Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. Through experiments breeding garden peas in the 1850s, he discovered the basic principles of heredity, including that genes come in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. His work was largely ignored during his lifetime but rediscovered in the early 1900s, forming the basis of modern genetics. Mendel used true-breeding pea plants and recorded inheritance patterns over multiple generations to develop the laws of segregation and independent assortment, which describe how genes are passed from parents to offspring.

1. Genetics

2. Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel was an Austrian Monk who discovered patterns in the inheritance of garden peas His work was largely ignored during his lifetime Rediscovered in the 20 th century

3. Mendel’s Experiments Developed True Breeding P1 generations for each tested trait Cross pollinated the two P1 generations Recorded and counted the resulting F1 generation Allowed the F1 generation to self pollinate Recorded and counted the resulting F1 generation

5. Modern Laws of Inheritance Law of Segregation-pairs of genes, called factors by Mendel, separate during meiosis II Law of Independent Assortment- genes separate without regard to where other genes go if they are on separate chromosomes

6. Mendel’s Other Discoveries Discovered the nature of genes Come in pairs Have dominant and recessive modes Disproved the theory of “Blending”

7. Punnett Square R r R r

8. Punnett Square R r R r R R

9. Punnett Square R r R r R R Rr R r

10. Punnett Square R r R r R R R r R r r r

11. Dihybrid Cross

12. Pedigree Pedigrees trace the phenotypic and proposed genotypic makeup of a family Used to help families determine the risk of having a child with a genetic disease

14. Incomplete Dominance Sometimes two traits are concurrently expressed in heterozygotes Pink Flowers

15. Codominance Sometimes both traits are expressed in the heterozygote to their full extent Human Blood types

16. Polygenic Traits These are genes where the number of genes present affects the phenotype EX Height in humans, Skin color in humans