Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Oil 101 - Introduction to Petroleum Product MarketingEKT Interactive
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Marketing - Retail and Wholesale
This petroleum product marketing overview includes discussions on What is Marketing, the structure and key functions of oil company marketing departments, and some historical perspective on how demand for transportation fuels, including service stations came, to dominate US landscape.
The complete Petroleum Product Marketing Module includes lessons on marketing fundamentals, retail vs wholesale marketing, and key business drivers and processes in petroleum product marketing.
What is Petroleum Product Marketing?
As we stated earlier, Marketing is the final step in the ‘Microbes to Markets’ chain that delivers useful petroleum products to end-user customers. The main business drivers of this segment are volume, market share and margin.
Worldwide, transportation fuels including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and marine fuel oil account the largest percentage of global demand, and it is the fastest growing portion of refinery products.
In the United States, passenger cars still consume more petroleum products than any other sector. Today, the US accounts for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption, and transportation fuels are 65% of the US demand.
Since the US has one of the most competitive retail markets in the world, it has been a leading indicator in development of new service station formats. Many of these retail formats are adopted around the world – with some customization to accommodate local legislation and consumer preferences.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Oil 101 - Introduction to Petroleum Product MarketingEKT Interactive
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Marketing - Retail and Wholesale
This petroleum product marketing overview includes discussions on What is Marketing, the structure and key functions of oil company marketing departments, and some historical perspective on how demand for transportation fuels, including service stations came, to dominate US landscape.
The complete Petroleum Product Marketing Module includes lessons on marketing fundamentals, retail vs wholesale marketing, and key business drivers and processes in petroleum product marketing.
What is Petroleum Product Marketing?
As we stated earlier, Marketing is the final step in the ‘Microbes to Markets’ chain that delivers useful petroleum products to end-user customers. The main business drivers of this segment are volume, market share and margin.
Worldwide, transportation fuels including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and marine fuel oil account the largest percentage of global demand, and it is the fastest growing portion of refinery products.
In the United States, passenger cars still consume more petroleum products than any other sector. Today, the US accounts for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption, and transportation fuels are 65% of the US demand.
Since the US has one of the most competitive retail markets in the world, it has been a leading indicator in development of new service station formats. Many of these retail formats are adopted around the world – with some customization to accommodate local legislation and consumer preferences.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Difference Between Upstream & Midstream & Downstream Activities in Oil and Ga...Student
The Upstream activities sector include the searching and extraction of underground crude oil and natural gas , drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
In the petroleum industry, locating underground or underwater oil reserves characterizes the upstream process. Additionally, the upstream process in this industry involves bringing oil and gas to the surface. Extraction wells represent an example of a structure operating in this stage in the process. The upstream stage in the production process may also manifest itself as a supplier providing raw materials to manufacturers or other businesses that ultimately process the materials.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Supply, Trading, Transportation
This Supply, Trading, and Transportation (S&T) overview includes discussions on What is S&T, what are some of the major risks associated with trading, and some historical perspective on the evolution of S&T.
The complete S&T Module includes lessons on crude oil and products supply fundamentals, derivative contracts and exchanges, as well as key business drivers in physical trading and financial hedging. Natural gas trading is beyond our scope though it has a similar commercial function, closely tied to the utility and power consumer market.
What is Supply and Trading?
To help answer that question, let’s look briefly at how Chevron defines S&T on their website.
“Chevron Supply and Trading (S&T) provides a critical link between the market and Chevron's upstream, downstream and chemicals companies. S&T provides commercial support to Chevron's crude oil and natural gas production operations as well as to the company's refining and marketing network.”
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - MidstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Midstream
What is Midstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Midstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Midstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
Midstream Business Characteristics
Midstream Participants
Processing – The Next Step in Adding Value
Transportation
Storage
Midstream - As its name implies, the midstream segment encompasses facilities and processes that sit between the upstream and downstream segments. Activities can include processing, storage and transportation of crude oil and natural gas.
In most cases, oil and gas reserves are not located in the same geographic location as refining assets and major consumption regions.
Transportation is a big part of midstream activities and can include using pipelines, trucking fleets, tanker ships, and rail cars.
The midstream segment is separated from upstream and downstream in most oil companies because it is considered a low risk, regulated type of business. It does not fit the risk profile or asset complexity of the other segments of the oil and gas industry.
Success in the midstream segment depends on many external forces including:
-Upstream operations continuous delivery of reserves
-Refinery margins that encourage refined product production
-Health of the downstream, natural gas, and petrochemical industry markets.
-Natural gas price levels that impact the attractiveness of NGL’s as feedstock
-Political sentiment for pipeline expansion and “not in my backyard” hurdles
While the midstream gathering and processing sector is relatively free of commercial regulation, the movement of gas by interstate pipelines and subsequent state level distribution activities are highly regulated in the US by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Drilling
Today we’re going to talk about the Drilling function of Upstream. If you missed our previous podcasts on Upstream Fundamentals and Exploration, be sure to go check them out. We’ll put the relevant links in the program notes.
In this drilling overview we touch on the wildcat well and current drilling capabilities, offer more insight into the role of oilfield services, and give some historical perspective on this segment of upstream oil and gas.
Drilling Details
As we discussed in the Exploration podcast, the first step in adding value is to locating the oil and gas reservoirs that are often far below the surface, and in deeper offshore prospects.
Even with the latest seismic technology and computer modeling, many characteristics of a prospect remain unknown until an exploratory or “wildcat” well is drilled. Repeating from that podcast, “you can’t find oil if you don’t drill wells.”
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream Oil and Gas?
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
Oil Refining
Supply and Trading
Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Difference Between Upstream & Midstream & Downstream Activities in Oil and Ga...Student
The Upstream activities sector include the searching and extraction of underground crude oil and natural gas , drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
In the petroleum industry, locating underground or underwater oil reserves characterizes the upstream process. Additionally, the upstream process in this industry involves bringing oil and gas to the surface. Extraction wells represent an example of a structure operating in this stage in the process. The upstream stage in the production process may also manifest itself as a supplier providing raw materials to manufacturers or other businesses that ultimately process the materials.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Supply, Trading, Transportation
This Supply, Trading, and Transportation (S&T) overview includes discussions on What is S&T, what are some of the major risks associated with trading, and some historical perspective on the evolution of S&T.
The complete S&T Module includes lessons on crude oil and products supply fundamentals, derivative contracts and exchanges, as well as key business drivers in physical trading and financial hedging. Natural gas trading is beyond our scope though it has a similar commercial function, closely tied to the utility and power consumer market.
What is Supply and Trading?
To help answer that question, let’s look briefly at how Chevron defines S&T on their website.
“Chevron Supply and Trading (S&T) provides a critical link between the market and Chevron's upstream, downstream and chemicals companies. S&T provides commercial support to Chevron's crude oil and natural gas production operations as well as to the company's refining and marketing network.”
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - MidstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Midstream
What is Midstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Midstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Midstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
Midstream Business Characteristics
Midstream Participants
Processing – The Next Step in Adding Value
Transportation
Storage
Midstream - As its name implies, the midstream segment encompasses facilities and processes that sit between the upstream and downstream segments. Activities can include processing, storage and transportation of crude oil and natural gas.
In most cases, oil and gas reserves are not located in the same geographic location as refining assets and major consumption regions.
Transportation is a big part of midstream activities and can include using pipelines, trucking fleets, tanker ships, and rail cars.
The midstream segment is separated from upstream and downstream in most oil companies because it is considered a low risk, regulated type of business. It does not fit the risk profile or asset complexity of the other segments of the oil and gas industry.
Success in the midstream segment depends on many external forces including:
-Upstream operations continuous delivery of reserves
-Refinery margins that encourage refined product production
-Health of the downstream, natural gas, and petrochemical industry markets.
-Natural gas price levels that impact the attractiveness of NGL’s as feedstock
-Political sentiment for pipeline expansion and “not in my backyard” hurdles
While the midstream gathering and processing sector is relatively free of commercial regulation, the movement of gas by interstate pipelines and subsequent state level distribution activities are highly regulated in the US by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Drilling
Today we’re going to talk about the Drilling function of Upstream. If you missed our previous podcasts on Upstream Fundamentals and Exploration, be sure to go check them out. We’ll put the relevant links in the program notes.
In this drilling overview we touch on the wildcat well and current drilling capabilities, offer more insight into the role of oilfield services, and give some historical perspective on this segment of upstream oil and gas.
Drilling Details
As we discussed in the Exploration podcast, the first step in adding value is to locating the oil and gas reservoirs that are often far below the surface, and in deeper offshore prospects.
Even with the latest seismic technology and computer modeling, many characteristics of a prospect remain unknown until an exploratory or “wildcat” well is drilled. Repeating from that podcast, “you can’t find oil if you don’t drill wells.”
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream Oil and Gas?
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
Oil Refining
Supply and Trading
Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
What is Downstream in oil and gas operations..pdfMineral View
Oil and gas downstream operations involve refining crude oil and natural gas into essential fuels and petrochemicals that power industries and daily life.
For More Information-
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
Oil and Gas process and SAP PRA overview
from Verity Solutions
http://www.verity-sol.com
Oil network, Gas network
Oil and Gas production process
PRA delivery network
SAP PRA introduction process
Comparative Economic Analysis of Using Natural Gas For Liquefied Natural Gas ...IJRES Journal
Comparative economic analysis of the production of diesel through Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology and the production of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) both using natural gas was presented. The data for costs of constructing and running GTL and LNG plants were obtained for the study. Plant procurement costs, shipping and tanker facilities costs, the expected capacities of the GTL and LNG plants and the feed gas volume needed to produce those capacities of liquid products were gathered with which the costs analyses and revenue analyses were conducted. Two assumptions made were that the diesel would be the only product of the GTL project and LNG, the only product of the LNG plant. The 33000bbl/day of liquid product from the GTL plant was taken to be all diesel while the 5mmtpa of NGL got from the LNG plant was ignored. The 33000bbl/day of diesel and 22mmtpa of LNG were then used for the analyses. Concentration was on the profit indicators used to evaluate the advantage of one over the other. Figures were used to determine the pay-out of the projects which is 9.16years for GTL and 1.97years for LNG respectively. The Net Present Value (NPV) and Profit per Dollar Invested (P/$) that make up the project economics were estimated for GTL and LNG. The NPV over 15years and at an expected rate of return of 10% was $2.11billion for GTL and $45.17billion for LNG. For GTL, the P/$ was 2.02 and for LNG, it was 6.62. From the whole analysis done it is easily seen that the LNG project is more economically viable than the GTL project since the LNG project has higher NPV, lower pay-out and higher P/$ than the GTL project.
Oil Producers Turn Wellhead Flare Gas Headaches into BenefitsStephen Rach
Berg Chilling Systems Inc. and GTUIT have teamed up to launch GTUIT Core System, a game changing solution to the wellhead gas challenge. GTUIT Core enables oil producers to reduce environmental impact of their operations, reduce production costs and increase revenue.
Ngl fundamentals 102 matonis public releaseDiana M
Training class to financial professionals in Oil & Gas, specifically midstream NGL, vocabulary, definitions, market ,supply & demand in-depth insight on natural gas liquids or NGLs (ethane, propane, normal/isobutene) and natural gasoline) and natural gas. An intro to natural gas liquids pricing, and economics
Key Process Considerations for Pipeline Design BasisVijay Sarathy
Prior to venturing into an oil & gas pipeline project, the project team would require a design basis, based on which the project is to proceed. Oil & Gas Pipeline design begins with a route survey including engineering & environmental assessments. The following document provides a few key considerations for process engineers to keep in mind, the factors that matter when preparing a pipeline design basis from a process standpoint.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
1. 1 OIL AND GAS VALUE CHAIN
The oil and gas value chain starts with searching for potential underground or
underwater oil and gas fields and ends with providing products to end consumers. The
different sections of the oil and gas value chain are:
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
The upstream, midstream and downstream sectors are described below. Figure 1-4
provides an overview of the Oil & Gas Value Chain.
3. Figure 2 Gas value chain
Exploration
and Production
from Oil &
Gas Reservoir
Separation &
Stabilization
Gas
Dehydration,
Treatment &
Conditioning
Gas
Compression
Onshore Gas
Processing
Plant (GPP)
where
fractionation
takes place
Gas
Oil
Water
Midstream
Surface Oil & Gas Production (FPSO)
Sub-surface
Downstream
Distribution
and
Utilization
Upstream
5. 1.1 UPSTREAM, MIDSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM PARTS OF THE VALUE CHAIN
Figure 4 Upstream, midstream and downstream parts of the value chain
1.1.1 Upstream
The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream
and downstream. The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the exploration and
production (E&P) sector.
The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater crude
oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and
operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
With the development of methods for extracting methane from coal seams, there has been
a significant shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector,
and corresponding developments in liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing and transport.
6. 1.1.2 Midstream
Midstream operations are sometimes classified within the downstream sector, but these
operations compose a separate and discrete sector of the petroleum industry. Midstream
service providers apply technological solutions to improve efficiency during midstream
processes. Technology can be used during compression of fuels to ease flow through
pipelines; to better detect leaks in pipelines; and to automate communications for better
pipeline and equipment monitoring.
For example, natural gas from upstream Surface Gas Production is supplied to the GPP at
Atuabo (Midstream) from the Jubilee and/TEN field. The gas is exported from the FPSOs
at about 150 Barg pressure and is received at the GPP inlet between 130 – 140 Barg
pressure. The products obtained from processing (fractionation) of this raw gas at the GPP
are;
Lean Gas (Sales gas) – this is made up of mainly methane (CH4) and small
percentage of Ethane (C2H6). This is transported at a pressure of about 50 Barg on
the onshore pipeline to Ghana Gas’ TRMS, and subsequently to Aboadze for power
generation, and industrial customers for heating purposes.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) – made up of Propane (C3H8) and Butane
(C4H10). This is transported by Dedicated Bulk Road Vehicles (BRVs) from
Atuabo to various retail outlets operated by Oil Marketing Companies for domestic
and commercial use.
Condensate – Also known as Natural Gasoline. Also transported by Dedicated
BRVs from Atuabo to Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) to be used as feedstock for
blending into other petroleum products.
7. Iso-pentane – There is an ongoing project to commercialize this product. Iso-
pentane means isomer of pentane
Midstream operations and processes include the following:
1. Gathering
The gathering process employs narrow, low-pressure pipelines to connect oil- and
gas-producing wells to larger, long-haul pipelines or processing facilities.
The first consideration in gas gathering is the proportion of liquid which will flow
with the gas. If this is high, gas flow becomes impeded by slugs of liquid and special
facilities must be installed for its collection and separation. These problems may be
serious in hilly country or offshore environments with deep seabed trenches.
The other major considerations are functions of pressure, temperature, or their
interaction. High pressure is generally desirable since it can be used to drive the gas
to a more distant location. However, excess pressure may need dissipating, in which
case heaters may also be required to counteract the accompanying chilling effect
which could result in hydrate temperatures will generate the need for special
facilities to overcome metal expansion.
2. Processing/refining
Processing and refining operations turn crude oil and gas into marketable products.
In the case of crude oil, these products include heating oil, gasoline for use in
vehicles, jet fuel, and diesel oil. Oil refining processes include distillation, vacuum
distillation, catalytic reforming, catalytic cracking, alkylation, isomerisation,
hydro-treating.
8. Natural gas processing includes compression; glycol dehydration; amine treating;
separating the product into pipeline-quality natural gas and a stream of mixed
natural gas liquids; and fractionation, which separates the stream of mixed natural
gas liquids into its components. The fractionation process
yields ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, and natural gasoline.
Figure 5 Schematic flow diagram illustrating process route and
ultimate products of produced oil and gas
3. Gas treatment
Gas treatment is to remove undesirable components and to separate the well stream
into saleable gas and petroleum liquid, recovering the maximum amounts of each
at the lowest possible cost. The individual steps will typically include:
a. Separation: in vessels designed to slow the passage of liquid to allow
gravity to separate the well stream into gaseous, liquid and solid
9. components. Stage separation allows the collection of individual LPG and
condensate streams if present in sufficient quantity.
b. Filtration: in separators designed to remove small liquid and / or solid
particles using a series of perforated cylinder baffles with fabric and
fibreglass coverings.
c. dehydration: in vessels where the gas is either bubbled through a liquid
such as glycol or passed through a bed of granulated solid material such as
silica-gel, both of which have an affinity for water and which can be easily
regenerated for cyclical use.
d. Acid gas removal: Acid gas removal refers to an industrial gas purification
procedure used to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
from mineral resources. Acid gas removal involves the use of aqueous
solutions (amines) that react with the existing mixture. This practice is vital
because hydrogen sulfide promotes corrosion of any metal process vessel it
is housed or transported in. Acid gas removal may also be known as gas
sweetening, amine scrubbing or amine gas treatment.
e. BTU Control: necessary as increasing amounts of C2+ components are
removed from the stream, leaving predominantly methane which may fall
below the contractual specification for heating value. In these situations, it
may be necessary to limit such extractions or blend with other, richer gases.
f. Compression: to enable gas to flow, by enhancing inherent well head
pressure or simply to counteract friction through long pipelines.
4. Transportation
10. Oil and gas are transported to processing facilities, and from there to end users,
by pipeline, tanker/barge, truck, and rail. Pipelines are the most economical
transportation method and are most suited to movement across longer distances, for
example, across continents. Tankers and barges are also employed for long-
distance, often international transport. Rail and truck can also be used for longer
distances but are most cost-effective for shorter routes.
5. Storage
Midstream service providers provide storage facilities at terminals throughout the
oil and gas distribution systems. These facilities are most often located near refining
and processing facilities and are connected to pipeline systems to facilitate
shipment when product demand must be met. While petroleum products are held in
storage tanks, natural gas tends to be stored in underground facilities, such as salt
dome caverns and depleted reservoirs.
1.1.3 Downstream
The downstream sector involves the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing of
raw natural gas. It includes the selling and distribution of processed natural gas and the
products derived from petroleum crude oil such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline
(or petrol), jet fuel, diesel oil, other fuel oils, petroleum asphalt and petroleum coke.
The downstream sector includes petroleum refineries, petroleum product distribution, retail
outlets and natural gas distribution companies.
11. 1.1.3.1 Marketing
Marketing is defined as the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods
and services from producer to consumer in order to satisfy customers and accomplish the
firm’s objective.
Marketing of petroleum products involves distribution to Bulk Distribution Companies
(BDCs) and Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) such as GOIL, BOST, Shell, Total and all
other local distribution/marketing companies, who then distribute the product to
consumers.
For descriptive and analytical purposes, it is often convenient to categorise uses of natural
gas in terms of four main markets- domestic (or household), commercial, industrial
(including chemical feedstock uses) and power generation. The definition of these four
markets is generally self-explanatory, with the exception of the commercial sector. This is
something of miscellany-covering schools, hospitals, offices, shops, hotels and the like.
Channel through which natural gas are marketed includes:
Domestic market
Commercial market
Industrial market
Chemical feedstock – fertilizer production,
Export
Power generation
The consumption of total gas demand by market sector varies enormously between
different countries and geographical regions. This reflects a large number of factors such
12. as population density, climate, stage of industrial developments and national energy policy,
as well as the price and availability of alternative fuels. For example, in countries such as
UK, where as much as 70% of natural gas is supplied to the domestic and commercial
sector. Elsewhere in Western Europe and in the USA, the industrial market is relatively
more important. Power generation generally still accounts for a minor portion of the total
gas market in these countries, but this appears set to change in countries as diverse as Italy,
Portugal, the UK, and the US. In Japan, and Ghana, by contrast, power generation is already
by far the most important end-use sector. Ghana uses natural gas mainly as a fuel for
cooking, transport, power generation and industry.
1.1.3.1.1 Domestic market
The three major uses of natural gas in residential premises are cooking, water heating, and
space heating. In much of the developed world, it is supplied through pipes to homes, where
it is used for many purposes including ranges and ovens, gas-heated clothes dryers,
heating/cooling, and central heating. Heaters in homes and other buildings may include
boilers, furnaces, and water heaters.
1.1.3.1.2 Commercial market
Commercial uses of natural gas are very similar to residential uses. The commercial sector
includes public and private enterprises, like office buildings, schools, churches, hotels,
restaurants, and government buildings. The main uses of natural gas in this sector include
space-heating, water heating, and cooling. For restaurants and other establishments that
require cooking facilities, natural gas is a popular choice to fulfil these needs. Another
technological innovation brought about is combined heating and power (CHP) and
combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems, which are used in commercial
13. settings to increase energy efficiency. These integrated systems are able to use energy that
is normally lost as heat. For example, heat that is released from natural gas powered
electricity generators can be harnessed to run space or water heaters, or commercial boilers.
Using this normally wasted energy can dramatically improve energy efficiency.
1.1.3.1.3 Industrial market
Turning now to the industrial market, it is convenient to consider the sector in terms of four
principal categories as discussed below.
1. There are certain direct process or space heating applications for gas which require
a high quality, high value fuel. This may be a matter of requiring clean energy (eg.
No sulphur content), or perhaps of needing controllable point-of-use heat which
cannot be provided by coal, for example. This high grade, high value uses for gas
are often referred to as “premium” applications.
2. There are other industrial energy applications where only a low-grade source of
heat is required. This includes the raising of steam, for which lower value fuels such
as heavy fuel oil or coal are generally sufficient. To distinguish this part of the
market from the higher value applications for gas, it is often referred to as “non-
premium”.
3. A specific application of gas which has somewhat special characteristics is the on-
site production of combined heat and power (CHP). Effectively, gas – based CHP
is an alternative to purchasing (high value) electricity from the public grid and
raising steam on-site with (low value) heavy fuel oil or coal. In this sense, CHP is
something of a “hybrid” between premium and non-premium usage.
14. 4. The fourth category to be considered is the non-energy use of natural gas a
feedstock for ammonia or methanol production. There is often no other
economically attractive feedstock and the alternative to gas-based production may
well be to purchase the chemical end product on the open market.
Since each of the four categories set out above has its own characteristics, we consider
them separately in turn below.
As outlined above, the premium applications for natural gas in the industrial sector mainly
comprise direct process use and space/water heating. In light industries, the space and
water heating requirements may dominate, but in more energy-intensive sectors (steel, food
processing, ceramics, chemicals, etc.) the process load is much more important.
Given relatively high cost of alternative fuels (e.g. Gas oil and especially electricity), the
market value of gas is higher than in the non-premium industrial sub-sector. On the other
hand, consumers bulk purchase requirements and (as regards electricity) relatively flat load
curves enable them to obtain much lower prices than domestic or commercial users.
Consumers who can use LPG (propane or butane) are often able to obtain very attractive
prices in today’s oil market conditions. Thus gas market values tend to lie between those
of the domestic/commercial markets and those in the non-premium industrial market, but
can be quite variable across industrial customers of different sizes and types. In some cases,
(eg. Food processing and firing of ceramics) there can also be a product quality premium
value of natural gas, as compared with other fuels.
“Premium” industrial consumers can vary enormously in size, from small workshops
taking only several thousand therms per year to major energy-intensive businesses
consuming 100million therms or more across several sites. In developed gas markets the
15. average premium industrial customer may be quite small- e.g. 100-200,000 therms pa-
while the average size in new gas markets (e.g. Nigeria or the middle east) tends to be many
times greater.
Seasonal load factors (average daily consumption divided by peak daily consumption) also
vary from perhaps 60% in a developed industrial market with significant space heating
demand to around 80-90% where process users dominate and space heating requirements
are not significant.
In many countries, most larger industrial customers tend to be supplied from medium
pressure (e.g. Regional) transmission grids, although some very large users may be
connected direct to the high pressure system. In some older gas industries with long-
standing local networks inherited from town gas days (e.g. UK and Germany), however, a
significant proportion of industrial customers may be connected to the distribution system.
Partly because they are often served direct from the transmission system and partly because
of relatively high load factors, “premium” industrial customers are typically much cheaper
to supply than domestic or commercial gas users.
1.1.3.1.4 Gas export market
Countries with large recoverable gas reserves relative to their potential domestic market
are likely to consider export market options. This applies, for example, to current exporters
such a s Norway, Algeria, Indonesia, and Canada as well as to prospective future exporters
such as Oman, Venezuela and Mozambique.
There are essentially two options open to potential exporters – namely pipeline exports and
liquefied natural gas (LNG). The pipeline option is technically most straightforward and
16. is clearly the most appropriate for land routes. By the use of large pipes diameters (eg.
56”). Gas can even be moved in large volumes over very long distances (eg. West Siberia
to western Europe, Nigeria to Ghana) in a reasonably economic manner. Technological
developments allow subsea pipelines (eg. Trans-Mediterranean, between Tunisia and Italy)
to be constructed in fairly deep waters. High operating pressures such as 200bar for the
Norwegian Zeepipe) can be used to keep down the unit costs of subsea pipeline
transportation. Subsea pipelines are however very expensive and are not economically
attractive over extremely long distances.
1.1.3.1.5 New markets for natural gas
To complete the discussion of gas market options, we now review briefly some of the
emerging markets for gas which are not currently significant but which may be so in the
future.
1. Compressed natural gas (CNG) as an automotive fuel.
2. Processes have also been developed to convert methane to gasoline, and thus to
substitute conventional oil-derived fuel. Recent experience with the SASOL
Mossgas plant in South Africa suggests that this is not economic at today’s fuel
prices unless a country possesses very large gas reserves relative to the potential
market – which mean a low opportunity cost of gas feedstock.
3. The third possible new market for gas is fuel cells – equivalent to a large battery –
which are alternative to conventional power generation. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
(PAFCs) are the best developed technology but Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
(MCFCs) have a higher efficiency potential and both could be “fuelled” by natural
gas. The big advantages of fuel cells are their high efficiency (especially MCFCs)
17. and benign environmental impact (no emissions of SO2 or CO2). However, their
commercial viability remains to be proven – especially as regards the capital cost
of large-scale facilities and the cost/frequency of fuel stack replacement.