http://www.fao.org/in-action/kore/news-and-events/events-details/en/c/1052889/ The first webinar of the module on “Ecosystem-based Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors” presents widely recognized and well-developed approaches, as well as on the ground experiences of the ecosystem-based management of natural resources in the agricultural sectors. The webinar highlights the relevance of these approaches and experiences in the context of climate change adaptation © FAO: http://www.fao.org

1. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA)
in Agricultural Sectors: Context, approaches and
lessons learned

2. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA)
in Agricultural Sectors: An Introduction
Selvaraju Ramasamy, Climate and Environment Division, FAO

3. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
1. Ecosystems and agricultural livelihoods
2. Climate change impacts on ecosystems
3. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in agricultural sectors
4. EbA related priorities in (I)NDCs

4. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Mountain Ecosystems
Extent and livelihoods:
•22 percent of the world’s land surface
•Home to some 915 million people
•Livelihoods for 12% of global population
•60 - 80% water flows from mountains
(FA0 2015)
Climate change impacts:
•Shifts in plant species distribution
•Shrinking glaciers and reduced water holding
capacity
•Reduced supply of water downstream

5. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Forest Ecosystems
Extent and livelihoods:
• 30.6% of global land area
• 1.6 billion people
• More than 20% of world population rely
on forest resources
(FAO 2015)
Climate change impacts:
•Pest outbreaks and dieback
•Forest fires

6. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Cultivated Ecosystems
Extent and livelihoods:
•37.7% of global land area
•500 million small-holder farmers in
rural areas (FAO 2017)
Climate change impacts:
•Variable and unpredictable rainfall
•Loss of production
•Pests and disease outbreaks

7. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Freshwater Ecosystems
Climate change impacts:
•Altered flow regimes
•Saltwater intrusion
•Water quality deterioration
•Drying out of wetlands

8. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Dryland Ecosystems
Climate change impacts :
•Highly variable rainfall patterns
•Aridity and high frequency of droughts
•Reduced grazing potential
•Soil erosion and land degradation
Extent and livelihoods:
•47% of the earth’s land
•50% of the livestock population
•44% of food production

9. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Coastal and Marine Ecosystems
Extent and livelihoods:
•Fisheries and aquaculture support 10-
12% of world’s population
•Provide 3 billion people with about 20%
animal protein intake per capita (HLPE
2015)
Climate change impacts:
•Sea level rise and warming
•Acidification and coral bleaching
•Damage to fisheries assets

10. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in Agriculture
• Use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall
adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects
of climate change (CBD, 2009 & IPCC, 2014)
• EbA in agricultural sectors:
 Sustainable management
 Conservation
 Restoration
…. of natural resources and ecosystems that support agricultural
livelihoods

11. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in agriculture
Multiple Benefits:
1.Sustainable food production and water availability
2.Enhanced buffering capacities against extreme events (e.g. floods,
droughts, landslides etc.)
3.Climate change mitigation co-benefits

12. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Ecosystem-based Adaptation – (I)NDC analysis
• Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation – 23 countries
• Ecosystems and biodiversity – 132 countries

13. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Ecosystem based Approaches – (I)NDC priorities
• Crops: Sustainable management of agricultural land and
water and livelihood diversification
• Livestock: Improved rangeland management
• Fisheries and Aquaculture: Improved management,
conservation and restoration of marine and coastal
ecosystems
• Forests: Conservation and restoration of forest
biodiversity; sustainable forest management

14. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Thank You

15. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Scaling-up Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
EbA in the agricultural sectors: Watershed
management case study Chimborazo
(Ecuador)
Petra Wolter and Luca Fè d’Ostiani
Water and Mountains Team
Forestry Department

16. Definitions
• The CBD defines the ecosystem approach as a strategy for the integrated
management of land, water and living resources that promotes
conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way
• Watershed management is defined by FAO as any human action aimed at
ensuring a sustainable use of watershed resources
• A watershed is the geographical area drained by a watercourse.
© Conservation Ontario
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd November, 2017

17. Key principles of watershed management
• Applies an integrated approach: multi-sector, multi-stakeholder and multi-scale
• Has an explicit spatial focus and reflects upstream–downstream linkages,
processes, interactions and effects on-site and off-site
• Combines local traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge through action
research and joint learning
• Seeks innovative and low-cost solutions and combines them to obtain multiple
benefits for ecosystem conservation and livelihoods improvements
• Promotes a flexible, adaptive long-term perspective to management, planning and
financing
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

18. Management of Chimborazo’s Natural Resources
•GEF-funded project (USD 3,87 Mio), 2011 - 2017
•Full national execution by Provincial Government of Chimborazo
•Integrated watershed management approach is applied across different altitudinal belts,
including the high-mountain páramo ecosystem
•Active in 5 watersheds totaling 115,000 ha and 33,000 inhabitants
Watershed management in Ecuador
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

19. How are FAO’s watershed management principles applied ?
•Enhancing holistic/cross-sectoral ecosystem/territorial vision, strengthening
planning & implementation capacities at Prov./Local Govts. & users level
(community and watershed committees), leading to jointly agreed and validated
watershed management plans and localized micro-projects
•Supporting national execution and inter-institutional arrangements combining
bottom-up & top-down processes for joint implementation, monitoring and re-
orientation
•Reflecting upstream-downstream linkages and supporting
design/implementation of mechanisms to compensate for ecosystem services
(CES) rendered by upper watershed inhabitants
Watershed management in Ecuador
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

20. Strong focus on water as key connecting factor
•Watershed-level assessment, planning and implementation
•Protection of headwater areas, springs and watercourses through reforestation
with native species to increase water infiltration
•Bio-physical soil and water conservation measures on steep slopes to reduce
erosion and increase water infiltration
•Water collection and storage in ponds and hill lakes for improved/regulated
water supply
•Drinking water quality analysis & promotion of chlorinated drinking water
supply
Watershed management in Ecuador
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

21. Other interventions include:
•Cattle and sheep grazing replaced by alpacas, llamas and vicunas (930 ha)
•Forest restoration (431 ha enrichment, 1,382 ha regeneration)
•Organic and conservation agriculture practices to enhance local agrobiodiversity
•Income diversification and value chain development (alpaca/vicuna wool, bio-
horticulture, milk, certified potato seeds, handicrafts, agro-tourism…)
•Reduced post-harvest losses through efficient crops/milk storage systems
It’s the mix of good practices of sustainable land management (SLM) and sustainable
forest management (SFM) within the watershed that helps to reduce pressures on
natural resources, to improve local livelihoods and increase resource efficiency
Watershed management in Ecuador
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

22. Innovative CES schemes
Developped along 4 main types of funding sources and user groups:
i.National financial incentives (SocioBosque) to cover trade-off agreements with farmers
protecting upper forests/rangelands
ii.Local Govts. funds for watershed afforestation, processing facilities (milk, alpaca wool…) &
infrastructures
iii.Private sector funds for upstream afforestation & tourism infrastructures (e.g. hydro-electric
company; flower nurseries)
iv.Progressive increase in water charges system negotiated with and paid by irrigation user groups
+ Testing of additional compensations flows involving improved production systems (potato
certified seeds and silos) in return for upper areas protection
+ Exploring potential flows to be generated by new peri-urban irrigation schemes and urban
drinking water supply systems
Watershed management in Ecuador
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

23. Legal/policy/institutional changes
•Regulation on the conservation and management of vicuna updated (in line with
CITES) and preparation of new operational guidelines for vicuna shearing
•Integration of income generating activities in Chimborazo Fauna Reserve mgmt.
system (eco-tourism, visitor center, leisure areas, handicrafts shops…)
•Consolidation of multi-stakeholder/inter-sectoral processes at Provincial/Local Govt.
level (e.g. on environmental subjects)
•Establishing a multi-stakeholder Provincial Hydro-meteorological Monitoring
Network and Surveillance System for Natural Resources, integration of hydrological
stations into national meteorological system, incorporation of water quality assessment
Watershed management in Ecuador
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

24. The way forward
• FAO recently concluded a review of 12 watershed management projects. These
lessons learned are being published, and the publication will be released on 12
December 2017.
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

25. The way forward
Watershed management has a great potential to mainstream adaptation, especially ecosystem-
based adaptation, by applying a climate lens and incorporating climate-related data, tools and
methods in watershed management programme and project design and implementation, e.g.
•When assessing the conditions and trends in a watershed: include assessment of climate
vulnerabilities and risks as well as assessment of existing adaptive capacities and needs among
stakeholders
•When identifying options: give priority to low-cost nature-based solutions to restore, maintain, or
improve ecosystem health and account for adaptation co-benefits
•When formulating watershed management plans: promote adaptive planning and management,
long-term perspective, flexibility to deal with uncertainties and change
•When monitoring the changes in the watershed: include indicators to monitor ecosystems
services, health and stability.
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

26. Main challenges
• Access to climate data and downscaling of global/national models
• Baseline and indicator development for measuring, monitoring and reporting of
results and benefits
• Capacity development is needed at all levels, especially analytical capacities for
cross-sectoral territorial analysis, systems thinking, scenario development or risk
analysis
• Mainstreaming and scaling up good practices and approaches tested at watershed
scale requires a long-term integrated planning and investment framework
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

27. THANK YOU !
Petra Wolter and Luca Fè d’Ostiani
Water and Mountains Team
Forestry Department
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

28. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Agroecology and Ecosystem
based Adaptation (EbA)
Rémi Cluset
Agricultural officer – agroecology /AGP
22.11.17 / EbA Seminar

29. Index
• Section 1: Agroecology in FAO
• Section 2: Agroecology: definitions
• Section 3: Agroecological principles and practices
and EbA
• Section 4: Case study on agroecology
• Section 5: Conclusion: Agroecology and EbA
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

30. Agroecology in FAO
Section 1
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

31. Recognizing the role that agroecology can play in food security and
nutrition, FAO organized in 2014 an International Symposium on
agroecology followed by Regional Symposia from 2015 to 2017
Global and regional consultations
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

32. www.fao.org/agroecology
FAO agroecology knowledge hub
Official portal launched in 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

33. FAO 40th
Conference (July 2017): Agroecology in the Medium Term Plan
and Programme of Work and Budget
“More integrated, cross-sectoral and coherent approaches,
including those based on landscapes, territories, agricultural
heritage systems, agroecology, ecosystems, and/or value
chains, are needed to change policies and practices in a
sustainable way (FAO DG MTP 2018-2021)
Agroecology in FAO work plan in 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

34. • Analysis of FAO workplan regarding agroecology and gradually embedding the
work on agroecology in FAO’s Strategic Framework (analysis of the workplan)
• Launch of a new, forward looking and action-oriented “scaling up agroecology
initiative” in cooperation with major partners such as IFAD and others in April
2018 (2nd
International Symposium)
• Develop a global analytical framework for policy-makers, researchers and analysts
to assess the multi-dimensional performance of agroecological approaches (FAO
Global Knowledge Product SP2 – 2018-2019)
• Many other activities and field projects…
Next step 2018
Agroecology and agroecological approaches are already developed in FAO
process even if not so called « agroecology»
EbA is one of them
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

35. Agroecology: definitions
Section 2
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd November, 2017

36. Scientific perspective
There are many definitions on agroecology since 1928 (Bensin)
moving from field/farm/agroecosystem to the entire food
system level (Francis et al, 2003)
•Altieri, 1995: The application of ecological science to the study,
design, and management of sustainable systems” (Altieri, 1995)
•Francis et al, 2003: Agroecology: the integrative study of the
ecology of the entire food system, encompassing ecological,
economic and social dimensions
From the field to the food system
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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November, 2017

37. “From a scientific and technical perspective,
agroecology applies ecological concepts and principles to
farming systems, focusing on the interactions between
microorganisms, plants, animals, humans and the
environment, to foster sustainable agriculture
development in order to ensure food security and
nutrition for all, now and in the future” (HLPE, 2016)
Today’s more transformative visions of agroecology
integrate transdisciplinary knowledge, farmers’ practices
and social movements while recognizing their mutual
dependence.
HLPE definition: in FAO publications
From science to Society for a transformative vision
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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38. 3 components of agroecology
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

39. Agroecological principles and
practices and EbA
Section 3
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

40. Agroecological principles
1. Enhance the recycling of biomass, with a view to optimizing organic matter decomposition
and nutrient cycling over time
2. Strenghten the “immune system” of agricultural systems through enhancement of
functional biodiversity –natural enemies, antagonists, etc. by creating appropriate habitats
3. Provide the most favourable soil conditions for plant growth, particularly by managing
organic matter and by enhancing soil biological activity
4. Minimize losses of energy, water, nutrients and genetic resources by enhancing
conservation and regeneration of soil and water resources and agrobiodiversity
5. Diversify species and genetic resources in the agroecosystem over time and space at the
field and landscape level
6. Enhance biological interactions and synergies among the components of agrobiodiversity,
thereby promoting key ecological processes and services
* The agroecological principles for the design resilient farming systems, Nicholls and Altieri (2016)
Agroecology does not promote technical recipes but rather the above principles* to be adapted
to local context, strengthening natural processes:
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

41. Agroecology: principles, practices and
processes
Agroecological principles for the conversion of farming systems (Nicholls and al.)
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

42. Agroecological practices
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

43. Agroecological approaches
Agroecology takes different technological forms depending on the prevailing socioeconomic and
biophysical circumstances of farmers. It can also have many diverse representations and technical
appellations.
Source: P. Ferrand, presentation FAO Agroecology Symposium for Asia 2015, adapted from E. Hainzelin
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

44. Case study on agroecology
Section 4
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

45. Malawi farmer to farmer agroecology project
Legumes diversification to improve soil fertility
Source: Soil and Food - http://soilandfood.org/malawi-farmer-to-farmer-agroecology-project/
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

46. A Project with 6600 farming households in 308 villages on 2
areas
Typical planting patterns are monocropped maize with limited organic matter
returned to the soil, and reliance on commercial fertilizer
Transdisciplinary research-action project began due to the rising costs of
commercial fertilizer, low crop and dietary diversity, high gender inequality and
high levels of child malnutrition and agroecosystem degradation (organic matter
and soil fertility)
Soils, Food and Healthy Communities organization, Chancellor College, the University of
Malawi, Ekwendeni Hospital, Western University, Cornell University and the University of
Manitoba, funded by Global Affairs Canada and the Canadian Food Grains Bank
The project
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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November, 2017

47. Agroecological practices implemented
•Use of site adapted cultivar
•Diversification (sorghum, finger millet, sweet potatoes, cowpea
pigeon pea, groundnut, soya bean…) crop rotation
•Intercropping with legumes
•Agroforestry
•Incorporating crop residues (vs burning)
•Organic matter management and compost
Other agroecological practices and methodology
•Integration of equity concerns into programming and research activities (women, youth, poor
households)
•Community seed banks creation
•Farmer research team created and participatory action research
•Farmer exchanges (field trips and trainings) to deepen knowledge on ecological principles, equity,
farmer associations and marketing
•Involving people from multiple disciplines (i.e. nutrition, social sciences, agriculture, medicine,
development) and different stakeholders (e.g. hospital staff, village leaders) in carrying out research and
in development activities.
Practices
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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November, 2017

48. Resilience of the global agroecosystem
•Agroecological diversification, by breaking the monoculture nature of farming systems,
contributed to yield stability in the midst of climatic variability
Spreading out of the harvest period
•Sweet potatoes have early harvest but also multiple benefits, such as soil cover, a source of
both leafy greens and tubers
Drought tolerance of crops
•Sorghum and finger millet are drought tolerant indigenous grains that can be substituted for
maize, the main staple in Malawian diets
•Local orange landrace varieties of maize (Mtinkinya) source of provitamin A and harvested
earlier than other maize varieties, drought tolerant, reducing risk of crop failure
Impacts on adaptation (1)
Farmers experiment diverse mixed systems, including growing
edible legume intercrops, diversifying their cropping system
with additional crops and agroforestry
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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November, 2017

49. Protection from erosion, enhancing soil fertility
and water retention
•Legumes fix Nitrogen and pigeon pea has deep roots that draw nutrients from deeper in
the soil
•Agroforestry (Acacia albida, Gliricidia sepium and Tephrosia voglii), provide shade cover
to reduce erosion and improve soil fertility but also attract beneficial insects and Tephrosia
has a natural pesticide that does not kill beneficial insects but is effective with one of the
major insect pests of pigeonpea
•After harvest, the legume residue can be incorporated into the soil, increasing soil organic
matter, which builds both soil fertility and soil structure. Farmers have found that it is
effective at increasing maize yields the following growing season, reducing the need for
fertilizer application
•Some farmers are making compost, using a combination of animal manures, grasses, and
legume residue. They make the compost during the dry season and incorporate it into their
fields before planting
Impacts on adaptation (2)
and mitigation
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017

50. Food and nutrition security
•Legumes help to diversify the diet providing important source of protein
•local orange landrace varieties of maize having potential to contribute vitamin A in diets
•Greater crops: improved maize yield
•Longer harvest period (early harvest of sweet potato)
•Yield stability in the midst of climatic variability
•Seed sovereignty (community seed banks created)
Rural livehood and social well being
•Reduce of the costs an input dependency
•Raise of income through legume sale
•Greater improvement in decision making for women and men taking more household tasks
•Improved cohesion and social relations at the community level
•Empowerment of farmers creating their own research association
•Pigeon pea provide firewood
Other impacts
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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51. Conclusion: Agroecology and EbA
Section 5
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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52. 3 components of agroecology
: Paralell with EbA
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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53. EbA is « the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people
adapt to the adverse effects of climate change » (CBD, 2009)
Similarities
•logic: healthy agroecosytem are more resilient
•practices at field/landscape level
•objective: « helping people » [food security and nutrition]
•approach: involving community, participatory process
Differencies
•entry points and scope: adaptation as a clear entry point for EbA while AE aims at
embracing all the environmental and socio-economical challenges linked to Food S.
•stakeholders: EbA from environmentalism/conservation and AE food producers and
science?
•strategic goal: social innovation and food system for a transformative approach in AE
Links between agroecology (AE) and EbA
Synergies need to be made !
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
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54. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons
22 November, 2017
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS)
Thank you
Contact us
remi.cluset@fao.org
54