Process
The new Producing Well (Asset) has multiple owners
> Royalty Owner - the folks that Own the Mineral Rights to the Land - usually
does not pay expenses but receives Revenue (State/National Oil Company,
Public Utility, Local Government etc.)
> Over Ride Owner (Investor) - does not own the Mineral Rights - usually
does not pay expenses but receives Revenue (Statutory body, Ministry,
State/National Oil Company etc.)
> Working Interest Owner - Pays Expenses and Receives Revenue from sale to
retailors, buyers etc. (Well Operator – BP, Chevron, Total etc.
35. India – Energy highlights (2013)
In 2013, the share of India’s energy consumption met
by domestic sources fell to just below 59%, the lowest
on record
India’s primary energy consumption increased by
4.1% in 2013, lower than in 2012, but in line with
slowing economic growth. India accounted for 4.7% of
the world’s consumption.
Coal (54.5% of total consumption) remains the
dominant fuel and its share was the highest since
1993. Oil (29.5%) remained the second largest fuel,
with natural gas (7.8%) and non-fossil fuels (8.3%) far
behind.
36. India – Energy highlights (2013)
Consumption growth was led by hydro (14.3%) followed by
renewables (8.3%) and then by coal (7.6%) - which still
provided the largest increment in volume terms. Oil grew
by a modest 1.2%, and nuclear by a very marginal 0.8%.
Natural gas (-12.2%) declined for a third consecutive year.
Over the last decade, coal consumption has more than
doubled. Oil consumption has grown by 50.5%, nuclear by
83.6%, hydro by 90.3%, natural gas by 74.2%, and
renewables by a factor of 8.7.
CO2 emissions from energy use increased by 4.4% in
2013, lower than the ten-year average, taking India’s share
of the world’s total to 5.5%. The increase was primarily
due to rising coal use.
37. India – Energy highlights (2013)
The stagnant production growth of coal (0.1%), oil
(+0.1%) and nuclear (0.8%), failed to offset the decline
in natural gas output (-16.3%).
Natural gas production declined for the third consecutive
year, while hydro, nuclear and renewables were at their
highest levels ever.
Coal (65.3% of total energy production) remained the
dominant fuel produced, followed by oil (12%) and
natural gas (8.6%). Non-fossil fuels combined made up
14.1%.
India produced 5.9% of the total global coal output, the
5th highest in the world, and consumed 8.5% of the
world’s total (3rd highest in the world).
38. India – Energy highlights (2013)
Refinery throughput reached a historical high of 4.5
Mb/d in 2013, an increase of 3.7%, and taking India’s
share in the world to 5.8%.
India’s energy production declined by 0.2%. India’s
production is 2.8% of the world’s total.
India’s net energy imports increased by 10.9%, taking
the share of domestic consumption met by imports to
over 40%.
40. India – Oil & Gas
Oil: Consumption * Change y-o-y
%
2013 % global
share
Thousand barrels daily 2013 2012 of total
US 18,887 2.0% 19.9%
China 10,756 3.8% 12.1%
India 3,727 1.2% 4.2%
Total World 91,331 1.4% 100.0%
Natural Gas: Consumption* Change 2013
Y-o-Y % share
Billion cubic metres 2013 2012 of total
US 737.2 2.4% 22.2%
China 161.6 10.8% 4.8%
India 51.4 -12.2% 1.5%
Total World 3,348 1.4% 100.0%
India accounts for 4.2
% of World Oil
Consumption & 1.01 %
of World Oil
Production
India accounts for 1.5
% of World Gas
Consumption
& 1.0 % of World Gas
Production
42. Characteristics & Challenges
Large oil price increases can have more adverse
consequences on world economy. There is a
nonlinear relationship between oil prices and
economic outcomes, where large upward price
increases have a disproportionately negative
impact.
High prices leads to a ‘wealth shift’ from consumer
economies to producing economies & low prices
have a reverse ‘wealth shift’ effect.
Steep decline in prices leads to a reduced
production & stifling of investment in production,
technology as well as R&D.
43. Characteristics & Challenges
Characterized by ever increasing demand and
simultaneously depleting reserves (supply).
Capital recovery (ROI) is extremely long and
commencement of recovery is dependent on price
variation.
Operating Margin is completely dependent on
variable Market prices and fixed operating costs.
Operator is unlikely to extend/expand/explore in
the event of a price drop.
44. Alternate & Renewable Energy
High prices in Oil ensure a high operating
margin for the major companies. This margin
then funds further investment and research in
Alternate fuel & energy.
Lower prices in Oil leads to an almost
complete shut down of investment in Alternate
Energy. This is a paradoxical relationship and
will define the future energy scenario of the
world.
45. What’s next? Oil & Gas
Global Production (fossil fuels) will steadily
grow at roughly 1% over the next 25 years to
120 mbpd; or approximately 696 trillion BTUs.
Global consumption will grow at slightly over
1% pa over the next 25 years to reach 240+
quadrillion BTUs.
Note
1 million barrels = 5.8 trillion BTU (approximately)
1 quadrillion = 1000 trillion = 10^6 billion = 10^9 million
46. What’s Next? Oil & Gas
Natural Gas demand likely to increase in all
regions and across all sectors. This will be
led by greatest growth in production Shale
Gas, growing at (6.5% p.a.), providing nearly
half of the growth in global gas.
Global demand for natural gas will grow by
1.9% p.a.