This document provides an overview of pharmacy topics including the history and development of pharmacy as a profession in India, pharmacopoeias, medicines, active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients and their uses. It defines various dosage forms like tablets, capsules, pills, and discusses topics like prescriptions, posology, dose calculation factors and formulas. The key information covered includes the historical background of pharmacy in India, definitions of common dosage forms and medicines, factors affecting drug doses, and formulas to calculate doses for children and infants.

1. B. Pharma
1St Semester
Unit -1
Presented by – Nikita Gupta
(Assistant Professor)

2. • Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy:
History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy
education
• Industry and organization
• Pharmacy as a career
• Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra
Pharmacopoeia.

15. Industrial Organization Areas of Study Below is a sample
listing of topics that the study of industrial organization can
focus on:-

20. Monographs Is a collection of detailed information on a
particular drug

32. Medicine
API
Active
Pharmaceutical
Ingredient
Excipients or
Additives

35. Uses of excipients

41. Definition
Tablets - Tablets are unit dosage form consisting API & excipients.it may
vary in size, shape, weight , hardness , thickness & in other aspects.
The active substance in the API & the excipients used are various
diluents , binders or granulating agents , glidants , lubricants ( for
efficient tableting ) , disintegrants , sweeteners , flavours & pigments.

42. Capsules - Capsules are you need to deposit form consisting of
gelatine such that break open after the capsule has been
swallowed these are of two types. e.g., hard & soft gelatine
capsule
Hard gelatine capsule two pieces fit together & hold the drug
either powder or granular form.
Soft gelatine capsule one piece with drug usually in liquid form
inside the shell Pills

43. Pills - These are spherical solid oral dosage forms which are mixtures
of one or more APIs and inert excipients.
Dentifrices - Dentifrices including toothpaste , are agents used along
with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth.

44. • Elixirs - Elixirs are solution that contain alcohol & water, base ,
sugar & flavouring agents are commonly used for pediatrics and
elderly patients who have difficulty in tablet swallowing.
• Pastes - These are also semi-solid preparations applied externally.
The different from ointments and gels as they contain large amount
of finely powdered medicaments.

45. Suppositories - These are solid dosage forms which for producing
local or systematic effect are inserted into body cavities like rectum,
vagina, urethra , nose , or ear.
Infants or patients who are suffering from nausea, vomiting and GI
disturbances are not able to take drugs orally, are given in suppository
forms.

46. Lotions - These are liquid dosage forms which are
applied externally without friction.
Lotions are either applied directly on the skin or applied
on a dressing which is further covered with a waterproof
dressing, thus reducing evaporation.

47. Liniments - These are fluids, semi-fluids , or semisolid dosage form
which are applied to the skin.
They are alcoholic, oily solutions, or emulsions which are either
massage on the skin to produce counter irritant or stimulant action,
are applied on a warm dressing or with a brush to produce analgesic
and soothing effect.

48. Gargles - These are concentrated aqueous solutions which are diluted
with warm water in prophylaxis or for treating throat infections.
Mouthwashes - These are used for treating mouth infections and
maintaining oral hygiene. They are similar to gargles.

49. Prescription
Prescription is an order written by the physician ( either
electronic or handwritten), dentist or any other medical
practitioner to the pharmacist to compound or dispense a
specific medication for individual patient.

52. Heading :- Date, information about , patient , information about
prescriber
Superscription :- Rx Symbol
Inscription :- Name of the drug ( generic or trade name ) , formulation
of drug , unit dosage of drug
Subscription :- Information to the pharmacist regarding
a) quantity to be dispensed
b) dosage form to be dispensed

53. Transcription :- ❖ Prescribers direction to the patient
a) Instruction about the amount of drug to be taken
b) Time
c) Frequency of the dose to be taken
Signature & instruction :-
❖ Signature of prescriber
❖ Signature of patient ( if required )
❖ Refill instruction ( if needed )
❖ Special instruction ( if any )

54. Handling of prescription
Receiving:- prescription received by the pharmacist for
reading and checking
Dosage calculation :- dosage calculation is done by the
pharmacist

55. Compounding :- ingredients are compounded by accurate
method ( by electric weighing machine )
Finishing:- include packaging , labelling , rechecking and
filling
Pricing:- prescription is prized after finishing is done
Delivering:- these are of two types a) Store delivery b) Home
delivery/mail delivery

66. Posology
The word posology is derived from Greek word “ Posos” means how
much and “ logos” means science.
Posology is the branch of medical of science that deals with dose or
quantity of drugs which can be administered to the patient to get
desired pharmacological action.

67. Dose :- Dose is simply an amount (weight) of a medication which is
administered at one specific time,
e.g. paracetamol 450mg tablet
Dosage :- Dosages is the size or frequency of a dose of a medicine or
drug.
e.g. a dosage of paracetamol 450mg thrice a day.

68. Factor affecting dose
❖ Age
❖ Gender
❖ Body weight
❖ Route of administration
❖ Time of administration
❖ Environment factors
❖ Emotional factors
❖ Presence of disease
❖ accumulation
❖ Additive effect
❖ Synergism
❖ Antagonism
❖ Idiosyncrasy
❖ Tachyphylaxis
❖ Metabolic disturbance
❖ tolerance

69. Calculation of Dose Age
Diling’s Formula - Children’s under 12 year

70. Freid’s formula - Children’s between 4 to 20 years

71. Young’s formula - For infants only

72. ThankYou
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