The document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, the stages of learning a language, and features that distinguish human and animal communication. It then describes the main branches of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Specific linguistic concepts are defined, such as phoneme, morpheme, allomorph, morph, and their differences are explained. Theories around the linguistic sign and grammar are also introduced. The document serves as an introductory guide to fundamental terminology and topics within the field of linguistics.

1. Welcome
To the presentation on Linguistics terms

2. Language:
 Audible, articulate, meaningful sound as produced by the action of the vocal organs
 Audible
 Articulate

3. Language
 Meaningful
 the action of the vocal organs

4. Stages of learning a language
 Listening
 Understanding
 Speaking
 Reading
 Writing

5. Steps of leaning English as a second language
 Reading
 Memorizing
 Translating
 Writing

6. Features of a Language
Language Is Systematic
Language Is Symbolic
Arbitrariness
Language Is Primarily Vocal
Language Is Human Specific
Language Is Used for Communication

7. Functions of Language
 Language enables humans to do many things, thus serving
different functions in the society. Finch (1998) lists seven
general (micro) functions:
 Physiological function
 Phatic function
 Recording function
 Identifying function
 Reasoning function
 Communicating function
 Pleasure function

8. Varieties of Language
 Idiolect : From person to person
 Dialect : Due to regional difference
 Sociolect : Due to social position
 Style/ Register : Professional variation

9. Other Communication
 Human:
 Direct
 Body language (kinesics), tone of voice, personal space
(proxemics), gesture
 Indirect
 Writing, mathematics, music, painting, signs
 Nonhuman:
 Sounds, odors, body movements
 Call systems, ethologists
 ASL – American Sign Language

10. Animal v. Human Communication
 Four differences:
 Productivity (infinite expressions)
 Displacement (past, present, future)
 Arbitrariness (no link between word and sound)
 Combining sounds (phonemes)
 English has 45 phonemes
 Nonhuman animals cannot combine sounds

11. Linguistics:
 Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language.
It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems
and principles of human languages.
 the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of
grammar, syntax, and phonetics.

12. Main branches of linguistics
 Phonetics
 Phonology
 Morphology
 Syntax
 Semantics

13. Phonetics
 Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that
is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the
description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected
speech, etc.

14. Phonology
 Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and
sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the
sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.
 A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in
meaning.

15. Morphology
 Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies
the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation processes.
 Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a
language，many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called
morphemes.
 Terms: morpheme; affixes (prefixes,
suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes);
bound vs. free; root vs. stem vs.
derivational.

16. Syntax
 Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences.
 The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax, which
specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between
words, word classes and other sentence elements.
 We know that words are organized into structures more than just word
order.

17. Semantics:
 Study of meaning
 Semantics The following are what the key concepts look like:
 semantic components
 denotation of words
 sense relations between words such as antonymy and synonymy
 sense relations between sentences such as entailment and presupposition and
others.
 examines how meaning is encoded in a language

19. Saussure’s Theory of the Sign
 Sign = Linguistic form + Meaning
 ‘The word cat’ = [kh æ t] +

20. C. Grammar:
The sounds and sound patterns, the basic
units of meaning, such as words, and the
rules to combine them to form new
sentences constitute the grammar of a
language. The grammar is an internalized,
unconscious set of rules.

21. Morph
 the phonological representation of a morphemeIn linguistics, a word segment
that represents one morpheme in sound or writing. For example, the
word infamous is made up of three morphs--in-, fam(e), -eous--each of which
represents one morpheme.
 While a morpheme is an abstract unit of meaning, a morph is a formal unit
with a physical shape.

22. Morpheme
 A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such
as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end
of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful
parts. Adjective: morphemic.
 Morphemes are commonly classified into free
morphemes (which can occur as separate words)
and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).

23. Allomorph
 Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic (s)
of cats (kăts), (z) of pigs (pĭgz), and (ĭz) horses(hôr′sĭz) are allomorphs of the
English plural morpheme.

24. Phone
 a speech sound: There are three phonetically different “t” phones in an utter
ance of “titillate,” and two in anutterance of “tattletale.”
 A speech sound considered without reference to its status as a phoneme or an
allophone in a language.

25. Phoneme
one of the set of speech sounds in any given language that serve to distinguish one word
from another. A phoneme may consist of several phonetically distinct articulations, which are regarded as
identical by native speakers, since one articulation may be substituted for another without any change
of meaning. Thus /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English because they distinguish such words aspect and
bet, whereas the light and dark /l/ sounds in little are not separate phonemes since they maybe transposed wit
hout changing meaning

26. Allophone
 Linguistics A predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme. For example, the
aspirated t of top, the unaspirated t of stop, and the tt (pronounced as a
flap) of batter are allophones of the English phoneme /t/.
 (Phonetics & Phonology) any of several speech sounds that are regarded as
contextual or environmental variants of the same phoneme. In English the
aspirated initial (p) in pot and the unaspirated (p) in spot are allophones of
the phoneme /p/
 t-sounds of top, stop, tree, cat, button, metal, or city

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