The document discusses the segmental and supra-segmental sounds of English. Segmental sounds are the individual phonemes - consonants and vowels - that make up words. The document lists the 24 English consonant phonemes and 14 vowel phonemes. It also describes length in consonants and vowels. Supra-segmental sounds are effects like pitch, stress, and juncture that extend over multiple segments. The document discusses symbols and transcription for sounds.
1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
The phoneme can be defined as "the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning" (Gimson, A.C. (2008), Cruttenden, A., ed., The Pronunciation of English (7 ed.)). This definition can be clarified by a practice called minimal pair which is listing pairs of words which are different in meaning and phonologically distinct only in one phonological element.
Minimal pair can be illustrated in the following examples:
The words "pin" /pɪn/ and "pan" /pæn/ are different only in their middle sounds i.e. /ɪ/ & /æ/. Therefore the sounds /ɪ/ & /æ/ are considered to be different phonemes.
The words "pill" /pɪl/ and "bill" /bɪl/ are different only in their initial sounds i.e. /p/ & /b/. Therefore the sounds /p/ & /b/ are considered to be different phonemes.
An allophone, on the other hand, is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. It can be considered to be variations of a phoneme and doesn't change the meaning of a word.
e.g. the phoneme /p/ in the word "pill" /pɪl/ can be aspirated [pʰɪl ]. So the aspirated [pʰ] is considered to be the allophone of the phoneme /p/
1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
The phoneme can be defined as "the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning" (Gimson, A.C. (2008), Cruttenden, A., ed., The Pronunciation of English (7 ed.)). This definition can be clarified by a practice called minimal pair which is listing pairs of words which are different in meaning and phonologically distinct only in one phonological element.
Minimal pair can be illustrated in the following examples:
The words "pin" /pɪn/ and "pan" /pæn/ are different only in their middle sounds i.e. /ɪ/ & /æ/. Therefore the sounds /ɪ/ & /æ/ are considered to be different phonemes.
The words "pill" /pɪl/ and "bill" /bɪl/ are different only in their initial sounds i.e. /p/ & /b/. Therefore the sounds /p/ & /b/ are considered to be different phonemes.
An allophone, on the other hand, is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. It can be considered to be variations of a phoneme and doesn't change the meaning of a word.
e.g. the phoneme /p/ in the word "pill" /pɪl/ can be aspirated [pʰɪl ]. So the aspirated [pʰ] is considered to be the allophone of the phoneme /p/
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This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
Part of a lecture series on English Language Pedagogy for Vietnamese in-service English language teachers, 14 October 2014 @ UCSI International School, Port Dickson MY.
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
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3. A phoneme is a basic unit of
a language's phonology, which is combined
with other phonemes to form meaningful units
such as words or morphemes.
4. 1. Segmental
It is phonology that deals with the analysis of speech into phonemes which
correspond fairly well to phonetic segments of the analyzed speech. Consist of consonant
and vowel.
The Segmental Sounds of English consist of:
a) The English Consonant
The English consonants are twenty-four in number. The word consonant is phonemic. Of
courses the word consonant here does not refer to the consonant found in the English
alphabet, but rather to the consonants as they sound orally. The example of consonants
are:
/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/,/θ, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /∫/, /з/,/t∫/, /dз/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /η/,/l/, /r/, /w/, /j/.
5. b) The English Consonant described
It is a list of the English consonant phonemes and their
major allophones. The allophones are describes
phonetically.
c) Consonant Clusters
It is a combination of two or more consonant. Such
clusters may occur in initial, medial, or final positions.
d) The English Vowel
The English vowels are fourteen in number. In addition to
these vowels, there are glides and diphthongs, which are
really combinations vowels. The examples of vowels are:
i/, /i:/, /ei/, /æ/, /ə/, /۸/, /з/, /a/, /u:/, /u/, /əu/, /α/, /./כ
6. e) The English Vowel Described
It is a list of the English vowel phonemes. They are described phonetically,
and their distributionis given withexample: phoneme / e / , allophone [ e ]
descriptionmid openfront unrounded. It occurs only initially and medially. / end
/ [end] ‘end’ ; / send / [send] ‘send’.
f) Lengthin EnglishConsonants and Vowels
Means the time it takes to produce a sound. This does not meanthe speed
at whicha person speaks. It means, rather, the relative lengthof time in
whicheachseparate sound is produced, as comparedwitha longer or shorter
time in whichthe same sound or othersounds may be produced in the stream
of speech.
7. 2. Supra – Segmental
It is a vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an utterance, such
as pitch, stress, or juncture, pattern. In supra-segmental consist of:
8.
In the alphabet we have five letters that are called
vowels ′𝜕’ , ‘e’ , ‘i’ , ‘o’ , ‘u’ . If we choose the right
context we can show how substituting one letter for
another will change meaning .Thus with a letter ‘p’
before and a letter ‘t’ after the vowel letter ,we get the
five words spelt ‘pat’ , ‘pet’ , ‘pit’ ,’pot’ , ‘put’ .each of
which a different meaning .if we look at the short vowels
I ,e,æ,۸,ɒ,ʊ .
