This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts including:
- Fluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their container.
- Fluid mechanics involves the study of fluids at rest and in motion.
- Key fluid properties discussed are density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension.
- Important concepts explained include Pascal's law and Newton's law of viscosity.
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ideal fluid:
a fluid with no friction
Also referred to as an inviscid (zero viscosity) fluid
Internal forces at any section within are normal (pressure forces)
Practical applications: many flows approximate frictionless flow away from solid boundaries.
Real Fluids
Tangential or shearing forces always develop where there is motion relative to solid body
Thus, fluid friction is created
Shear forces oppose motion of one particle past another
Friction forces gives rise to a fluid property called viscosity
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Contents
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Fluid
Fluid & Their Properties
Density
Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Vapour Pressure
Surface Tension & Capillarity
Pascal’s Law
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
3. Fluid :-
Fluid :-
“ Fluid is a substance which is capable of Flowing”
Fluid Characteristics :-
1. It has no definite shape.
2. It occupies the shape of the vessel in which it is
filled.
3. A small amount of shear force exerted on a
liquid will cause deformation which continuous
as long as the force continues to be applied.
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
4. Classification of Fluids:-
1. Liquid :- A Fluid that has a definite volume.
2. Gas :- It possesses no definite volume & is
compressible.
3. Vapour :- It is a gas whose temperature and
pressure are such that it is very near to the
liquid state. (e.g. steam).
4. Ideal Fluid :- An ideal fluid is fluid which has
no viscosity, surface tension and is
incompressible.
( Ideal fluids don’t exists in nature.)
5. Real Fluid:- A real fluid is one which has
viscosity, surface tension and compressibility
along with density.
( All fluids existing in nature are real fluids.)
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
5. Fluid Mechanics:-
Fluid Mechanics :-
“ It is the branch of Engineering which deals with the behavior of
fluid under the conditions of rest and motion.”
Fluid Mechanics is divided into three parts.
1. Statics :- The study of incompressible fluids under static
condition is called Fluid Statics.
2. Kinematics :- It deals study of fluid with velocity, acceleration
and the patterns of flow.
3. Dynamics :- It deals with the relations between velocities,
accelerations of fluid with the forces causing them.
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
6. Fluid Properties :-
1. Density :-
Density is simply mass per unit volume at standard
temperature & pressure.
= m
V(It varies slightly with temperature and pressure.)
The S.I. unit for density is the kg / m 3.
Density is the measure of the “compactness” of a
material
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
7. 2. Weight Density :-
It is defined as the weight per unit volume at standard
temperature & pressure.
ω = ϱ . g
The S.I. unit for density is the kN / m 3.
The Specific weight of Water is ω = 9.81 kN / m 3
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
8. 2. Specific Gravity :-
Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of the
liquid to the specific weight of a standard fluid.
Specific Weight = (Sp Wt of Liquid/Sp Wt of pure water)
It is dimensionless & has no unit.
For Liquids, the standard fluid is pure water at 4° C.
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
9. Viscosity:-
“Viscosity is the resistance that a fluid
offers to flow when subject to a shear”
In an ideal liquid there would be no
viscosity, as there would be no
forces acting between layers of a
fluid
In reality, fluid layers interact through
“frictional” forces. Each layer of fluid
will drag the next layer to some
extent
Force
Ideal Fluid
Real Fluid
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
10. Newton’s Law of Viscosity:-
F-
Force
“This law states that the shear stress on a
Fluid Element layer is directly proportional
to the rate of Shear strain”.
The constant of proportionality is called
co-efficient of viscosity. Sir Isaac Newton( 1642 – 1727)
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
11. Describing Viscosity :
(fluid is still at lower surface)
(Fastest moving layer of fluid)
Velocity gradient at y1: g =
(shear rate)
du
dy
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
12. Newton’s Law:-
Area
A
Force
Shear Stress: t = F/A
Shear stress is the force delivered parallel to
an area of the fluid surface
Shear stress and shear rate are related by the
proportionality constant h (known as the viscosity)
dy
du
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
13. Vapour Pressure:-
Consider a liquid contained in a closed vessel, the
vapour molecules gets accumulated in the space
between the free surface & the top of vessel.
This accumulated vapour of the liquid exerts a
partial pressure on the liquid surface is known as
vapour pressure.
Mercury has very low vapour pressure (0.173 N/m²)
and high density (13000 kg/m³)
Vapour Pressure =
F
A
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
14. Surface Tension:
Surface tension is caused by the force of cohesion &
adhesion.
Cohesion:-
Cohesion means intermolecular attraction between
molecules of the same liquid.
• Adhesion:-
• Adhesion means attraction between the molecules of a
liquid & the molecules of a solid boundary surface in
contact with the liquid.
• Surface tension is expressed in N/m.
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
17. Pascal’s Law:-
Pascal's Law-- It states that pressure at any
point in a body of fluid is the same in every
direction, exerting equal force on equal areas.
This is applicable for gases and liquids (both
are fluids).
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
