Introduction to Heredity Class X
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This document introduces heredity and Mendel's experiments that established the fundamental laws of inheritance. It discusses how DNA contains the genetic information that is contributed equally from both parents during reproduction. Mendel performed experiments with pea plants to study seven contrasting traits over multiple generations. His experiments demonstrated that traits segregate and only one allele is passed down from each parent, following a predictable pattern of dominant and recessive expression. His laws of segregation and dominance established that alleles separate and only one is expressed, while the law of independent assortment showed that two traits are passed down independently of each other during gamete formation.
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Genes and Gametes
Genes hold the information to build and maintain organisms, and pass traits to offspring. Gametes are cells that fuse during fertilization, with females producing eggs and males producing sperm. The genotype is an organism's genetic makeup for a trait, while the phenotype is observable characteristics. During meiosis, genes separate into gametes, then fuse at fertilization to form new genotypes, as seen with Mendel's round and wrinkled seed traits.
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This document provides an overview of genetics and its importance in medicine. It discusses the basic concepts of genetics including DNA, genes, chromosomes, genotypes and phenotypes. It also summarizes the different branches of genetics and patterns of inheritance such as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, codominant and mitochondrial inheritance. Genetics plays a key role in medicine, with around 50% of first trimester abortions and 2-3% of birth defects due to genetic abnormalities.
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1. Genetic instructions are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. These genes control traits and are inherited in pairs, one from each parent.
2. Some genes are dominant and will be expressed even if one recessive gene is present, while recessive genes only express when two are present. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive by lowercase.
3. Hybrid organisms have one dominant and one recessive gene, while purebred have two of the same. Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits rather than one being dominant.
Monohybrid cross
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Cytoplasmic inheritance
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Genetics : Mendel's Law of Inheritance
Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
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This document discusses genetics and inheritance of genetic diseases. It covers Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of genetics, including genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits. It also discusses chromosomes, genetic crosses, sex-linked inheritance and examples of genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. The role of mutations in causing genetic diseases as well as the process of genetic counseling is summarized.
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Genes hold the information to build and maintain organisms, and pass traits to offspring. Gametes are cells that fuse during fertilization, with females producing eggs and males producing sperm. The genotype is an organism's genetic makeup for a trait, while the phenotype is observable characteristics. During meiosis, genes separate into gametes, then fuse at fertilization to form new genotypes, as seen with Mendel's round and wrinkled seed traits.
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Basic Laws Of Genetics
1. Genetic instructions are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. These genes control traits and are inherited in pairs, one from each parent.
2. Some genes are dominant and will be expressed even if one recessive gene is present, while recessive genes only express when two are present. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive by lowercase.
3. Hybrid organisms have one dominant and one recessive gene, while purebred have two of the same. Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits rather than one being dominant.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
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Genetics : Mendel's Law of Inheritance
Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
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This document discusses genetics and inheritance of genetic diseases. It covers Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of genetics, including genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits. It also discusses chromosomes, genetic crosses, sex-linked inheritance and examples of genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. The role of mutations in causing genetic diseases as well as the process of genetic counseling is summarized.
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Genetics is a branch of science which deals with the study of inheritance and variation.
Definition of terms
Heredity
Is a passing of features from parents to their young.
Variation
Possessing of characteristics which are different from these of the parents and other offsprings.
Genotype
Is the genetic constitution or make up of an organism
Phenotype
Is the outward or physical appearance of an organism
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Heterogeneous
Is a condition where the two genes for a trait are different.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that established the foundations of genetics. Through his work, he discovered the laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. His work was the beginning of modern genetics and our understanding of heredity.
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Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
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Here is an analysis of variations in a red beetle population across three situations:
Situation 1 (Original population): The population consists of mostly red beetles, with a small percentage of black beetles. The red coloration provides better camouflage in their current environment.
Situation 2 (Environment change): The environment darkens due to increased vegetation/debris. Now black beetles have better camouflage than red beetles. Over time, the percentage of black beetles in the population will increase relative to red beetles, as black beetles survive and reproduce at a higher rate.
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2. He found that for many traits, one gene variant (allele) is dominant and hides the expression of the other recessive allele.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws governing inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited through discrete units called genes, and that these genes are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel's work established that genes exist in pairs and segregate independently during gamete formation, resulting in a predictable pattern of inheritance. His laws of inheritance include dominance, where the dominant trait masks the recessive trait, and segregation, where alleles separate during gamete formation. Mendel's discoveries formed the foundation of genetics although his work was not widely recognized until years after his death.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are controlled by factors (now known as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel discovered his laws of inheritance - the law of segregation, the law of independent assortment, and the law of dominance. His findings formed the basis of classical genetics.
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Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. Through experiments breeding garden peas in the 1850s, he discovered the basic principles of heredity, including that genes come in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. His work was largely ignored during his lifetime but rediscovered in the early 1900s, forming the basis of modern genetics. Mendel used true-breeding pea plants and recorded inheritance patterns over multiple generations to develop the laws of segregation and independent assortment, which describe how genes are passed from parents to offspring.
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This document discusses male sterility in plants. It defines male sterility as the failure to produce functional pollen or male gametes. There are two main types of male sterility: phenotypic and genotypic. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility. Male sterility can arise naturally or be induced chemically. It has applications in hybrid seed production by eliminating the need for emasculation and allowing controlled pollination.
Mechanism of inheritance (mendelian theory)
1. Mendelian inheritance refers to how genetic information is passed down from parent to child according to certain rules established by Gregor Mendel.
2. A child inherits half of their genetic information from their mother in the form of 23 chromosomes and half from their father in the form of 23 chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes which carry genes.
3. Each parent contributes one copy of every gene, so the child ends up with two copies of each gene, with traits generally being inherited separately rather than linked.
Mendel's principle of inheritance
1. DNA is found in the nucleus and contains the genetic instructions for making all the proteins in an organism.
2. DNA exists as double-stranded helix containing four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
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GENETICS AND VARIATION -1
Genetics is a branch of science which deals with the study of inheritance and variation.
Definition of terms
Heredity
Is a passing of features from parents to their young.
Variation
Possessing of characteristics which are different from these of the parents and other offsprings.
Genotype
Is the genetic constitution or make up of an organism
Phenotype
Is the outward or physical appearance of an organism
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Is a gene that prevents the expression of another gene.
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Is a gene that is masked by another gene.
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Is a condition where by the two genes for a given trait are similar/ alike
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Is a condition where the two genes for a trait are different.
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Is a part of chromosome that carries the genetic material called DNA. Are also referred to as nucleotide chemical units of inheritance arranged along the chromosomes. They are called hereditary factors.
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Genetics is the science of heredity dealing with resemblances and differences between organisms resulting from gene interaction and environment. DNA contains the genetic code in chromosomes which are passed from parents to offspring during meiosis and fertilization, determining characteristics. Inheritance of single and multiple genes can be predicted using Punnett squares and determines traits like eye color, disease susceptibility, and more. Mutation and selection, whether natural or artificial, can introduce variation that natural selection acts upon over time.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that established the foundations of genetics. Through his work, he discovered the laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. His work was the beginning of modern genetics and our understanding of heredity.
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Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
In terms of chromosomal genes, both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote. The female parent contributes to the zygotes initial cytoplasm and organelles. Sperm rarely contribute anything other than chromosomes. Therefore zygotic development begins within a maternal medium and hence the maternal cytoplasm directly affects zygotic development.
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Here is an analysis of variations in a red beetle population across three situations:
Situation 1 (Original population): The population consists of mostly red beetles, with a small percentage of black beetles. The red coloration provides better camouflage in their current environment.
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3) Examples of genetic disorders and conditions like Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and sickle cell anemia caused by abnormalities in chromosome number or structure.
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1. Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units later called "genes".
2. He found that for many traits, one gene variant (allele) is dominant and hides the expression of the other recessive allele.
3. Through experiments with successive generations, he showed that alleles segregate and assort independently during reproduction, allowing previously hidden recessive traits to reappear according to predictable statistical patterns.
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This document provides an overview of genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It discusses how Gregor Mendel pioneered the field of genetics through his experiments with pea plants in which he studied traits like height, seed color, and seed shape. The document explains key genetics concepts like phenotype, genotype, dominance, and segregation. It also demonstrates how to use a Punnett square to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios when crossing two parents for a given trait.
Mendelian genetics mee
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws governing inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited through discrete units called genes, and that these genes are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel's work established that genes exist in pairs and segregate independently during gamete formation, resulting in a predictable pattern of inheritance. His laws of inheritance include dominance, where the dominant trait masks the recessive trait, and segregation, where alleles separate during gamete formation. Mendel's discoveries formed the foundation of genetics although his work was not widely recognized until years after his death.
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K. Sathish Kumar of Alagappa University will give a seminar on cytoplasmic inheritance using the example of the 4 o'clock plant. Cytoplasmic inheritance involves genes or genetic material outside the nucleus that is passed from parents to offspring. In the 4 o'clock plant, the color of leaves (green, pale green, or variegated) is determined by organelles called plastids, not nuclear genes, and offspring inherit the plastid type from their mother plant regardless of the pollen parent. Therefore, variegation in this plant is an example of cytoplasmic inheritance controlled by self-replicating plastids outside the cell nucleus.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are controlled by factors (now known as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel discovered his laws of inheritance - the law of segregation, the law of independent assortment, and the law of dominance. His findings formed the basis of classical genetics.
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The document discusses Mendelian genetics and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. It explains that traits are transmitted through meiosis when haploid cells from each parent unite during fertilization. Individual traits are determined by alleles at gene loci, which can be dominant, recessive, or codominant. Punnett squares can be used to predict the distribution of traits in offspring based on the parents' genotypes. The document also describes Mendel's laws of segregation, independent assortment, and recombination that describe genetic inheritance.
Genetics
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. Through experiments breeding garden peas in the 1850s, he discovered the basic principles of heredity, including that genes come in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. His work was largely ignored during his lifetime but rediscovered in the early 1900s, forming the basis of modern genetics. Mendel used true-breeding pea plants and recorded inheritance patterns over multiple generations to develop the laws of segregation and independent assortment, which describe how genes are passed from parents to offspring.
Extra chromosomal inheritance
This document discusses male sterility in plants. It defines male sterility as the failure to produce functional pollen or male gametes. There are two main types of male sterility: phenotypic and genotypic. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility. Male sterility can arise naturally or be induced chemically. It has applications in hybrid seed production by eliminating the need for emasculation and allowing controlled pollination.
Mechanism of inheritance (mendelian theory)
1. Mendelian inheritance refers to how genetic information is passed down from parent to child according to certain rules established by Gregor Mendel.
2. A child inherits half of their genetic information from their mother in the form of 23 chromosomes and half from their father in the form of 23 chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes which carry genes.
3. Each parent contributes one copy of every gene, so the child ends up with two copies of each gene, with traits generally being inherited separately rather than linked.
Mendel's principle of inheritance
1. DNA is found in the nucleus and contains the genetic instructions for making all the proteins in an organism.
2. DNA exists as double-stranded helix containing four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
3. During cell division, the DNA duplicates itself so that each new cell contains identical genetic information as the parent cell.
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Heredity and Evolution
This document discusses genetics and evolution. It provides background on heredity, variation, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, and his laws of inheritance. It describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation. It discusses evidence for evolution, including homologous and vestigial structures, as well as theories like natural selection and genetic drift. The document also covers modern concepts like DNA, chromosomes, mutation, and molecular evidence supporting common descent.
Genetics
The document defines key genetics vocabulary terms like genes, alleles, dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering experiments with pea plants, including his discovery that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) and that some genes are dominant over others. It provides examples of applying genetics concepts like Punnett squares to predict offspring from crosses between parents with different traits.
Genetics
The document defines key genetics vocabulary terms like genes, alleles, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype. It summarizes Mendel's experiments crossing pea plants with different traits like height. His results showed traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) and that some genes are dominant over others. The document provides examples of applying genetics concepts like Punnett squares to determine offspring probabilities from crosses.
Genetics and evolution
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution. It defines key genetic terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and mutations. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of Mendelian genetics and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains molecular genetics concepts such as DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation. It describes the genetic code and how DNA is used as a blueprint for protein synthesis.
Principles of Inheritance & Variation .pptx
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions.
Complete Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including classical genetics, molecular genetics, and evolutionary genetics. It discusses Mendel's laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. It defines key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, alleles, and genes. It also covers exceptions to Mendel's laws including incomplete dominance, codominance, and lethal alleles. Finally, it discusses linkage and crossing over between genes located on the same chromosome.
GENETICS.pptx
1. Gregor Mendel discovered genetics through experiments with pea plants. He found that traits separated and assorted independently during reproduction according to his laws of inheritance.
2. Genes determine traits and exist in different alleles that are passed from parents to offspring. Dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles.
3. Mendel's experiments showed monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance followed predictable ratios through the generations. His work formed the foundations of classical genetics.
heredity class 10.pptx
- Heredity is the transfer of traits from parents to offspring. Variations among individuals of the same species exist.
- Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants and determined rules for inheritance. He found traits are inherited as discrete units (now known as genes) and that dominant traits mask recessive traits in the first filial generation.
- Mendel's laws are: 1) Law of dominance, 2) Law of segregation, 3) Law of independent assortment. These laws explain the patterns of inheritance he observed through his experiments.
Mendelism.pptx
This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of genetics. It describes how Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants examining seven different traits. He found that traits were passed to offspring in predictable ratios, either appearing dominant or recessive. His work established the laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. The document provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and explains how Mendel's findings laid the foundation of classical genetics.
Mendel\ S Law
The document summarizes the key findings and principles established by Gregor Mendel through his research on inheritance of traits in pea plants. Some of Mendel's important contributions include establishing that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes), defining dominant and recessive traits, and discovering the principles of segregation and independent assortment. Through experiments such as monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using pea plants, Mendel was able to demonstrate that alleles separate and randomly assort during reproduction, providing the foundation for modern genetics.
Mendellian Inheritance and Gene Action
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundation for the modern understanding of genetics and heredity. It discusses Mendel's observations of inherited traits in pea plants and how this led him to discover the three laws of inheritance: 1) the law of dominance, 2) the law of segregation, and 3) the law of independent assortment. It also explains some of Mendel's experimental methods and variables he controlled that contributed to his success, such as choosing simple and contrasting traits to study. Finally, it provides examples of genetic crosses and inheritance patterns including monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares.
Heridity and evolution
1) The document discusses heredity and evolution, including the accumulation of variation during reproduction and its effects over generations.
2) It covers Mendel's experiments which established the rules of inheritance and traits being passed from parents to offspring.
3) Evolution occurs as generations accumulate subtle variations, with some helping organisms survive and pass on their traits while others do not, not impacting survival.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.pptx
Here are definitions for the requested concepts:
A. Sex linked traits: Traits that are determined by genes located on the X or Y chromosomes. Examples include color blindness and hemophilia.
B. Sex limited traits: Traits that are expressed in one sex but not the other. Examples include lactation in females and beard growth in males.
C. Sex influenced traits: Traits whose expression depends on the sex of the individual, but can be expressed in both sexes. Examples include height and athletic ability which tend to be more pronounced in one sex.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.pptx
Here are definitions for the requested concepts:
A. Sex linked traits: Traits that are determined by genes located on the X or Y chromosomes. Examples include color blindness and hemophilia.
B. Sex limited traits: Traits that are expressed in one sex but not the other. Examples include lactation in females and beard growth in males.
C. Sex influenced traits: Traits whose expression depends on the sex of the individual, but can be expressed in both sexes. Examples include height and athletic ability which tend to be more pronounced in one sex.
Inheritance and Variation
- Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his work studying inheritance in pea plants. He discovered that traits are inherited through discrete factors (now known as genes) located on chromosomes, and these factors segregate and assort independently during gamete formation and reproduction.
- Mendel identified dominant and recessive alleles and established that organisms have two copies of each gene (one from each parent). He showed that hybridization and self-pollination can be used to study inheritance patterns.
- Mendel's laws of inheritance include the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. Deviations from simple Mendelian patterns can occur through gene interactions like incomplete
(Human Genetics and their disorders) UNIT 1.docx
This unit will explain about Mendel's law and their postulates.
Heredity and Evolution
In the simplest of words, heredity refers to the passing of traits or characteristics through genes from one generation (parent) to the other generation (offspring). Heredity is very evidently seen in sexual reproduction. ... Variation is important because it contributes to the evolution and forms the basis of heredity.
Genetics (unit 4)
This pdf comprises of Basic of Genetics: Purpose: To convey that “Genetics is to biology what Newton’s
laws are to Physical Sciences”. Mendel’s laws, Concept of segregation and
independent assortment. Concept of allele. Gene mapping, Gene
interaction, Epistasis. Meiosis and Mitosis be taught as a part of
genetics. Emphasis to be give not to the mechanics of cell division nor the
phases but how genetic material passes from parent to offspring. Concepts
of recessiveness and dominance. Concept of mapping of phenotype to
genes. Discuss about the single gene disorders in humans. Discuss the
concept of complementation using human genetics.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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Introduction to Heredity Class X
- 2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the bio molecule present in the cell’s nucleus, containing information for all the characters that we have. And this DNA or the blueprint, for building an offspring is equally contributed by both the parents. During zygote formation, each parent contributes one set of 23 chromosomes. This transmission of characters from parents to offsprings is called Heredity.
- 3. How is the transmissiontakes place ? Inwhat form do the characters carried to the next generation? What is the link betweenthe genes andthe expressionshown? And since for each character the baby has the pair of gene, soWhich gene will express itself- paternal gene or maternal gene? To clarify all this Gregor Johann Mendel did a few experiments and gave the Laws of inheritance G.J. Mendel is known as the father of Genetics Experimental planttaken- Pisum sativum/Pea plant WhyMendel chose pea plant as his experimental plant? 1. Pea plant has 7 characters with onlytwo contrasting traits each, which were very easyto observe and compare. 2. Pea plants reproduce quickly,so one couldsee 2 to 3 generationsresultin one year. 3. It was easyto do artificial Cross pollination/ emasculationin pea plants. A list of Contrasting Traits studied by Mendel
- 4. MonohybridCross Male plant Female plant Tall Dwarf Parents 1 TT X tt Gametes. T T t t Fertilisation F1 Tt Tt Tt Tt All tall plants in first generation Parents 2 Tt X Tt Gametes. T t T t F2. TT Tt Tt tt Phenotypic Ratio- 3 Tall : 1 Dwarf Genotypic Ratio – 1TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt 1. Law of Segregation- It states that during gamete formation, the alleles of each gene separate fromeach other and only one gene of the pair coding for a character, passes tothe gamete. E.g. In Tt pair coding for height character, either Tor t will pass to the next generation. Law of dominance Definition- It states that out of the two contrasting traits, the gene which expresses itself, eveninthe presenceof the gene for contrasting trait is dominant, and the other one whichis able to express itself only in the homozygous conditionis the recessive trait. E.g. Phenotype of TT & Tt is tallness, while the phenotype of only tt is dwarfness.
- 5. Dihybrid Cross Male plant Female plant Parents 1 RRYY X rryy Roundand yellow Wrinkledand green Gametes. RY RY ry ry Fertilisation F1 RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy All plants infirst generationare withroundshape and yellow colour. Parents 2 RrYy X RrYy Gametes. RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry Fertilisation F2. RY Ry rY ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
- 6. Phenotypic Ratio: 9: Round and Yellow( RRYY, RrYy) 3: Round and green ( RRyy, Rryy) 3: wrinkled and yellow ( rrYy, rrYY) 1: wrinkled and green ( rryy) 2. Law of independence assortment- It states that in a dihybrid cross, during gamete formation or fertilisation, the genes coding for one character assort or distribute themselves independent of the genes coding for the second character.