The document discusses key physical properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, and surface tension. It defines density as mass per unit volume and specific weight as weight per unit volume. Specific volume is the reciprocal of density. Specific gravity is the ratio of a liquid's density to that of water. Surface tension is the property of liquids that allows them to resist tensile stresses and makes liquids rise in thin tubes. Capillary rise is caused by surface tension and adhesion. The document also discusses vapor pressure, standard atmospheres, and other fluid properties.
This is related to properties of fluids in Fluid mechanics basically helpful for the Mechanical Engineering students.Most of the part is covered in this regarding the basic properties of fluids and about the meaning of fluid.
This is related to properties of fluids in Fluid mechanics basically helpful for the Mechanical Engineering students.Most of the part is covered in this regarding the basic properties of fluids and about the meaning of fluid.
Fluid Mechanics,Application,Properties,Priciples And Its Importance In Petrol...Hafeezullah Jakhrani
This is very important to get knowledge about fluid mechanics.
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This is what I and my friend "Thulani Shabangu" did to celebrate a science week on the 07 August 2015. We did this presentation for University of Zululand's Physics students and staff.
Fluid Mechanics,Application,Properties,Priciples And Its Importance In Petrol...Hafeezullah Jakhrani
This is very important to get knowledge about fluid mechanics.
History of fluid mechanics
Principle of Archimedes
Pascal`s concept
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Properties
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This is what I and my friend "Thulani Shabangu" did to celebrate a science week on the 07 August 2015. We did this presentation for University of Zululand's Physics students and staff.
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FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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1. INTRODUCTION (Contd…)
Lecture # 01 (b)
CONTENTS OF TODAY’S LECTURE:
• Physical properties of Fluids
Density
Specific Weight
Specific Volume
FLUID MECHANICS-I Specific gravity
Surface tension
CE-224
Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 1
2. Distinction between a Solid & Fluid
• Molecules of solid are usually closer together
than those of a fluid.
• The attractive forces between the molecules
of a solid are so large that a solid tends to
retain its shape.
• In case of fluids, the attractive forces between
the molecules are smaller.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 2
3. Distinction between a Solid & Fluid
• An ideal elastic solid will deform under load
and once load is removed will return to it’s
original state. Plastic solids deform under
action of applied loads and deformation
continues as long as load is applied, providing
the material does not rupture.
The intermolecular cohesive forces in a fluid are not great
enough to hold various elements of fluid together. Hence a
fluid will flow under the action of slightest stress and flow will
continue as the stress is present.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 3
4. Distinction between a Gas and a Liquid
• A fluid may be either gas or a liquid. Gas
molecules are much farther than those of a
liquid. Hence a gas is very compressible. On
removal of external pressure, it expands
indefinitely.
• A liquid is relatively incompressible. If all
pressure (except that of it’s vapor pressure) is
removed, it does not expand but the cohesion
holds the molecules together.
Therefore a liquid may have FREE SURFACE i.e. a surface from which all
pressure is removed, except that of it’s own vapor.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 4
5. Distinction between a Gas and a Liquid
• A vapor is a gas whose temperature and
pressure are such that it is very near the liquid
phase.
• Thus, steam is considered as a vapor because
it’s state is not normally far from water.
A Gas may be defined as:
“A highly super-heated vapor, that is, it’s
state is far removed from a liquid phase.”
Thus, air is a gas.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 5
6. Distinction between a Gas and a Liquid
• The volume of gas or liquid is greatly affected
by changes in pressure or temperature or
both.
• Whenever significant temperature or phase
changes are involved in dealing with vapors
and gases, the subject is largely dependent on
heat phenomenon (Thermodynamics).
• Thus Fluid mechanics & Thermodynamics are
inter related.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 6
7. Density and Specific weight
• The density ƿ (rho) or mass density of a fluid is
mass per unit volume while the specific weight ɣ
(gamma)is it’s weight per unit volume. Specific
wt. is the force exerted by gravity on unit weight
of fluid.
• Units of Density: Slugs/ft3 (B.G system) and kg/m3
(S.I system). Also, can be expressed as lb.sec2/ft4
or N.s2/m4
• Units of Specific weight: lb/ft3 (B.G system) and
N/m3 (S.I system).
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 7
8. Density and Specific weight
• Density ƿ is absolute, since it depends on
mass, which is independent of location.
• Specific weight ɣ, on the other hand is not
absolute, since it depends on the value of g,
which varies with location (primarily latitude
& elevation above mean sea level).
• Densities & specific weights of fluids vary with
temperature.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 8
9. Density and Specific weight
• Density and specific weight of a fluid are
related as:
• Ƿ = ( ɣ / g ) or ɣ = ƿ.g
• Physical quantities are dimensionally
homogeneous, the dimensions of density are:
• In B.G System: Ƿ = ɣ/g = (lb/ft3)/(ft/s2) =
lb.sec2/ft4 = mass/Vol. = slugs/cubic feet
• In S.I System: Ƿ = ɣ/g = (N/m3)/(m/s2) =
N.s2/m4 = mass/Vol. = kg/cubic meter
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 9
10. Specific weights of Liquids
• The specific weight of liquid depends on:
– Temperature (Inversely related)
– Pressure (Directly related)
– g value
– Presence of dissolved air, salts in solutions and
suspended matter. (Increase ɣ to slight amounts)
Unless otherwise specified or implied by a given temperature, the value to
use for water is 62.4 lb/ft3 or 9.81 kN/m3.
Under extreme conditions the specific weight of water is quite different. E.g.
at 260 degree celsius and 6000 psi, the ɣ of water is 51 lb/ft3.
Page# 21(Fluid Mechanics with
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I engineering applications) 10
11. Specific Volume
• The volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.
We commonly apply it to gases.
• ν = 1/ƿ = 1/Density
• Units: In B.G: ft3/slug In S.I: m3/kg
• It is reciprocal of density.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 11
12. Specific Gravity
• Denoted by “s”, the specific gravity of a liquid is
the dimensionless ratio.
• Sliquid = ƿliquid / ƿ water at standard temperature
• Physiscts use 4 °C (39.2 °F) as the standard but
engineers often use 15.56 °C (60 °F).
• In metric system, the density of water at 4 °C is
1.00 g/cm3 (or 1.00 g/mL3), equivalent to 1000
kg/m3.
• Density of fluid varies with temperature.
Page# 15, 16
(Fluid Mechanics
with engineering
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 12
applications)
14. Surface Tension
• Liquids have cohesion and adhesion, both of
which are forms of molecular attraction.
• Cohesion enables a liquid to resist Tensile
stress & adhesion enables it to adhere to
another body.
It is a liquid property by virtue of which force of
attraction generates, at interface between liquid and
a gas i.e. liquid surface and at the interface between
two immiscible (not mixable) liquids, which exerts a
tension force in the surface.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 14
15. Surface Tension
• When second fluid is not specified at
interface, it is understood that liquid surface is
in contact with air.
• The surface tension values for liquids slightly
decreases with increasing temperature.
• “Capillarity” is the property of exerting forces
on fluids by fine tube or porous media; it is
due to both cohesion and adhesion.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 15
16. Surface Tension
• When cohesion is less (than adhesion), the
liquid will wet the solid surface in contact and
rise at the point of contact.
• If cohesion is more, the liquid surface will
depress at the point of contact.
For Instance, Capillarity makes water rise in the glass
tube, while mercury depresses below the true level.
The curved liquid surface that develops in a tube is
called Meniscus.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 16
17. A cross section in capillary rise in a tube looks
like as shown in the figure.
From Free body considerations, equating the
lifting forces created by surface tension to
gravity force.
Lifting forces = Gravity forces
Meniscus
2 r cos = r2hɣ
D h
h = (2 cos ) / (ɣ.r)
Where;
= Surface tension (sigma) in units of force / L
= Wetting angle
Capillary Rise ɣ = Specific weight of liquid
r = Radius of tube
h = Capillary rise
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 17
18. Surface Tension
• The expression h = (2 cos ) / (ɣ.r) can be used to
compute the approximate capillary rise or
depression in the tube.
• If the tube is clean, = 0 degree for water and
about 140 degrees for mercury.
• The equation overestimates the amount of
capillary rise or depression, particularly for larger
diameter tubes.
• For tube diameters larger than 0.5 inch, capillary
effects are negligible.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 18
19. Surface Tension
• Surface tension effects are generally negligible
in most engineering situations. However, they
can be important in problems involving
capillary rise.
As in soil water zone, without capillary
most forms of vegetable life would
perish. Similarly, while calculating
pressures and taking reading one shall
keep in mind that reading is correct if
and only surface tension effect is zero.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 19
20. Surface Tension
• These effects are also important in hydraulic
model studies when the model is small, in the
break up of liquid jets, and in the formation of
drops and bubbles.
• The formation of drops is extremely complex
to analyze but is, for example, of critical
concern in the design of inkjet printers, a
multi-billion-dollar business.
Page# 39 (Fluid Mechanics
with engineering
applications)
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 20
22. Standard Atmosphere
• First adopted in 1920’s in USA and Europe to
satisfy need for standardization of aircraft
instruments and aircraft performance.
• ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organization) Standard Atmosphere
– Upto 32 km
• ISO (International Standards Organization)
Standard Atmosphere.
– Upto 50 km
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 22
23. Standard Atmosphere
• U.S Standard Atmosphere: (Last revised in
1976). Incorporates ICAO and ISO standards.
– Upto 86 km (and extends as far as 1000 km for
some quantities)
The standard absolute pressure behave very
differently from temperature, decreasing quite
rapidly and smoothly to almost zero at an altitude
30 km.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 23
24. Standard Atmosphere
1. Troposphere: 2. Stratosphere:
In the lowest 11.02 km. The
temperature decreases rapidly and
About 9 km thick. The
linearly. temperature remains constant
at -56.5 degree Celsius.
U.S Standard
Atmosphere
3. Mesosphere: 4. Ionosphere:
At an altitude of 50 km. Here T This is the upper part of
increases first slowly and then mesosphere. T decreases
rapidly. here
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 24
25. Vapor Pressure of Liquids
• All liquids tend to evaporate or
vaporize, which they do by projecting
molecules into the space above their surfaces.
• If this is a confined space, the partial pressure
exerted by the molecules increases until the
rate at which the molecules re-enter the liquid
= the rate at which they leave, we call the
vapor pressure as Saturation pressure.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 25
26. Vapor Pressure of Liquids
• At any given temperature, if the pressure on
the liquid surface falls below the saturation
pressure, a rapid rate of evaporation results,
known as Boiling.
– Thus we can refer to the saturation pressure as
the Boiling pressure for a given temperature, and
it is of practical importance for liquids.
We call the rapid vaporization and recondensation of liquid as it briefly passes
through a region of low absolute pressure cavitation. This phenomenon is often
very damaging and so we must avoid it.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 26
27. Vapor Pressures of Liquids
• The very low vapor pressure of mercury makes
it particularly suitable for use in Barometers.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 27