A brief summary of Oil and Gas Upstream. PPT includes basic Chemistry, Basic Geology, Oil formation, Migration of Petroleum, Reservoir, porosity, permeability, Geological structures for petroleum entrapment, Exploration methods, Geological methods, Geophysical methods, geophysical methods, seismic methods, seismic methods, gravity methods, magnetic methods, well drilling, preparation to drill, setting the rig, drilling, enhanced oil recovery, EOR, primary oil recovery, secondary oil recovery, thermal recovery, gas injection and chemical injection
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
This document discusses different types of well completion methods including open hole completion and cased hole completion. Open hole completion involves setting the production casing just above the pay zone and leaving the bottom hole uncased, allowing maximum exposure but inability to isolate zones. Cased hole completion involves cementing and perforating the production casing/liner selectively, allowing isolation of zones but risk of formation damage. Common cased hole methods are liner completions, selective perforations of casing, and cemented production tubing. Flow methods include casing flow, tubing and annulus flow, and single/multiple tubing flows.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas exploration and production process. It discusses the key stages: exploration surveying, exploratory drilling, appraisal, development and production, and decommissioning. Exploration surveying involves desk studies, aerial photography, and seismic surveys. Exploratory drilling verifies the presence of hydrocarbons and determines quantities. Appraisal determines the size and commercial viability of oil fields. Development and production extracts oil and gas using various techniques. Decommissioning safely removes installations and restores sites after 20-40 years of commercial production.
This document contains information about Eng. El Sayed Amer, a petroleum engineer who has worked for Weatherford Drilling International and as a process and production engineer for SUCO and RWE DEA. It discusses production packers, which are subsurface tools used to provide a seal between the tubing and casing. Production packers can protect the casing from corrosion, provide better well control, isolate pay zones, and prevent fluid movement between zones. They are classified as either permanent or retrievable based on whether they can be removed from the well without destruction. The document focuses on the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of permanent and retrievable production packers.
This document discusses well testing and well test analysis software programs. It provides information on:
- The objectives of well testing including identifying fluid types and reservoir parameters
- Types of well tests including productivity tests for development wells and descriptive tests for exploration wells
- Popular well test software programs for analytical and numerical analysis including Saphir, PanSystem, Interpret 2000, and Weltest 200
- An overview of the Weltest 200 program which links analytical and numerical well test analysis through different modules
- Using an example of liquid productivity or IPR testing to demonstrate how well test data is incorporated and analyzed in the software
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
This document discusses different types of well completion methods including open hole completion and cased hole completion. Open hole completion involves setting the production casing just above the pay zone and leaving the bottom hole uncased, allowing maximum exposure but inability to isolate zones. Cased hole completion involves cementing and perforating the production casing/liner selectively, allowing isolation of zones but risk of formation damage. Common cased hole methods are liner completions, selective perforations of casing, and cemented production tubing. Flow methods include casing flow, tubing and annulus flow, and single/multiple tubing flows.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas exploration and production process. It discusses the key stages: exploration surveying, exploratory drilling, appraisal, development and production, and decommissioning. Exploration surveying involves desk studies, aerial photography, and seismic surveys. Exploratory drilling verifies the presence of hydrocarbons and determines quantities. Appraisal determines the size and commercial viability of oil fields. Development and production extracts oil and gas using various techniques. Decommissioning safely removes installations and restores sites after 20-40 years of commercial production.
This document contains information about Eng. El Sayed Amer, a petroleum engineer who has worked for Weatherford Drilling International and as a process and production engineer for SUCO and RWE DEA. It discusses production packers, which are subsurface tools used to provide a seal between the tubing and casing. Production packers can protect the casing from corrosion, provide better well control, isolate pay zones, and prevent fluid movement between zones. They are classified as either permanent or retrievable based on whether they can be removed from the well without destruction. The document focuses on the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of permanent and retrievable production packers.
This document discusses well testing and well test analysis software programs. It provides information on:
- The objectives of well testing including identifying fluid types and reservoir parameters
- Types of well tests including productivity tests for development wells and descriptive tests for exploration wells
- Popular well test software programs for analytical and numerical analysis including Saphir, PanSystem, Interpret 2000, and Weltest 200
- An overview of the Weltest 200 program which links analytical and numerical well test analysis through different modules
- Using an example of liquid productivity or IPR testing to demonstrate how well test data is incorporated and analyzed in the software
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Production
Today we’re going to talk about the production function of Upstream. If you missed the previous podcasts on Upstream Fundamentals, Exploration and Drilling, be sure to go check those out. We’ll put the relevant links in the program notes.
The Production and Offshore Construction Module provides a high level overview of production operations. It introduces the offshore contractors and production service providers that assist E&P companies in efficiently producing oil and gas.
We’ll also cover well completions and key measures and drivers that influence production business operations.
We’ll also give some historical perspective on this part of upstream oil and gas operations.
Production
Once oil or gas is found with a wildcat or discovery well, the next step in adding value to reserves is to get the reservoir fluids brought to the surface, or “produce” them. After all, upstream is also called E&P!
PE929 Marginal Offshore Field DevelopmentpetroEDGE
This document provides information about a 3-day training course on marginal offshore field development held from 29 February to 2 March 2016 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The course will be led by expert trainer Peter Behrenbruch and cover topics like subsurface development planning, well construction solutions, facilities options for marginal fields, project economics, and risk analysis. It involves presentations, case studies, and group exercises. Participants will learn how to develop marginal oil fields through good project management practices.
1) The document discusses various types of offshore oil and gas production facilities including fixed platforms, tension leg platforms, semi-submersibles, and FPSOs.
2) It provides details on the key components and processes involved in offshore drilling and production such as wellheads, christmas trees, separation, compression, and storage.
3) FPSOs are described as floating facilities that perform processing of production fluids to separate oil, gas, and water and include storage tanks for offloading to tankers.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
The document provides an introduction and overview of offshore oil drilling operations. It discusses the reasons for offshore drilling given increasing global oil demand. It then reviews the history of offshore drilling from early platforms constructed in the late 1800s to modern large rigs. The document outlines the main steps in offshore drilling including exploration, leasing land, installing casing, cementing, connecting blowout preventers, and drilling. It also describes how wells are evaluated to determine if oil reserves are producible. Mobile drilling platforms commonly used are also identified.
This document provides an overview of petroleum drilling fundamentals, including different types of rigs used for offshore drilling. It discusses jack-up rigs, semi-submersible rigs, drill ships, condeep platforms, jacket platforms, and tension leg platforms. It also covers well planning, designing the well, drilling operations, completions, new technologies, and structural geology. Key steps in drilling include obtaining licenses, exploration, appraisal, development, maintenance, and abandonment of oil and gas fields. Safety and monitoring drilling progress are also emphasized.
The petroleum industry involves exploring for oil and gas deposits, extracting them from the ground, refining oil into fuel products like gasoline and diesel, and transporting and marketing these products. It is divided into upstream (exploration and production), midstream (transportation, storage, and processing), and downstream (refining and distribution) sectors. Globally, oil accounts for around 33-53% of energy consumption in different regions. The United States consumes around 25% of the world's oil production each year. The petroleum industry represents the world's largest industry in terms of revenue.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
1. Open-hole completions, also called 'barefoot' completions, involve setting casing above the productive interval and drilling into and through the reservoir, leaving it uncased and exposed to the wellbore.
2. For a simple open-hole well completion, the process involves setting production casing above the zone of interest before drilling into it, leaving it open to the wellbore, and then installing wellhead equipment to control flow.
3. Key steps include drilling into the formation, installing wellhead valves and pipes to direct and burn off initial flow, and cleaning the well until the flow stabilizes before testing and starting production.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry, describing the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. Upstream involves exploration and production of oil and gas. Midstream involves transportation and storage. Downstream involves further processing of oil and gas into end products or raw materials. The document uses Chevron as an example of an integrated oil and gas company that operates across all three sectors of the industry.
The document discusses well completion processes. It describes the different types of well casing installed during completion, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production, and liner casing. It also discusses functions of casing like strengthening the wellbore and preventing fluid migration. The document outlines various completion methods like open hole, cemented liners, gravel packs, and describes how zones are produced. It classifies completions based on reservoir interface, production method (natural flow, artificial lift like rod pumps and ESPs), and number of zones. The artificial lift methods support production when natural reservoir pressure declines.
This document provides a preface and overview for a textbook on petroleum production engineering. It discusses how modern computer technologies have revolutionized the petroleum industry and motivated the authors to write this textbook. The textbook is intended to provide production engineers with guidelines for designing, analyzing, and optimizing petroleum production systems using computer-assisted approaches. It covers topics like well performance, artificial lift methods, and production enhancement techniques across 18 chapters in 4 parts. The preface provides details on the intended audience, topics covered, and goals of presenting engineering principles through examples and companion computer programs.
Introduction to oil and gas exploration and processingJohn Kingsley
This is a comprehensive presentation designed to give an overview and to introduce oil & gas operations.
Following are the contents of the presentation :
a) How Oil & Gas were formed ?
b) How are Oil and Gas deposits located ?
c) Economics of Exploration operations.
d) Definition of Oil Reserves.
e) Drilling & Production Process - How are they safely and efficiently extracted for onward processing without creating detrimental environmental impacts ?
f) History of “Off-shore Oil & Gas Exploration”.
g) Different types of “Off-shore Production facilities”.
h) Characteristics of Crude oil.
i) Oil & Gas Industry – Overall Block diagram.
j) Separation of Oil, Gas and Water.
k) Gas treatment and Export.
l) Oil treatment and Export.
m) Water treatment and disposal.
n) Pipeline transportation basics.
Know more about iFluids Engineering --> visit www.iFluids.com
Introduction to offshore oil and gas surface facilities, including drilling rig types, topside and substructures, jacket, compliant tower, jack up, gravity based structure, fpso, fso, semi submersible, tlp, spar, wellhead platform, processing platform, pipeline, and surface facilities selection
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Offshore drilling is the process of drilling through the seabed to explore and extract petroleum deposits beneath the seafloor. It involves using seismic surveys to locate potential oil deposits, drilling holes hundreds to thousands of feet below the seabed using metal casing and drill pipes, and extracting oil through the wells. Offshore drilling poses environmental risks like oil spills that can harm ocean life and pollute shorelines if not properly regulated. Unconventional drilling methods allow drilling at angles and laterally to access more oil.
Difference Between Upstream & Midstream & Downstream Activities in Oil and Ga...Student
The Upstream activities sector include the searching and extraction of underground crude oil and natural gas , drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
In the petroleum industry, locating underground or underwater oil reserves characterizes the upstream process. Additionally, the upstream process in this industry involves bringing oil and gas to the surface. Extraction wells represent an example of a structure operating in this stage in the process. The upstream stage in the production process may also manifest itself as a supplier providing raw materials to manufacturers or other businesses that ultimately process the materials.
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
The document discusses well deliverability and pressure drop in oil and gas wells. It explains that pressure drop is affected by properties of the reservoir fluids, production rates, and the mechanical configuration of the wellbore. Pressure loss is highest in the tubing and can be estimated using charts, correlations, or equations that consider fluid properties, flow rates, and well geometry. Matching inflow and outflow pressures gives the stabilized flow rate. The document compares methods for estimating pressure drop in single-phase and multiphase flow.
Oil drilling involves locating potential oil deposits, preparing drilling sites, extracting cores for testing, lowering drill bits to bore holes, running casings to line holes, perforating reservoirs, and using pumps to extract oil. Modern processes are more complex than historically depicted, employing techniques like seismic surveys, drilling mud circulation, blowout preventers, and offshore rigs to drill for oil located deep underground or beneath ocean floors.
The document discusses offshore oil exploration and drilling operations. It begins by explaining how oil is formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years. Geologists use seismic surveys to locate potential oil reservoirs by interpreting reflections of shock waves. If oil is found, exploratory wells are drilled to determine commercial viability. If productive, production wells are drilled and pipelines transport oil to refineries. Drilling rigs are then set up and drilling occurs in stages, with casing installed and cemented between each new section. Wells are logged, tested and completed to allow controlled oil flow up the wellbore.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Production
Today we’re going to talk about the production function of Upstream. If you missed the previous podcasts on Upstream Fundamentals, Exploration and Drilling, be sure to go check those out. We’ll put the relevant links in the program notes.
The Production and Offshore Construction Module provides a high level overview of production operations. It introduces the offshore contractors and production service providers that assist E&P companies in efficiently producing oil and gas.
We’ll also cover well completions and key measures and drivers that influence production business operations.
We’ll also give some historical perspective on this part of upstream oil and gas operations.
Production
Once oil or gas is found with a wildcat or discovery well, the next step in adding value to reserves is to get the reservoir fluids brought to the surface, or “produce” them. After all, upstream is also called E&P!
PE929 Marginal Offshore Field DevelopmentpetroEDGE
This document provides information about a 3-day training course on marginal offshore field development held from 29 February to 2 March 2016 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The course will be led by expert trainer Peter Behrenbruch and cover topics like subsurface development planning, well construction solutions, facilities options for marginal fields, project economics, and risk analysis. It involves presentations, case studies, and group exercises. Participants will learn how to develop marginal oil fields through good project management practices.
1) The document discusses various types of offshore oil and gas production facilities including fixed platforms, tension leg platforms, semi-submersibles, and FPSOs.
2) It provides details on the key components and processes involved in offshore drilling and production such as wellheads, christmas trees, separation, compression, and storage.
3) FPSOs are described as floating facilities that perform processing of production fluids to separate oil, gas, and water and include storage tanks for offloading to tankers.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
The document provides an introduction and overview of offshore oil drilling operations. It discusses the reasons for offshore drilling given increasing global oil demand. It then reviews the history of offshore drilling from early platforms constructed in the late 1800s to modern large rigs. The document outlines the main steps in offshore drilling including exploration, leasing land, installing casing, cementing, connecting blowout preventers, and drilling. It also describes how wells are evaluated to determine if oil reserves are producible. Mobile drilling platforms commonly used are also identified.
This document provides an overview of petroleum drilling fundamentals, including different types of rigs used for offshore drilling. It discusses jack-up rigs, semi-submersible rigs, drill ships, condeep platforms, jacket platforms, and tension leg platforms. It also covers well planning, designing the well, drilling operations, completions, new technologies, and structural geology. Key steps in drilling include obtaining licenses, exploration, appraisal, development, maintenance, and abandonment of oil and gas fields. Safety and monitoring drilling progress are also emphasized.
The petroleum industry involves exploring for oil and gas deposits, extracting them from the ground, refining oil into fuel products like gasoline and diesel, and transporting and marketing these products. It is divided into upstream (exploration and production), midstream (transportation, storage, and processing), and downstream (refining and distribution) sectors. Globally, oil accounts for around 33-53% of energy consumption in different regions. The United States consumes around 25% of the world's oil production each year. The petroleum industry represents the world's largest industry in terms of revenue.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
1. Open-hole completions, also called 'barefoot' completions, involve setting casing above the productive interval and drilling into and through the reservoir, leaving it uncased and exposed to the wellbore.
2. For a simple open-hole well completion, the process involves setting production casing above the zone of interest before drilling into it, leaving it open to the wellbore, and then installing wellhead equipment to control flow.
3. Key steps include drilling into the formation, installing wellhead valves and pipes to direct and burn off initial flow, and cleaning the well until the flow stabilizes before testing and starting production.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry, describing the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. Upstream involves exploration and production of oil and gas. Midstream involves transportation and storage. Downstream involves further processing of oil and gas into end products or raw materials. The document uses Chevron as an example of an integrated oil and gas company that operates across all three sectors of the industry.
The document discusses well completion processes. It describes the different types of well casing installed during completion, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production, and liner casing. It also discusses functions of casing like strengthening the wellbore and preventing fluid migration. The document outlines various completion methods like open hole, cemented liners, gravel packs, and describes how zones are produced. It classifies completions based on reservoir interface, production method (natural flow, artificial lift like rod pumps and ESPs), and number of zones. The artificial lift methods support production when natural reservoir pressure declines.
This document provides a preface and overview for a textbook on petroleum production engineering. It discusses how modern computer technologies have revolutionized the petroleum industry and motivated the authors to write this textbook. The textbook is intended to provide production engineers with guidelines for designing, analyzing, and optimizing petroleum production systems using computer-assisted approaches. It covers topics like well performance, artificial lift methods, and production enhancement techniques across 18 chapters in 4 parts. The preface provides details on the intended audience, topics covered, and goals of presenting engineering principles through examples and companion computer programs.
Introduction to oil and gas exploration and processingJohn Kingsley
This is a comprehensive presentation designed to give an overview and to introduce oil & gas operations.
Following are the contents of the presentation :
a) How Oil & Gas were formed ?
b) How are Oil and Gas deposits located ?
c) Economics of Exploration operations.
d) Definition of Oil Reserves.
e) Drilling & Production Process - How are they safely and efficiently extracted for onward processing without creating detrimental environmental impacts ?
f) History of “Off-shore Oil & Gas Exploration”.
g) Different types of “Off-shore Production facilities”.
h) Characteristics of Crude oil.
i) Oil & Gas Industry – Overall Block diagram.
j) Separation of Oil, Gas and Water.
k) Gas treatment and Export.
l) Oil treatment and Export.
m) Water treatment and disposal.
n) Pipeline transportation basics.
Know more about iFluids Engineering --> visit www.iFluids.com
Introduction to offshore oil and gas surface facilities, including drilling rig types, topside and substructures, jacket, compliant tower, jack up, gravity based structure, fpso, fso, semi submersible, tlp, spar, wellhead platform, processing platform, pipeline, and surface facilities selection
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Offshore drilling is the process of drilling through the seabed to explore and extract petroleum deposits beneath the seafloor. It involves using seismic surveys to locate potential oil deposits, drilling holes hundreds to thousands of feet below the seabed using metal casing and drill pipes, and extracting oil through the wells. Offshore drilling poses environmental risks like oil spills that can harm ocean life and pollute shorelines if not properly regulated. Unconventional drilling methods allow drilling at angles and laterally to access more oil.
Difference Between Upstream & Midstream & Downstream Activities in Oil and Ga...Student
The Upstream activities sector include the searching and extraction of underground crude oil and natural gas , drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
In the petroleum industry, locating underground or underwater oil reserves characterizes the upstream process. Additionally, the upstream process in this industry involves bringing oil and gas to the surface. Extraction wells represent an example of a structure operating in this stage in the process. The upstream stage in the production process may also manifest itself as a supplier providing raw materials to manufacturers or other businesses that ultimately process the materials.
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
The document discusses well deliverability and pressure drop in oil and gas wells. It explains that pressure drop is affected by properties of the reservoir fluids, production rates, and the mechanical configuration of the wellbore. Pressure loss is highest in the tubing and can be estimated using charts, correlations, or equations that consider fluid properties, flow rates, and well geometry. Matching inflow and outflow pressures gives the stabilized flow rate. The document compares methods for estimating pressure drop in single-phase and multiphase flow.
Oil drilling involves locating potential oil deposits, preparing drilling sites, extracting cores for testing, lowering drill bits to bore holes, running casings to line holes, perforating reservoirs, and using pumps to extract oil. Modern processes are more complex than historically depicted, employing techniques like seismic surveys, drilling mud circulation, blowout preventers, and offshore rigs to drill for oil located deep underground or beneath ocean floors.
The document discusses offshore oil exploration and drilling operations. It begins by explaining how oil is formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years. Geologists use seismic surveys to locate potential oil reservoirs by interpreting reflections of shock waves. If oil is found, exploratory wells are drilled to determine commercial viability. If productive, production wells are drilled and pipelines transport oil to refineries. Drilling rigs are then set up and drilling occurs in stages, with casing installed and cemented between each new section. Wells are logged, tested and completed to allow controlled oil flow up the wellbore.
1) The document summarizes the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that occurred in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. It describes how the spill began with an explosion on the oil rig that killed 11 people and led to millions of barrels of oil leaking into the Gulf over months.
2) It then provides background on oil drilling and the components involved, including drill strings and blowout preventers (BOPs). It suggests that problems with the improperly assembled drill string and failed BOP were major causes of the spill.
3) The document also discusses the series of cost-cutting shortcuts and errors made by BP and allowed by the US government, including using fewer cement barriers and centralizers than recommended, failing to properly
Oil is formed from ancient organic remains over millions of years. Geologists use techniques like seismic surveys and gravity measurements to locate potential oil reservoirs. Once a promising site is identified, crews prepare the land, set up a drilling rig, and drill a surface hole to the target depth using a rotating drill bit and circulating drilling mud. Modern offshore and onshore drilling is a complex process involving precisely engineered rigs, drilling equipment, and procedures to extract oil from deep underground reservoirs.
The document discusses the various steps involved in crude oil extraction, including locating oil fields using methods like magnetometers, seismic surveys, and sniffers; drilling wells into the oil field; and extracting the oil using primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery methods. Primary recovery relies on natural reservoir pressure while secondary uses water or gas injection to increase pressure. Tertiary recovery methods like steam injection are used for thicker oils to increase their mobility. Recovery rates are highest for permeable rocks with strong natural drives and less viscous oil.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry supply chain. It discusses how hydrocarbons are formed from ancient animal and plant remains over millions of years. It also outlines the key steps in exploring for, producing, transporting, and refining oil and natural gas, from seismic surveys and exploratory drilling to offshore rigs and pipelines. Specifically, it explains how oil and gas are found trapped within certain rock formations, then extracted through wells and transported via pipelines, oil tankers, or floating production units to refineries for further processing.
Piping is used to transport liquids, gases, and fluidized solids from one location to another. It forms the backbone of many industries like oil and gas, refineries, and power plants. Seismic surveys use sound waves to image underground rock structures and identify potential reservoirs of oil and gas located beneath the seafloor or land.
Lecture I Introduction to Oil&Gas (Reservoir Engineering).pdfKaisBenAbdallah2
Kais Ben Abdallah presented on concepts related to the energy industry and petroleum engineering. The presentation covered topics such as driving factors for investments in renewable vs hydrocarbon resources, basic concepts in petroleum engineering including what petroleum engineering is, what petroleum means, how petroleum is generated, and geological and exploration concepts. It also discussed parameters that control petroleum occurrence like source rocks, reservoir rocks, migration and entrapment of petroleum. Remote sensing methods for oil exploration like magnetic, gravity, and seismic methods were outlined.
The document summarizes Richard Ademola Ogundele's seminar presentation on unconventional reservoirs. It defines unconventional reservoirs as those requiring special recovery operations outside conventional practices. Examples provided include tight gas sands with low permeability, coal-bed methane stored in coal seams, and shale oil extracted from oil shale rock. The case study describes coal-bed methane development in the San Juan Basin of Colorado, where methane is stored adsorbed onto coal surfaces and released by removing water from coal seams. Enhanced recovery methods like injecting carbon dioxide or nitrogen can increase methane production rates and reserves in coal-bed reservoirs. Recent trends show unconventionals like tight gas, shale gas, and coal-bed methane becoming
This document provides an overview of petroleum engineering and related topics. It discusses:
- The definition and chemistry of hydrocarbons and how petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms.
- How petroleum migrates and can accumulate in reservoirs trapped by impermeable rock layers.
- The different types of hydrocarbon molecules and traps that can form reservoirs.
- The roles of reservoir engineers in evaluating fields, modeling reservoirs, and planning development to maximize oil and gas recovery.
Piping is used to transport liquids, gases, and solids between locations. Pipes have a nominal bore diameter and wall thickness specified by a schedule number according to standards. Piping is key infrastructure for industries like power plants, oil and gas, refineries, and more. Offshore platforms explore for and produce oil and gas from the seafloor. They operate in shallow, deep, and ultra-deep water. Offshore processes include exploration using seismic surveys, drilling wells, and production including infrastructure that withstands harsh ocean conditions.
CHE231 Energy resources fuels, coal and oils.Rashmi943648
1) The document discusses various processes involved in petroleum refining including fractional distillation, vacuum distillation, hydrodesulfurization, catalytic reforming, and octane ratings.
2) Key steps in fractional distillation include separating crude oil into light, medium, and heavy distillate fractions based on boiling points. Vacuum distillation is used to further separate heavy distillate fractions.
3) Other processes mentioned aim to remove impurities and increase octane ratings of fuels. Hydrodesulfurization removes sulfur, and catalytic reforming converts low octane hydrocarbons into higher octane aromatic compounds and isoparaffins.
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
The document provides an overview of petroleum engineering and related topics. It defines key terms like hydrocarbon, petroleum, crude oil and condensate. It describes the formation of petroleum from ancient organic matter over millions of years and the key elements of a petroleum system. It also discusses conventional and unconventional reservoirs, and the roles of source rocks, migration, reservoirs and traps in hydrocarbon accumulation. Finally, it briefly outlines the disciplines of petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering and the overall petroleum industry.
Oil and Gas production: from exploration wells to the last stage of production.Eric HAGENIMANA
Eric Hagenimana wrote a paper on the process of oil production from discovery through the end stages. He began by explaining that oil and gas exploration uses techniques like seismic surveys and exploration wells to determine if sufficient resources exist. If so, production wells are drilled and the oil or gas is brought to the surface using natural reservoir pressures or artificial lifting. As the reservoir ages, enhanced oil recovery techniques like water flooding can be used to extract more of the remaining oil, but eventually declining pressures make the field no longer economically viable and it is abandoned.
The document outlines the life cycle of oil and gas wells, including planning, drilling, completion, production, and abandonment phases. It describes the planning process including well classification and formation pressure considerations. Key aspects of drilling are discussed such as rig types, crews, casing, and use of drilling mud to remove cuttings from the wellbore.
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid underground and remains liquid after extraction. It is refined into many useful products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. Oil forms from organic matter that settled on the ocean floor millions of years ago and was subjected to heat and pressure over time. It is trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations. Oil companies use technologies like seismic surveys, aerial photography, and drilling to locate oil reservoirs deep underground. Extracted oil is transported and refined into usable products at refineries.
The document provides an introduction and overview of offshore oil drilling operations. It discusses the reasons for offshore drilling given increasing global oil demand. It then reviews the history of offshore drilling from early platforms constructed in the late 1800s to modern large rigs. The document outlines the main steps in offshore drilling including exploration, leasing underwater land, installing casing, cementing casing in place, connecting blowout preventers, and drilling to determine if oil is present. It also discusses using mobile drilling platforms and different types used in exploratory offshore drilling.
Seminar presentation based on technologies and advancements in the oil and gas field. Oil and Gas industry is one of the core fields of chemical engineering studies.
This document discusses healthcare analytics. It begins by defining healthcare analytics as focusing on technologies and processes that measure, manage, and analyze healthcare data to enable more effective and efficient operational and clinical decisions. It then outlines the objectives of healthcare analytics as making decisions data-driven, transparent, verifiable, and robust. The document describes the main types of analytics as descriptive, predictive, diagnostic, and prescriptive. It also lists some common sources of healthcare data and how healthcare companies use analytics to reduce costs, improve patient outcomes, and conduct randomized clinical trials. Emerging technologies discussed include big data, AI/ML, blockchain, and AR/VR. Finally, some existing healthcare analytics tools on the market are briefly described.
SQL: Structured Query Language
Includes:
Introduction
It is a computer programming language that is used for storage, retrieval and manipulation of data that is stored in relational database. This is a standard computer programming language used for RDMS (Relational Database Management Systems).
IBM’s Ted Cod a.k.a Father of Relational databases gave the concept of relational model for database in 1970. It was 4 years later SQL appeared in 1974. This was just an idea, which got conceptualized in the form of Systems/R in 1978 and was released by IBM. The ANSI standards and first prototype of relational databases was released in 1986, which is popularly knows as Oracle
Advantages:
Used for accessing data in RDBMS.
Used for describing data.
Definition of data and its manipulation.
Can be used with other programming language by embedding SQL modules into other languages code, pre-compilers and libraries.
Possible to create and drop data base using this programming language.
Setting permission on views, table and procedures.
Can be used for creating views, procedures and functions.
Commands
Commands in SQL are categorized into three category namely
DDL – Data definition language
DML – Data Manipulation language
DCL – Data Control language
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Commands that are classified under DDL category are as follows:
CREATE – Used for creating an object, table/view.
ALTER – Used for modifying an existing database object.
DROP – Object, table an views created using CREATE can be deleted/removed.
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Commands that are classified under DML are as follows:
SELECT – Used for retrieving a set of records from one/more than one tables.
DELETE – Used for deleting records.
UPDATE – Used for modifying / updating records.
INSERT – Used for inserting records.
Data Control Language (DCL)
Commands that have been classified under DCL are:
GRANT – Users can be granted permission / privileges using this command
REVOKE – Privileges to the user can be taken back using this command.
Constraints
Rules are enforced on the columns of the table that contain data specific for the field for all the record in the table. These rules are referred to as constraints, which are generally used to ensure that field only gets a particular type of value. For instance if there is a field called “Age” in the table, then this field can only take numeric value.
Constraints set up for the table apply to all the data stored in the table.
Some of the common constraints are:
NOT NULL:
This constraints ensure that the field value is never set to NULL
DEFAULT:
Typically used to fill in a default value for any field left blank.
UNIQUE:
If the constraints is set on a column, then all value set for this field will have to be unique
Contents:
Behavior Driven Development (BDD)
Features of BDD
BDD Tools
BDD Framework
Examples of Cucumber/SpecFlow/BDD test
Gherkin – BDD Language
The Problem
Example of Gherkin
The Conclusion
SpecFlow Feature File
Keywords for the Feature File creation
This PPT gives a brief description about Geomatics, the disciplines and techniques constituting Geomatics, Geographic Information System or GIS, GIS data (Spatial Data and Non- Spatial Data), GIS data models, GIS application in Petroleum Exploration, Coordinate System, Geodetic Datum and ArcGIS.
An Overview of CNG and PNG
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): is natural gas compressed to a pressure of 200-250 Kg/cm² (g) (due to its low density) to enhance the vehicle onboard storage capacity. Thus, the compressed form of natural gas is used as a fuel for transportation purposes.
At present CNG Retail Outlets of GAIL and Its JVCs are available in Delhi, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, and Madhya Pradesh States with more than 400 CNG Retail outlets catering to approximately 6,80,000 vehicles.
Indraprastha Gas Ltd, a JV of GAIL (India) Ltd, has 209 CNG Retail outlets and Mahanagar Gas Ltd another JV of GAIL (India) Ltd has set up 148 CNG stations
Similarly, other JVCs like MNGL has 13 Outlets, BGL has 14 outlets , GGL with 10 outlets each, and AGL & CGUL with 9 retail outlets each and TNGCL with one outlet.
GAIL Gas Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of GAIL (India) Limited has currently 17 CNG outlets at Dewas, Sonepat, Kota, Meerut, Vijaipur, Dibiyapur, Firozabad, Vadodara and Panvel. It will be commissioning its other outlets very soon.
Piped Natural Gas (PNG) is natural gas used as a fuel for households, Industries (with a demand of less than 50000 scmd) and commercial units
Problem of odor pollution and its management solutionRohit Bisht
The term odour refers to perception regarding smell or scientifically it can be called as “a sensation resulting from the reception of stimulus by the olfactory sensory system”. It can be unpleasant or pleasant but it is caused by inhaling air borne inorganics or organics.
The ever growing population, urbanization and industrialisation has led to odour problem which has increased in to a large proportion and thus a need to control the problem has risen. The major reason of odour problem is no proper sanitation facilities for urbanization. Industrialisation is taking place at a very fast pace and it has added to the problem. Undesirable odour detoriates the air quality and affects the human lifestyle. Odour problem is one the most complex form of pollution.
Effects of the falling price on the global economyRohit Bisht
The document discusses the effects of falling oil prices on the global economy. It states that the large drop in oil prices from $115 per barrel to $60 is mainly due to increased supply, especially from the growth of shale oil production in North America. For oil importing countries, lower prices mean economic benefits through lower costs and more consumption, but oil exporters will see reduced revenues and slower GDP growth. The document also notes that lower inflation results from falling oil costs.
Hero Honda was a successful joint venture between Hero Cycles of India and Honda of Japan from 1984 until 2010 when disagreements over sharing technology and merging spare parts business led Honda to terminate the partnership. As separate companies, Hero MotoCorp has expanded to three manufacturing facilities with an annual production capacity of 3 million motorcycles and 1 million per year, while maintaining its position as one of the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in India.
This document discusses maintenance management. It outlines different types of maintenance including breakdown, preventive, predictive, routine, and planned maintenance. The objectives of maintenance are to minimize downtime and costs while keeping assets operational. Maintenance involves civil, mechanical, and electrical areas. A key point is that total maintenance costs include commitment costs, preventive maintenance costs, and breakdown costs, with the optimal policy balancing these to achieve the lowest overall costs.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Chemistry
Crude oil, commonly known as petroleum,
is a liquid found within the Earth comprised
of hydrocarbons, organic compounds and
small amounts of metal. While
hydrocarbons are usually the primary
component of crude oil, their composition
can vary from 50%-97% depending on the
type of crude oil and how it is extracted.
Organic compounds like nitrogen, oxygen,
and sulfur typically make-up between 6%-
10% of crude oil while metals such as
copper, nickel, vanadium and iron account
for less than 1% of the total composition.
Crude Oil
Rohit Bisht
3. Basic Geology
Types of Rocks
o Igneous Rocks
o Sedimentary Rocks
o Metamorphic Rocks
Geologic Time Scale
Rohit Bisht
4. Oil Formation
Conditions for Oil and Gas Formation
There are four requirements necessary to form an oil deposit:
o There must be a source rock
o There must be a heating event
o There must be a reservoir rock
o There must be a trapping mechanism
Oil Maturity
Organic matter is first changed by the
increase in temperature into kerogen,
which is a solid form of hydrocarbon
Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid
state, called Oil.
Around 150°C, Oil generation dies oil and
only Methane and Hydrogen are produced.Rohit Bisht
5. Migration of Petroleum
The movement of hydrocarbons from their source into reservoir rocks.
The movement of newly generated hydrocarbons out of their source
rock is primary migration also called expulsion. The further
movement of the hydrocarbons into reservoir rock in a hydrocarbon
trap or other area of accumulation is secondary migration
Migration typically occurs from a structurally low area to a higher area
because of the relative buoyancy of hydrocarbons in comparison to the
surrounding rock.
Being lighter than water, petroleum will displace groundwater and flow
upwards and will seep to the surface via faults and porous overburden
unless confined under special circumstances to became trapped and to
form economic petroleum deposits.
Rohit Bisht
6. Reservoir
A petroleum reservoir is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained
in porous or fractured rock formations.
A suitable reservoir rock must be porous, permeable and contain
enough hydrocarbon to make it economically feasible fro the operating
company to drill for and produce them.
Porosity: Porosity of rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid.
Porosity = Pore volume/total rock volume x 100%
Permeability: Permeability is a measure of the amount of flow of a
liquid through a rock.
Q = KAD/uL
Rohit Bisht
7. Geological structures for
petroleum entrapment
TRAP: A trap consists of an impervious stratum that overlies the
reservoir rock thereby prohibiting hydrocarbons from escaping upward
and laterally. This impervious stratum is called a roof rock; it
intervenes to collect and hold hydrocarbons underground. The roof
forms a seal, or a barrier, which creates the needed conditions for a
pool.
Classification of Traps:
o Structural Traps
• Anticline Trap
• Fault Trap
o Stratigraphic Traps
• Pinchout
• Truncated
Rohit Bisht
8. Exploration Methods
Preliminary Studies
Surveying marks the elementary phase for oil and gas exploration. In
the first stage of the search for hydrocarbon-bearing rock formations,
geological maps and satellite data are reviewed to identify major
sedimentary basins. Remote sensing and aerial photography may then
be used to identify promising landscape formations such as faults, or
anticlines.
Geological Methods:
o Oil Seeps
The second important point in geological method for surface
exploratory methods includes:
o Preparation of geologic maps of the area
o Preparation of cross section geological formations
Rohit Bisht
9. Geophysical Methods :
Seismic Methods
It is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to
estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The
method requires a seismic acoustic energy as a source, such as explosives (dynamite)
and vibrators for land surveys or air guns for marine surveys. The reflected signals are
output onto a storage medium, which is usually a magnetic tape. Once the data is
recorded on the tape, it can then be processed using specialist software which will
result in processed seismic profiles being produced.
On land, the typical seismometer used in a reflection experiment is a small, portable
instrument known as a geophone, which converts ground motion into an analog
electrical signal. In water, hydrophones, which convert pressure changes into electrical
signals, are used.
Seismic field acquisition involves three basic elements:
I. a source of acoustic energy
II. seismic receivers - geophones / hydrophones
III. a seismograph or recorder to collect and store the data
Rohit Bisht
10. 2D - When exploring a new area where little is known of the subsurface geology, a 2D
survey is usually performed. It gives an idea about the lithology of the field and the
presence of any geological formations where petroleum can be trapped.
3D - In areas where the larger and more obvious traps are mapped, petroleum explorers
are increasingly using 3D surveys to obtain greater definition. By placing survey lines
much closer together, a more detailed three-dimensional picture can be built.
4D - 3D survey that is carried out at regular intervals to plan the development of the
field. Hence the fourth dimension becomes time.
Gravity methods
Gravity surveys involve taking reading about a kilometer apart throughout the region
with a device called gravimeter. The gravimeter measures the gravitational field and
this reading correlates with the density of the region. By studying the differences in the
density, one can predict which areas of the region might contain oil.
Rohit Bisht
11. Magnetic methods
By measuring the magnetic field, one can tell where there is
likely to be oil because the rocks that may contain oil have very
low magnetic readings. The magnetic field can be measured with
an instrument called magnetometer which can be flown over an
area or used on the ground. Magnetic surveys are usually made
with magnetometers borne by aircraft flying in parallel lines
spaced two to four kilometers apart at an elevation of about 500
meters when exploring for petroleum deposits. Ground surveys
are conducted to follow up magnetic anomaly discoveries made
from the air. Such surveys may involve stations spaced only 50
meters apart
Rohit Bisht
13. Preparing to drill
Once the land has been prepared, several holes must be dug to
make way for the rig and the main hole. A rectangular pit, called
a cellar, is dug around the location of the actual drilling hole. The
cellar provides a work space around the hole, for the workers and
drilling accessories. The crew then begins drilling the main hole,
often with a small drill truck rather than the main rig. The first
part of the hole is larger and shallower than the main portion, and
is lined with a large-diameter conductor pipe. Additional holes
are dug off to the side to temporarily store equipment -- when
these holes are finished, the rig equipment can be brought in and
set up.
Rohit Bisht
14. Setting the Rig
Depending upon the remoteness of the drill site and its access,
equipment may be transported to the site by truck, helicopter or
barge. Some rigs are built on ships or barges for work on inland
water where there is no foundation to support a rig (as in marshes
or lakes).
Rohit Bisht
15. Drilling
There are five basic steps to drilling the surface hole:
i. Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
ii. Attach the kelly and turntable and begin drilling.
iii. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and
out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the hole.
iv. Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets
deeper.
v. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the pre-
set depth (anywhere from a few hundred to a couple-
thousand feet) is reached.
Rohit Bisht
16. Once the final depth is reached, the well to allows il to flow into
the casing in a controlled manner. First, they perforating gun is
lowered a into the well to the production depth. The gun has
explosive charges to create holes in the casing through which oil
can flow. After the casing has been perforated, small-diameter
pipe (tubing) is put into the hole as a conduit for oil and gas to
flow up the well. A device called a packer is run down the outside
of the tubing. When the packer is set at the production level, it is
expanded to form a seal around the outside of the tubing. Finally,
they connect a multi-valved structure called a Christmas tree to
the top of the tubing and cement it to the op of the casing. The
Christmas tree allows them to control the flow of oil from the
well.
Rohit Bisht
17. EOR
Primary Oil Recovery Secondary Oil Recovery Enhanced Oil Recovery
Primary oil recovery refers
to the process of extracting
oil either via the natural
rise of hydrocarbons to the
surface of the earth or via
pump jacks and other
artificial lift devices.
This method involves the
injection of gas or water,
which will displace the oil,
force it to move from its
resting place and bring it to
the surface
Rather than simply trying
to force the oil out of the
ground, as did the previous
two methods, enhanced oil
recovery seeks to alter its
properties to make it more
conducive to extraction.
There are three main types
of enhanced oil recovery:
• Thermal Recovery
• Gas Injection
• Chemical Injection
Rohit Bisht
18. Thermal Recovery. This is the most prevalent type of EOR in the USA
and works by heating the oil to reduce its viscosity and allowing easier
flow to the surface. This is most commonly achieved by introducing
steam into the reservoir, which will work to heat the oil. Less
commonplace is the practice of burning part of the oil in order to heat
the rest (fire flooding or in-situ burning).
Gas Injection. Either natural gas, nitrogen or carbon dioxide
(increasingly the most popular option) are injected into the reservoir to
mix with the oil, making it more viscous, whilst simultaneously
pushing the oil to the surface (similar to secondary oil recovery).
Chemical Injection. The least common method of EOR, chemical
injection works by freeing trapped oil in the well. This is done by
lowering surface tension and increasing the efficiency of water-
flooding.
Rohit Bisht
Editor's Notes
What is oil and gas?
Crude containing hydrogen sulfide is referred to as sour crude, sweet crude is crude oil that contains less than 0.1% sulfur.
Light Crude (>35API) Mumbai High
Medium Crude (35 to 22) Arabian Crude
Heavy Crude (<22) Venezuelan Crude
Igneous Rocks – Formed by cooling of magma inside the earth.
Sedimentary Rocks – Are rocks formed from sediment. They are rocks formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation on the earths surface.
Metamorphic Rocks – Are rocks that have altered their texture and mineralogy due to changes in temperature and pressure.
Proterozoic Eon – Consist of soft bodied forms that are rarely fossilized. Are simple organism such as bacteria, algae and wormlike animals.
Phanerozoic Eon - Means “Visible Life” referring to the first appearance of hard-shelled fossils at the beginning of the cambrain period. Are complex animals & Plants such as dinosaur, mammals and trees.
Major Oil generation starts at 60 Celsius and reaches an optimum at about 100 Celsius.
Borehole temperature only gives the present temperature and not what temperature may have been reached in the past. Palaeo temperature measurement are done by a variety of methods including ratio of total organic carbon to residual carbon
Kerogen is a mixture of organic chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in sedimentary rocks. It is insoluble in normal organic solvents because of the high molecular wright of tis component compounds. When heated at the right temperature in the earths crust (Oil Window 50-150 Celsius, Gas 150-200 C) Some types of kerogen release crude oil or natural gas, collectively known as hydrocarbons.
Type 1 (Algal)
Tends to produce Oil
High Hydrogen and Low oxygen
Abundant in algae, both marine and Freshwater
Type 2 (Liptinic)
Produces both oil and gas
H:C ratio greater than 1
Zoo plankton and Phytoplankton
Type 3 (Humic)
Gas prone
H:C ratio approx 0.84
From woody plants
Type 4 (Residue)
No potential to produce Hydrocatbon
H:C
Exploration and production of hydrocarbons is a high-risk venture. Geologic concepts are uncertain with respect to structure, reservoir seal, and hydrocarbon charge. On the other hand, economic evaluations contain uncertainties related to costs, probability of finding and producing economically viable reservoirs, and oil price. These uncertainties originated from geological models and coupled with economic and engineering models involve high-risk decision scenarios.
Types of risks
Risk of non-discovery, technological risk, political risk, Economic risk and international oil price.
A geologic map is a special-purpose map made for the purpose of showing subsurface geological features. Geologic maps portray an interpretive, three-dimensional view of the rock, sediment, and soil units arranged by their age. The time scale is essential because it allows for interpretation and prediction of structures and other features at and below the Earth's surface that can have significant economic implications (for example, oil traps, coal seams, minerals) and societal implications (for example, natural hazards, faults, pollution/contamination).
Cross Section is an application in Geology that allows geological features such as formation boundaries, faults, and sand bodies to be interpreted
Seismic Methods
It is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The method requires a seismic acoustic energy as a source, such as explosives (dynamite) and vibrators for land surveys or air guns for marine surveys. The reflected signals are output onto a storage medium, which is usually a magnetic tape. Once the data is recorded on the tape, it can then be processed using specialist software which will result in processed seismic profiles being produced.
On land, the typical seismometer used in a reflection experiment is a small, portable instrument known as a geophone, which converts ground motion into an analog electrical signal. In water, hydrophones, which convert pressure changes into electrical signals, are used.
Seismic field acquisition involves three basic elements:
I. a source of acoustic energy
II. seismic receivers - geophones / hydrophones
III. a seismograph or recorder to collect and store the data
2D - When exploring a new area where little is known of the subsurface geology, a 2D survey is usually performed. It
gives an idea about the lithology of the field and the presence of any geological formations where petroleum can be trapped.
3D - In areas where the larger and more obvious traps are mapped,
petroleum explorers are increasingly using 3D surveys to obtain greater definition. By placing survey lines much closer together, a more detailed three-dimensional picture can be built.
4D - 3D survey that is carried out at regular intervals to plan the development of the field. Hence the fourth dimension becomes time.
Gravity methods
Gravity surveys involve taking reading about a kilometer apart throughout the region with a device called gravimeter. The gravimeter measures the gravitational field and this reading correlates with the density of the region. By studying the differences in the density, one can predict which areas of the region might contain oil.
Magnetic methods
By measuring the magnetic field, one can tell where there is likely to be oil because the rocks that may contain oil have very low magnetic readings. The magnetic field can be measured with an instrument called magnetometer which can be flown over an area or used on the ground. Magnetic surveys are usually made with magnetometers borne by aircraft flying in parallel lines spaced two to four kilometers apart at an elevation of about 500 meters when exploring for petroleum deposits. Ground surveys are conducted to follow up magnetic anomaly discoveries made from the air. Such surveys may involve stations spaced only 50 meters apart
Preparing to drill
Once the land has been prepared, several holes must be dug to make way for the rig and the main hole. A rectangular pit, called a cellar, is dug around the location of the actual drilling hole. The cellar provides a work space around the hole, for the workers and drilling accessories. The crew then begins drilling the main hole, often with a small drill truck rather than the main rig. The first part of the hole is larger and shallower than the main portion, and is lined with a large-diameter conductor pipe. Additional holes are dug off to the side to temporarily store equipment -- when these holes are finished, the rig equipment can be brought in and set up.
Setting the Rig
Depending upon the remoteness of the drill site and its access, equipment may be transported to the site by truck, helicopter or barge. Some rigs are built on ships or barges for work on inland water where there is no foundation to support a rig (as in marshes or
lakes).
Drilling
Drilling
There are five basic steps to drilling the surface hole:
1. Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
2. Attach the kelly and turntable and begin drilling.
3. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the hole.
4. Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets deeper.
5. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the pre-set depth (anywhere from a few hundred to a couple-thousand feet) is reached.
Once the final depth is reached, the well to allows il to flow into the casing in a controlled manner. First, they perforating gun is lowered a into the well to the production depth. The gun has explosive charges to create holes in the casing through which oil can flow. After the casing has been perforated, small-diameter pipe (tubing) is put into the hole as a conduit for oil and gas to flow up the well. A device called a packer is run down the outside of the tubing. When the packer is set at the production level, it is expanded to form a seal around the outside of the tubing. Finally, they connect a multi-valved structure called a Christmas tree to the top of the tubing and cement it to the op of the casing. The Christmas tree allows them to control the flow of oil from the well.
MUD LOGGING
Mud logging, more precisely referred to as hydrocarbon mud logging, is a process whereby the circulating mud and cuttings in a well are continuously monitored as the well is being drilled.
WELL LOGGING
Well logging is technique used in the oil (petroleum) & gas industry for recording rock properties and thereby finding hydrocarbon zones in the formation (below the earth's crust).
Measurement while drilling (MWD)
Measurement While Drilling is the technique of evaluation of physical properties, like pressure, temperature and wellbore trajectory in three-dimensional space, while extending a wellbore.
Logging-while-drilling (LWD) is the measurement of formation properties during the excavation of the hole, or shortly thereafter, through the use of tools integrated into the bottomhole assembly.