The document introduces IPv6 and defines IPv6 addressing. It explains that IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of IPv4, including its limited 32-bit address space. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space to provide vastly more addresses. It describes the different address types in IPv6, including unicast, multicast, and anycast addresses. It also explains features like stateless address autoconfiguration that make IPv6 more flexible and scalable than IPv4.
The document discusses several methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 networks, including dual stack operation, tunneling, and Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT). Dual stack allows nodes to operate using both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously. Tunneling involves encapsulating IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets to allow IPv6 traffic to transit IPv4 networks. NAT-PT performs translation between IPv6 and IPv4 packets to allow communication between separate IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, primarily the limited available address space. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space, providing vastly more addresses than IPv4. It also has a simplified header format and built-in support for security. The document discusses the need for IPv6 due to growth of internet-connected devices. It describes IPv6 addressing formats, types of addresses, and how addresses are represented. IPv6 enables more efficient routing through larger address space and built-in mobility and security features.
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the history and development of EIGRP, its basic operation and components, including reliable transport protocol, packet types, neighbor discovery via hello packets, and route updates using the diffusing update algorithm. It also covers basic EIGRP configuration such as enabling it with the router eigrp command, advertising networks, and verifying neighbor relationships.
The document discusses IP routing protocols RIP, RIP version 2, EIGRP, and OSPF. It provides details on configuration and features of each protocol, including route summarization, route filtering, default routing, and stub routing. It also covers troubleshooting routing loops caused by interface summaries in RIP and using leak maps in EIGRP.
This document provides an in-depth analysis of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It is divided into three parts, with part one covering OSPF theory and definitions related topics like area types, router roles, metrics, neighbors, packet types, states, and designated routers. Part two contains multiple practice labs for experimenting with OSPF configurations. Part three lists reference materials and notes.
This document discusses multiarea OSPF configuration and verification. It describes how multiarea OSPF solves issues with large routing tables and frequent SPF calculations in large networks by dividing the network into areas. Key points include:
- Multiarea OSPF uses a backbone area to connect other areas, reducing routing information shared across areas.
- Routers can function as internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers, or autonomous system boundary routers.
- Link state advertisements (LSAs) describe the network topology, with different LSA types originating and flooding in different areas.
- Commands like show ip ospf verify OSPF neighbor status, routes, and the link state database in each area.
The document discusses several methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 networks, including dual stack operation, tunneling, and Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT). Dual stack allows nodes to operate using both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously. Tunneling involves encapsulating IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets to allow IPv6 traffic to transit IPv4 networks. NAT-PT performs translation between IPv6 and IPv4 packets to allow communication between separate IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, primarily the limited available address space. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space, providing vastly more addresses than IPv4. It also has a simplified header format and built-in support for security. The document discusses the need for IPv6 due to growth of internet-connected devices. It describes IPv6 addressing formats, types of addresses, and how addresses are represented. IPv6 enables more efficient routing through larger address space and built-in mobility and security features.
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the history and development of EIGRP, its basic operation and components, including reliable transport protocol, packet types, neighbor discovery via hello packets, and route updates using the diffusing update algorithm. It also covers basic EIGRP configuration such as enabling it with the router eigrp command, advertising networks, and verifying neighbor relationships.
The document discusses IP routing protocols RIP, RIP version 2, EIGRP, and OSPF. It provides details on configuration and features of each protocol, including route summarization, route filtering, default routing, and stub routing. It also covers troubleshooting routing loops caused by interface summaries in RIP and using leak maps in EIGRP.
This document provides an in-depth analysis of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It is divided into three parts, with part one covering OSPF theory and definitions related topics like area types, router roles, metrics, neighbors, packet types, states, and designated routers. Part two contains multiple practice labs for experimenting with OSPF configurations. Part three lists reference materials and notes.
This document discusses multiarea OSPF configuration and verification. It describes how multiarea OSPF solves issues with large routing tables and frequent SPF calculations in large networks by dividing the network into areas. Key points include:
- Multiarea OSPF uses a backbone area to connect other areas, reducing routing information shared across areas.
- Routers can function as internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers, or autonomous system boundary routers.
- Link state advertisements (LSAs) describe the network topology, with different LSA types originating and flooding in different areas.
- Commands like show ip ospf verify OSPF neighbor status, routes, and the link state database in each area.
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects different autonomous systems on the internet. It allows for the exchange of routing and reachability information between these systems. BGP operates using a finite state machine to manage the states of connections between peers. It establishes TCP connections between routers to exchange routing updates and keep connections alive through regular keepalive messages. BGP version 4, defined in RFC 4271, is the current standard implementation which supports features like classless inter-domain routing and route aggregation.
IGRP and EIGRP.
Comparison between traditional Distance Vector Routing Protocols and Enhanced Distance Vector Routing Protocols.
EIGRP Message Format and Packet Header.
EIGRP Parameters (K1,K2, K3, K4, K5, Reserved, and Hold Time).
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM).
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP).
EIGRP Packet Types (Hello Packets, Update packets, Acknowledgment packets, Query and Reply packets).
EIGRP Bounded Updates.
Introduction to DUAL Algorithm.
EIGRP Administrative Distance.
The router eigrp Command, the network command with a Wildcard Mask, Verifying EIGRP and using the Bandwidth command
EIGRP Metric Calculation, EIGRP uses Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load in its metric.
DUAL Concepts, successor, Feasible distance (FD), Feasible successor (FS), Reported distance (RD)/ AD and Feasibility Condition (FC).
DUAL Finite State Machine, Null0 Summary Route, Disabling Automatic Summarization, Manual Summarization and EIGRP default route
Day 3 ENHANCED IGRP (EIGRP) AND OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)anilinvns
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols. It describes the key characteristics of EIGRP including that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to determine the best path. It also explains how to configure and verify EIGRP. For OSPF, the document outlines that it is an open standard link-state protocol, defines common OSPF terminology, and describes how to configure OSPF areas and verify the protocol. Loopback interfaces and troubleshooting OSPF are also briefly covered.
This document discusses link aggregation concepts and configuration using EtherChannel as well as first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP. It begins with an overview of link aggregation and how EtherChannel can be used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth. The document then provides configuration examples for implementing EtherChannel on two switches using LACP. Finally, it covers first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP, explaining how HSRP provides a virtual IP and MAC address that is shared between routers to ensure connectivity in the event of a router failure.
EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol based on IGRP that combines features of link-state and distance-vector protocols, using four main components: neighbor discovery, reliable transport, DUAL finite state machine, and protocol-dependent modules to exchange five types of packets and allow configuration and debugging similar to IGRP.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This document provides an overview of Network Address Translation (NAT) for IPv4. It contains the following sections:
1. NAT Operation - Explains the purpose and function of NAT, the different types of NAT (static, dynamic, PAT), and the advantages and disadvantages of NAT.
2. Configure NAT - Details how to configure static NAT, dynamic NAT, PAT, and port forwarding on Cisco routers using the command line interface.
3. Troubleshoot NAT - Covers how to troubleshoot NAT issues in a network.
The document is intended to instruct users on the basic concepts and configuration of NAT to provide IPv4 address translation and scalability in small to medium business networks.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
The document discusses Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes EIGRP's improvements over IGRP including faster convergence, efficient use of network resources through partial route updates, support for variable length subnet masking and multiple network layer protocols. The key technologies that enable EIGRP's performance are neighbor discovery, reliable transport protocol, Diffusing Update Algorithm and protocol dependent modules.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and how they operate. It covers distance vector protocols like RIPv2 and EIGRP that do not have a full topology map and exchange periodic updates. It also discusses link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that build a complete network map by flooding link-state advertisements and running the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path. The document provides information on dynamic routing fundamentals, protocol operations, convergence, and compares distance vector and link-state protocols.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and contains sections on dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2 configuration, routing tables, and a summary. Some key points include:
- Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn about remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information to choose the best path.
- RIPv2 is configured on routers to exchange routing information with neighboring routers using various routing protocol messages and algorithms.
- Routing tables contain entries for directly connected networks, remote networks learned dynamically, and default routes. IPv4 tables can include ultimate, level 1, and level 2 routes while IPv6 tables contain only ultimate routes.
- The routing lookup process uses administrative distances and longest prefix matching to determine the best route
EIGRP is a proprietary routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses a composite metric and has fast convergence properties. It functions as a hybrid of distance-vector and link-state routing protocols, sending subnet mask and VLSM information in updates. EIGRP forms neighbor relationships through periodic hello messages and establishes three key tables - Neighbor, Topology, and Routing - to store neighbor, route, and best path information. It utilizes five packet types and reliable transport to efficiently share routing updates.
Presentation about interior gateway routing protocol EIGRP which covers most of the concepts and features of the protocol.
Delivered by Dmitry Figol, CCIE R&S #53592.
The document discusses advances in EIGRP routing protocol. It focuses on scaling enhancements including the introduction of EIGRP stubs which allow spoke routers in a hub-and-spoke network to signal that they should not be used as transit paths to reduce the number of queries and improve scaling. It also covers single peering over parallel links and other unspecified enhancements.
This document provides instructor materials for teaching Chapter 6: EIGRP in the CCNA Routing and Switching Scaling Networks course. It includes an instructor planning guide with information on chapter activities, objectives, and best practices for teaching the chapter. It also includes the instructor class presentation slides that cover the key topics in the chapter, including configuring and implementing EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 routing.
- The document discusses EIGRP routing protocols, including the basic concepts of routing, static versus dynamic routing, and an overview of EIGRP configuration and metrics.
- Key points covered include the basic functions of routers, different types of routing protocols, advantages and disadvantages of static routing, and how dynamic routing protocols automatically share information and update routing tables when network changes occur.
- The document also provides details on EIGRP packet types, neighbor discovery via hello packets, metric calculation using bandwidth and delay, and basic EIGRP configuration steps.
Segment routing allows a node to steer a packet through an ordered list of segments encoded in the packet header. Segments represent instructions like forwarding through specific nodes or along certain paths. By encoding the path in packets, segment routing can compute paths centrally and reduce network state.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. The presentation covers the basic concepts of OSPF including its use of the Shortest Path First algorithm, areas, router types, header format, and hello packets. It also gives examples of OSPF configuration and important terms like loopback interfaces, designated routers, and authentication. The summary highlights both the processor intensive nature of OSPF but also its advantages like hierarchy, link state design, and support for VLSM.
The document provides an overview of EIGRP including its history, features, operation, configuration and comparison to other routing protocols. EIGRP is a proprietary Cisco routing protocol that is based on distance vector routing but incorporates some link state features for faster convergence. It uses a composite metric and DUAL algorithm to determine the best paths. EIGRP forms neighbor relationships through hello messages and exchanges updates to share routing information.
The document provides an overview of configuring the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and components of EIGRP, including its tables, metrics, neighbor discovery, and packet types. The objectives are to describe EIGRP functionality, plan and implement EIGRP routing, and configure and verify EIGRP implementations in enterprise networks.
Multicast addresses are used to send data from one source to multiple recipients simultaneously. They can be used at both the IP layer and link layer. At the IP layer, IPv4 uses addresses between 224.0.0.0/4 and 239.255.255.255 for multicast, while IPv6 uses addresses with a prefix of ff00::/8. Specific addresses within these ranges are reserved for important network protocols. Multicast addressing schemes allow for addresses to have different scopes from the local link to global routing.
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to determine the optimal route between nodes. Each router uses hello packets to discover neighbors and then builds and floods link state packets (LSPs) throughout the network. All routers use the LSPs to construct a topological map and independently calculate the shortest path to every network using an SPF tree. Common link-state protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects different autonomous systems on the internet. It allows for the exchange of routing and reachability information between these systems. BGP operates using a finite state machine to manage the states of connections between peers. It establishes TCP connections between routers to exchange routing updates and keep connections alive through regular keepalive messages. BGP version 4, defined in RFC 4271, is the current standard implementation which supports features like classless inter-domain routing and route aggregation.
IGRP and EIGRP.
Comparison between traditional Distance Vector Routing Protocols and Enhanced Distance Vector Routing Protocols.
EIGRP Message Format and Packet Header.
EIGRP Parameters (K1,K2, K3, K4, K5, Reserved, and Hold Time).
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM).
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP).
EIGRP Packet Types (Hello Packets, Update packets, Acknowledgment packets, Query and Reply packets).
EIGRP Bounded Updates.
Introduction to DUAL Algorithm.
EIGRP Administrative Distance.
The router eigrp Command, the network command with a Wildcard Mask, Verifying EIGRP and using the Bandwidth command
EIGRP Metric Calculation, EIGRP uses Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load in its metric.
DUAL Concepts, successor, Feasible distance (FD), Feasible successor (FS), Reported distance (RD)/ AD and Feasibility Condition (FC).
DUAL Finite State Machine, Null0 Summary Route, Disabling Automatic Summarization, Manual Summarization and EIGRP default route
Day 3 ENHANCED IGRP (EIGRP) AND OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)anilinvns
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols. It describes the key characteristics of EIGRP including that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to determine the best path. It also explains how to configure and verify EIGRP. For OSPF, the document outlines that it is an open standard link-state protocol, defines common OSPF terminology, and describes how to configure OSPF areas and verify the protocol. Loopback interfaces and troubleshooting OSPF are also briefly covered.
This document discusses link aggregation concepts and configuration using EtherChannel as well as first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP. It begins with an overview of link aggregation and how EtherChannel can be used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth. The document then provides configuration examples for implementing EtherChannel on two switches using LACP. Finally, it covers first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP, explaining how HSRP provides a virtual IP and MAC address that is shared between routers to ensure connectivity in the event of a router failure.
EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol based on IGRP that combines features of link-state and distance-vector protocols, using four main components: neighbor discovery, reliable transport, DUAL finite state machine, and protocol-dependent modules to exchange five types of packets and allow configuration and debugging similar to IGRP.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This document provides an overview of Network Address Translation (NAT) for IPv4. It contains the following sections:
1. NAT Operation - Explains the purpose and function of NAT, the different types of NAT (static, dynamic, PAT), and the advantages and disadvantages of NAT.
2. Configure NAT - Details how to configure static NAT, dynamic NAT, PAT, and port forwarding on Cisco routers using the command line interface.
3. Troubleshoot NAT - Covers how to troubleshoot NAT issues in a network.
The document is intended to instruct users on the basic concepts and configuration of NAT to provide IPv4 address translation and scalability in small to medium business networks.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
The document discusses Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes EIGRP's improvements over IGRP including faster convergence, efficient use of network resources through partial route updates, support for variable length subnet masking and multiple network layer protocols. The key technologies that enable EIGRP's performance are neighbor discovery, reliable transport protocol, Diffusing Update Algorithm and protocol dependent modules.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and how they operate. It covers distance vector protocols like RIPv2 and EIGRP that do not have a full topology map and exchange periodic updates. It also discusses link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that build a complete network map by flooding link-state advertisements and running the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path. The document provides information on dynamic routing fundamentals, protocol operations, convergence, and compares distance vector and link-state protocols.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and contains sections on dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2 configuration, routing tables, and a summary. Some key points include:
- Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn about remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information to choose the best path.
- RIPv2 is configured on routers to exchange routing information with neighboring routers using various routing protocol messages and algorithms.
- Routing tables contain entries for directly connected networks, remote networks learned dynamically, and default routes. IPv4 tables can include ultimate, level 1, and level 2 routes while IPv6 tables contain only ultimate routes.
- The routing lookup process uses administrative distances and longest prefix matching to determine the best route
EIGRP is a proprietary routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses a composite metric and has fast convergence properties. It functions as a hybrid of distance-vector and link-state routing protocols, sending subnet mask and VLSM information in updates. EIGRP forms neighbor relationships through periodic hello messages and establishes three key tables - Neighbor, Topology, and Routing - to store neighbor, route, and best path information. It utilizes five packet types and reliable transport to efficiently share routing updates.
Presentation about interior gateway routing protocol EIGRP which covers most of the concepts and features of the protocol.
Delivered by Dmitry Figol, CCIE R&S #53592.
The document discusses advances in EIGRP routing protocol. It focuses on scaling enhancements including the introduction of EIGRP stubs which allow spoke routers in a hub-and-spoke network to signal that they should not be used as transit paths to reduce the number of queries and improve scaling. It also covers single peering over parallel links and other unspecified enhancements.
This document provides instructor materials for teaching Chapter 6: EIGRP in the CCNA Routing and Switching Scaling Networks course. It includes an instructor planning guide with information on chapter activities, objectives, and best practices for teaching the chapter. It also includes the instructor class presentation slides that cover the key topics in the chapter, including configuring and implementing EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 routing.
- The document discusses EIGRP routing protocols, including the basic concepts of routing, static versus dynamic routing, and an overview of EIGRP configuration and metrics.
- Key points covered include the basic functions of routers, different types of routing protocols, advantages and disadvantages of static routing, and how dynamic routing protocols automatically share information and update routing tables when network changes occur.
- The document also provides details on EIGRP packet types, neighbor discovery via hello packets, metric calculation using bandwidth and delay, and basic EIGRP configuration steps.
Segment routing allows a node to steer a packet through an ordered list of segments encoded in the packet header. Segments represent instructions like forwarding through specific nodes or along certain paths. By encoding the path in packets, segment routing can compute paths centrally and reduce network state.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. The presentation covers the basic concepts of OSPF including its use of the Shortest Path First algorithm, areas, router types, header format, and hello packets. It also gives examples of OSPF configuration and important terms like loopback interfaces, designated routers, and authentication. The summary highlights both the processor intensive nature of OSPF but also its advantages like hierarchy, link state design, and support for VLSM.
The document provides an overview of EIGRP including its history, features, operation, configuration and comparison to other routing protocols. EIGRP is a proprietary Cisco routing protocol that is based on distance vector routing but incorporates some link state features for faster convergence. It uses a composite metric and DUAL algorithm to determine the best paths. EIGRP forms neighbor relationships through hello messages and exchanges updates to share routing information.
The document provides an overview of configuring the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and components of EIGRP, including its tables, metrics, neighbor discovery, and packet types. The objectives are to describe EIGRP functionality, plan and implement EIGRP routing, and configure and verify EIGRP implementations in enterprise networks.
Multicast addresses are used to send data from one source to multiple recipients simultaneously. They can be used at both the IP layer and link layer. At the IP layer, IPv4 uses addresses between 224.0.0.0/4 and 239.255.255.255 for multicast, while IPv6 uses addresses with a prefix of ff00::/8. Specific addresses within these ranges are reserved for important network protocols. Multicast addressing schemes allow for addresses to have different scopes from the local link to global routing.
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to determine the optimal route between nodes. Each router uses hello packets to discover neighbors and then builds and floods link state packets (LSPs) throughout the network. All routers use the LSPs to construct a topological map and independently calculate the shortest path to every network using an SPF tree. Common link-state protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).
This document discusses layer 3 redundancy protocols. It describes routing issues with redundancy and protocols like HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP that provide a redundant default gateway. HSRP defines an active-standby router group that uses a virtual IP address. GLBP provides load balancing across multiple routers and gateway redundancy through automatic failover.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF's message encapsulation, packet types, neighbor discovery process using Hello packets, link state database and shortest path first algorithm, metric and cost calculation, and mechanisms for handling multi-access networks like designated router election. The objectives are to describe OSPF configuration and troubleshooting.
This document outlines an IPv6 lab and techtorial that covers IPv6 addressing, neighbor discovery, static routing, OSPFv3, BGP, and tunneling. The agenda includes lectures on these topics as well as corresponding labs to provide hands-on experience. Prerequisites for the session are basic network engineering knowledge and interest in Cisco technologies. The document then goes on to describe IPv6 addressing formats, types of addresses, and how addresses are allocated to interfaces.
1.What is IP address
2.When & how it was devised
3.IPV4 Features & its functionality
4.Benefits of IPV4 & Devices supporting IPV4
5.Problems of IPV4 & What happened to IPV5
6.What led to IPV6
7.IPV6 Features & Functionality
8.Benefits of IPV6 & supporting devices
9.How transition from IPV4 to IPV6 will happen
10.Problems & challenges that are anticipated & Conclusion
The document discusses IPv6, the next generation internet protocol. It introduces IPv6, describing its benefits over IPv4 including vastly larger address space. It then covers key aspects of IPv6 such as address types, auto-configuration, routing protocols, and technology scope. IPv6 aims to meet growing internet demands through expanded addressing and more efficient headers.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the
Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that
provides an identification and location system for computers
on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
IPv4 & IPv6 are not designed to be interoperable, complicating
the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition
mechanisms have been devised to permit communication
between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The expanded 128-bit addressing scheme and different address types like unicast, multicast, etc.
- Simplified header format compared to IPv4 and removal of checksumming at the network layer.
- Transition mechanisms between IPv4 and IPv6 like 6to4 and ISATAP addressing.
- Hierarchical and aggregatable global address allocation policies and interface identifier assignments.
- IPv6 header options and their processing model compared to IPv4.
IPv6 is the next-generation Internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a 128-bit address size allowing for many more IP addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses. IPv6 also includes improvements in routing, network autoconfiguration, security, quality of service, and extensibility. A transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway using mechanisms like dual stacking that allow both protocols to coexist on networks. While not yet widely deployed, IPv6 is expected to fully replace IPv4 in the coming years.
IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 due to IPv4's limited address space and other issues. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, providing vastly more unique addresses. It also includes improvements in areas like security, quality of service, and extension headers. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is still ongoing, with strategies like running both protocols simultaneously, tunneling IPv6 traffic over IPv4, and translating headers to allow ongoing communication as adoption increases.
IPV6 EXPLANATION BY FOROUZANN DATA COMMUNICATIONgopi5692
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long compared to 32 bits for IPv4, solving the problem of IPv4 address depletion. IPv6 addresses are written in colon hexadecimal format and can be abbreviated by omitting leading zeros and replacing consecutive sections of all-zeroes with "::". The IPv6 packet format includes a fixed-length 40-byte header and optional extension headers that provide additional functionality compared to IPv4 options. During the transition from IPv4 to IPv6, devices will have both protocol stacks and query DNS to determine which version to use for a given destination.
The document outlines an agenda for a 3HOWs event discussing IPv6 and MPLS technology. The morning sessions will cover how to deal with IPv6, including why it is important now due to limited IPv4 addresses, IPv6 addressing details, and how to connect to IPv6. The afternoon will discuss how to connect with MPLS technology, the benefits it provides for interconnecting offices, and actual customer case studies. Questions from attendees will conclude the event.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Limitations of IPv4 that IPv6 addresses such as limited address space and lack of security.
- Key features of IPv6 like a larger 128-bit address space, simpler header format, and built-in security.
- Protocols that support IPv6 functionality like Neighbor Discovery Protocol, Path MTU Discovery, and stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
The document provides instructional materials for a chapter on the network layer. It covers topics like network layer protocols including IPv4 and IPv6, routing, routers, and configuring Cisco routers. Sections explain how network layer protocols support communication across networks and the purpose of fields in IPv4 and IPv6 packets. It also details how hosts, routers, and their routing tables determine the path for packets to travel to reach their destination on either the local network or remote networks.
Migration of corperate networks from ipv4 to ipv6 using dual stackpraveenReddy268
Migration of corperate networks from ipv4 to ipv6 using dual stack
in this you will be learning about internet protocols of version4 & 6.And also about OSI layers and their architecture and coding to the routers
IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of IPv4, such as its limited 32-bit address space that is nearly exhausted. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space providing vastly more addresses. It allows for automatic configuration of addresses, simpler header format, and built-in security features. IPv6 addresses are represented through eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The address space is hierarchically allocated into global unicast, unique local, link-local, multicast, and unspecified addresses.
IPv6 was developed by IETF to address issues with IPv4 such as address exhaustion and simplify auto-configuration. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit in IPv4, providing vastly more unique addresses. It also includes improvements like more efficient routing, integrated security, and auto-configuration protocols to simplify address assignment for nodes on a link.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
8-Lect_8 Addressing the Network.tcp.pptxZahouAmel1
Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of unique addresses, while IPv6 expanded the address space to 128 bits to accommodate many more devices. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and resolve issues like its diminishing available address space as more devices connect to the internet. Some key differences are that IPv6 addresses are much longer at 128 bits compared to 32 bits for IPv4, IPv6 has a larger address space to allow for more connections, and security features like IPSec are mandatory in IPv6.
IPv4 is the current version of the Internet Protocol but has limitations including a limited 32-bit address space that is nearly depleted, lacking built-in network security, and limited quality of service capabilities. IPv6 was developed to address these issues by using a larger 128-bit address space to avoid scarcity, incorporating IPsec to provide security, and improving quality of service and auto-configuration features. While IPv6 adoption is still growing, transitioning networks to be dual-stacked with both IPv4 and IPv6 ensures compatibility and avoids missing traffic from users on IPv6-only networks.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
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CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
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Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
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At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Objectives
• Explain the need for IPv6 address space.
• Explain how IPv6 deals with the limitations of IPv4.
• Describe the features of IPv6 addressing.
• Describe the structure of IPv6 headers in terms of format and extension
headers.
• Show how an IPv6 address is represented.
• Describe the three address types used in IPv6.
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Internet Organization
IANA Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority
ARIN APNIC LACNIC AFRINIC RIPE
American Registry for Internet Numbers
Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre
African Network Information Centre
Réseaux Internet Protocol Européens
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Why Do We Need a Larger Address Space?
• Internet population
– Approximately 973 million users in November 2005
– Emerging population and geopolitical and address space
• Mobile users
– PDA, pen-tablet, notepad, and so on
– Approximately 20 million in 2004
• Mobile phones
– Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
• Transportation
– 1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
– Internet access in planes – Example: Lufthansa
• Consumer devices
– Sony mandated that all its products be IPv6-enabled by 2005
– Billions of home and industrial appliances
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IPv6 Advanced Features
Larger address space
• Global reachability and flexibility
• Aggregation
• Autoconfiguration
• Plug-and-play
• End to end without NAT
• Renumbering
Simpler header
• Routing efficiency
• Performance and forwarding rate
scalability
• No broadcasts
• No checksums
• Extension headers
• Flow labels
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IPv6 Advanced Features (Cont.)
Mobility and security
• Mobile IP RFC-compliant
• IPSec mandatory
(or native) for IPv6
Transition richness
• Dual stack
• 6to4 tunnels
• Translation
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IPv4
• 32 bits or 4 bytes long
• 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes
IPv6
• 128 bits or 16 bytes: four times the bits of IPv4
• 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes
• 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456
• 5 * 1028 addresses per person
Larger Address Space
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Larger Address Space Enables Address Aggregation
• Aggregation of prefixes announced in the global routing table
• Efficient and scalable routing
• Improved bandwidth and functionality for user traffic
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Self Check
1. How much of the address space was in use by mid-2001?
2. How many bits are included in an IPv6 address?
3. How will IPv6 enable smaller routing tables in Internet
routers?
4. Why is NAT not a requirement for IPv6?
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Simple and Efficient Header
A simpler and more efficient header means:
• 64-bit aligned fields and fewer fields
• Hardware-based, efficient processing
• Improved routing efficiency and performance
• Faster forwarding rate with better scalability
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MTU Issues
• Minimum link MTU for IPv6 is 1280 octets
(vs. 68 octets for IPv4).
– On links with MTU < 1280, link-specific fragmentation and reassembly must
be used
• Implementations are expected to perform path MTU discovery to send packets
bigger than 1280.
• Minimal implementation can omit PMTU discovery as long as all packets kept ≤
1280 octets.
• A hop-by-hop option supports transmission of “jumbograms” with up to 232
octets of payload.
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IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison
Fragment
Offset
Flags
Total Length
Type of
Service
IHL
PaddingOptions
Destination Address
Source Address
Header ChecksumProtocolTime to Live
Identification
Version
IPv4 Header
Next
Header
Hop Limit
Flow Label
Traffic
Class
Destination Address
Source Address
Payload Length
Version
IPv6 Header
Field’s Name Kept from IPv4 to IPv6
Fields Not Kept in IPv6
Name and Position Changed in IPv6
New Field in IPv6
Legend
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IPv6 Extension Headers
Simpler and more efficient header means:
• IPv6 has extension headers.
• IPv6 handles the options more efficiently.
• IPv6 enables faster forwarding rate and end nodes processing.
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1 Basic IPv6 Header -
2 Hop-by-Hop Options 0
3 Destination Options (with Routing Options) 60
4 Routing Header 43
5 Fragment Header 44
6 Authentication Header 51
7 Encapsulation Security Payload Header 50
8 Destination Options 60
9 Mobility Header 135
UL TCP 6
UL UDP 17
U L ICMPv6 58
IPv6 Extension Headers
Any combination of 64-bits Extension Headers may follow the IPV6 header but
according to the following order:
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IPv6 Address Representation
• x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hexadecimal field
• Leading zeros in a field are optional:
– 2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B
• Successive fields of 0 can be represented as ::, but only once per address.
Examples:
2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B
2031:0:130f::9c0:876a:130b
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 >>> FF01::1
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 >>> ::1
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 >>> ::
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IPv6—Addressing Model
• Addresses are assigned to interfaces
– Change from IPv4 mode:
• Interface “expected” to have multiple addresses
• Addresses have scope
– Link Local
– Unique Local
– Global
• Addresses have lifetime
– Valid and preferred lifetime
Link LocalUnique LocalGlobal
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IPv6 Address Types
• Unicast
– Address is for a single interface.
– IPv6 has several types (for example, global and IPv4 mapped).
• Multicast
– One-to-many
– Enables more efficient use of the network
– Uses a larger address range
• Anycast
– One-to-nearest (allocated from unicast address space).
– Multiple devices share the same address.
– All anycast nodes should provide uniform service.
– Source devices send packets to anycast address.
– Routers decide on closest device to reach that destination.
– Suitable for load balancing and content delivery services.
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IPv6 Global Unicast (and Anycast)
Addresses
The global unicast and the anycast share the same address format.
• Uses a global routing prefix—a structure that enables aggregation upward,
eventually to the ISP.
• A single interface may be assigned multiple addresses of any type
(unicast, anycast, multicast).
• Every IPv6-enabled interface must contain at least one loopback (::1/128)
and one link-local address.
• Optionally, every interface can have multiple unique local and global
addresses.
• Anycast address is a global unicast address assigned to a set of interfaces
(typically on different nodes).
• IPv6 anycast is used for a network multihomed to several ISPs that have
multiple connections to each other.
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NAT-PT#sho ipv6 interface fa0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::20D:BDFF:FE75:3D01
No Virtual link-local address(es):
Global unicast address(es):
2001:A:B::1, subnet is 2001:A:B::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF00:1
FF02::1:FF75:3D01
MTU is 1500 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts:
IPv6 Addresses assigned (example)
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IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses (RFC 3587)
• Global unicast and anycast addresses are defined by a global routing prefix, a
subnet ID, and an interface ID.
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IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses Range (example)
• Global unicast and anycast addresses are defined by a global routing prefix, a subnet ID, and
an interface ID.
• Global Routing prefix = /53
• Subnet ID (Routing Prefix) = /64
• Interface ID = /64
• 64M of clients using only an Address (2001) from the Global Unicast Address Space
• Addresses from 2000/3 (0010) – E000/3 (1110), with the exception of the FF00::/8, are
available to form Global Unicast (EUI-64) Addresses.
• Thirteen blocks of 4096 (16^3) addresses each = 53.248 blocks of 67M of clients each=
3.567.616.000.000 of clients (3.5 trillions).
• IANA is currently allocating addresses in the range of 2001::/16 to the registries.
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2001:rrr ../19 2^3=8 Registries
2001:rrriiiiiiii .. /27 2^8=256 ISPs
2001:rrriiiiiiiiccccc:cccccc .. /53 2^26=67M Clients
2001:rrriiiiiiiiccccc:cccccc ..:ssssssss..:: /64 2^11=2048 Subnetworks
2001:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:HHHH:HHHH:HHHH::/128 2^64=18446 Trill. hosts
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IPv6 Unicast Addressing
• IPv6 addressing rules are covered by multiple RFCs.
– Architecture defined by RFC 4291.
• Unicast: One to one
– Global
– Link local (FE80::/10)
• A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses of any type: unicast,
anycast, or multicast.
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Self Check
1. Describe the MTU discovery process used by IPv6 devices.
2. Why is the IP checksum header not used in IPv6 implementations?
3. How are successive zeros represented in an IPv6 address?
4. What are 3 types of IPv6 addresses?
5. Which address type from IPv4 was eliminated in IPv6?
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Summary
• IPv6 is a powerful enhancement to IPv4. Features that offer functional
improvement include a larger address space, simplified header, and mobility
and security.
• IPv6 increases the number of address bits by a factor of four, from 32 to 128.
• The IPv6 header has 40 octets and is simpler and more efficient than the IPv4
header.
• IPv6 addresses use 16-bit hexadecimal number fields separated by colons (:) to
represent the 128-bit addressing format.
• The three types of IPv6 addresses are unicast, multicast, and anycast.
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