The document discusses various concepts related to curriculum, including:
1. It defines curriculum as prescription, experience, system, plan, and field of study.
2. It examines models of curriculum like the product model and process model, outlining their advantages and criticisms.
3. It describes seven additional types of curriculum - written, observed, learner-centered, knowledge-centered, society-centered, hidden, and null curriculum.
4. It discusses curriculum approaches like the humanistic approach and social reconstructionist approach.
Evaluation is the process of collecting data on a programme to determine its value or worth with the aim of deciding whether to adopt, reject, or revise the programme. The public want to know whether the curriculum implemented has achieved its aims and objectives; teachers want to know whether what they are doing in the classroom is effective; and the developer or planner wants to know how to improve the curriculum product.
Evaluation is the process of collecting data on a programme to determine its value or worth with the aim of deciding whether to adopt, reject, or revise the programme. The public want to know whether the curriculum implemented has achieved its aims and objectives; teachers want to know whether what they are doing in the classroom is effective; and the developer or planner wants to know how to improve the curriculum product.
The Taba Model was developed by Hilda Taba (1902 - 1967), an architect, a curriculum theorist, a curriculum reformer, and a teacher educator.Taba believed that there has to be a definite order in creating a curriculum.
She advocated that teachers take an inductive approach to curriculum development which meant starting with the specifics and building toward a general design, rather than the traditional deductive approach (starts with the general design and work towards the specifics) which was rooted in Tyler's model. Hilda Taba followed the grass-roots approach in developing curriculum
For her, it should be the teachers who should design the curriculum rather than the higher authorities (Oliva, 1992). More specifically stated, the Taba approach believes in allowing the curriculum to be developed and/or authored by the users (teachers). Under the Taba Model teachers are expected to begin each curriculum by creating specific teaching-learning units and building to a general design.
According to Khwaja, Akhtar, & Mirza (n.d.), "the Taba model was an attempt to ensure that decisions about curriculum are made on the basis of valid criteria and not whim or fancy." Her model of developing a curriculum consisted of seven main steps and over the years, these seven steps have formed the basis for Hilda Taba's ...
This solution provides information about Hilda Taba and her suggested approach to curriculum development. It also includes information about five of Taba's main elements required when developing a curriculum. The solution is referenced.
Diagnosis of needs
Formulation of learning objectives
Selection of learning content
Organization of learning content
Selection of learning experiences
Organization of learning activities
Evaluation and means of evaluation
Teachers use curricula when trying to see what to teach to students and when, as well as what the rubrics should be, what kind of worksheets and teacher worksheets they should make, among other things.
It is actually up to the teachers themselves how these rubrics should be made, how these worksheets should be made and taught; it's all up to the teachers.
Curriculum is one of the most important things that an aspiring teacher needs to know. This will help teacher identify different types of curriculum to be able to give a quality education to learners.
The Taba Model was developed by Hilda Taba (1902 - 1967), an architect, a curriculum theorist, a curriculum reformer, and a teacher educator.Taba believed that there has to be a definite order in creating a curriculum.
She advocated that teachers take an inductive approach to curriculum development which meant starting with the specifics and building toward a general design, rather than the traditional deductive approach (starts with the general design and work towards the specifics) which was rooted in Tyler's model. Hilda Taba followed the grass-roots approach in developing curriculum
For her, it should be the teachers who should design the curriculum rather than the higher authorities (Oliva, 1992). More specifically stated, the Taba approach believes in allowing the curriculum to be developed and/or authored by the users (teachers). Under the Taba Model teachers are expected to begin each curriculum by creating specific teaching-learning units and building to a general design.
According to Khwaja, Akhtar, & Mirza (n.d.), "the Taba model was an attempt to ensure that decisions about curriculum are made on the basis of valid criteria and not whim or fancy." Her model of developing a curriculum consisted of seven main steps and over the years, these seven steps have formed the basis for Hilda Taba's ...
This solution provides information about Hilda Taba and her suggested approach to curriculum development. It also includes information about five of Taba's main elements required when developing a curriculum. The solution is referenced.
Diagnosis of needs
Formulation of learning objectives
Selection of learning content
Organization of learning content
Selection of learning experiences
Organization of learning activities
Evaluation and means of evaluation
Teachers use curricula when trying to see what to teach to students and when, as well as what the rubrics should be, what kind of worksheets and teacher worksheets they should make, among other things.
It is actually up to the teachers themselves how these rubrics should be made, how these worksheets should be made and taught; it's all up to the teachers.
Curriculum is one of the most important things that an aspiring teacher needs to know. This will help teacher identify different types of curriculum to be able to give a quality education to learners.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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2. CURRICULUM AS RACECOARSE
The word ‘curriculum’ derived from the latin word “currer” means to run. In
latin curriculum means “course” so the word is generally used metaphorically
to mean racecourse
3. CURRICULUM AS PRESCRIPTION
Curriculum as prescription explains what ought to happen
It is defined as the plan for teaching
It is prescribed knowledge and methods by which can be communicated.
NB: caps can play a major role in this as an example as they instructs
teachers what to do, when to do it, so that learners can be successful in their
studies.
4. CURRICULUM AS EXPERIENCE
It illustrates how things are real in a classroom: experience
All experience learners have under the guidance of their teachers
All things that happens in a classroom are taken into consideration whether
good or bad.
5. CURRICULUM AS A SYSTEM
It comes in a way of showing the control, governance, rules and regulations
It explains the structure and functions of the curriculum
It set the framework(core) of everything that is needed in undertaking the
task
6. CURRICULUM AS PLAN
How school and teacher monitor progress
How the Department of Education coordinates the curriculum used by teacher
to ensure correct use and understanding.
7. CURRICULUM AS FIELD OF STUDY
Is the subject of study that is concerned with advancing knowledge about the
curriculum
Studying curriculum involves philosophising, theorizing and conceptualizing.
8. PRODUCT MODEL
It is perceived as behavioural objectives( they give you what to do)
It is viewed as a commodity (meaning that you don’t have much say as a
student)
The emphasis is on the teacher as the implementor of the curriculum(
meaning that you just have to teach without any question)
9. FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
How can these learning experience be organised?
By giving students course outlines
By explain to students how the module works and what it requires
10. ADVANTAGES OF PRODUCT MODEL
Avoidance of vague statements
It tells you what exactly to do
Makes assessment more precise(exact)
It tells you the marks you’re going to get
It helps to structure and select content
It students what they are planning and going to do.
It makes teachers aware of different types of level of learning in different
subject
It helps teachers to detect the fast and slow learners
11. CRITICISM OF PRODUCT MODEL
It is too subject and exam bound
It discourages creativity of leaners and teachers
12. PROCESS MODEL
It focuses on teacher’s activities, teachers role and teacher as creator not
implementor
It focuses on student and learner activities
Meaning it talks of conditions in which learning takes place.
It focuses on means rather than end
Students and learners are told what to achieve
More individualised atmosphere.
Students are allowed to show their view in the learning process
13. ADVANTAGES OF PROCESS MODEL
It emphasis on certain activities as important in themselves and for life.
It emphasis on active roles for teachers and learners
It emphasis on learning skills
14. CRITICISM OF PROCESS MODEL
It neglect the appropriate content
Difficulty in applying the approach in some areas.
15. 7 ADDITIONAL TYPES OF CURRICULUM
1. Written curriculum
2. Observed curriculum
3. Learner-centred curriculum
4. Knowledge- centred curriculum
5. Society –centred curriculum
6. Hidden curriculum
7. Null curriculum
16. WRITTEN CURRICULUM
A planned course of study
It may refer to a curriculum document, texts, films, and supportive teaching materials that
are overtly chosen to support the intentional instructional agenda of a school
Explicitly states the programme of learning
States intended curriculum content
Syllabi for implementation
OBSERVED CURRICULUM
What can be seen taking place in the classroom
LEARNER-CENTRED CURRICULUM
It helps educators to see that leaners bring viewpoints and ideas
learner-centered curriculum focuses on the individuals as well as the individual’s dreams,
goals, and interests
Emphasis on self actualization
Emphasis on freedom and opportunity
17. KNOWLEDGE-CENTRED CURRICULUM
It emphasises on academic education
The curriculum model strives to provide students with the necessary tools in
order to succeed
Knowledge is given to the students through the visions of the higher educated
individual – the teacher and textbook.
SOCIETY-CENTRED CURRICULUM
informal curriculum of family, peer groups, neighborhoods, churches,
organizations, occupations, mass media, and other socializing forces that
“educate” all of us throughout our lives
Is to explore and solve societal issues
It is the curriculum that is based on social issues, problem of living.
NULL CURRICULUM
The curriculum that they do not teach
HIDDEN CURRICULUM
Refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and
perspectives that students learn in school
Contains activities that are not designated part of official curriculum, teachers
interaction with students, environment of the school and peer influence.
Not recognised and cannot be examined.
18. CURRICULUM APPROACHES
NB: it means how are u going to approach caps to make learning effective.
A person approach to curriculum is just their philosophy or believe about how
a curriculum can be created
19. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
It studies the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual
The Humanistic curriculum is based on the belief that the education that is good for a
person is also best for well being of a nation.
People have free will
A person's behaviour is influenced by his or her environment. Social interactions are
key in the development of a human being
Human beings have intentional goals and seek to create meaning in life
PURPOSE : Self-actualization, personal growth and autonomy.
- They are allowed to express
- They are permitted to discover who they are.
ROLE OF EDUCATOR : Teachers must provide a supportive environment
- Teachers should have input in developing the curriculum
- Teachers should feel some autonomy
- Teachers should have emotional relationship with learners
- Teachers should understand how teaching roles affect them
and their learners
SELECTING LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES : Educator creates an opportunities for
learners to deal with emotional part of life
regardless of learning area
: Enable learners to draw connection and
see completeness
20. SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONIST CURRICULUM
They are interested in relation between curriculum and social, political and economic
development of society.
Reconstructionist not only aim to educate a generation of problem solvers, but also
try to identify and correct many noteworthy social problems that face our nation
PURPOSE : To confront learners with severe problems that humankind face.
ROLES OF EDUCATOR : Helps learners to discover their own interest
: Educator must relate national and world issues to the
learners interest
SELECTING LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES : Activities must be real
- They must act on an issue not to study it
- They must look at the aspect in their
community which they can change
- They must realise the importance of what
they do
21. TECHNOLOGY AND THE CURRICULUM
It is concerned with what to teach rather than how to teach
It focusses on effectiveness programmes, materials and method
It includes subjects like maths, science, reading and technical field
It is the analysis of curriculum problems
22. ACADEMIC SUBJECT CURRICULUM
It is focused of the structure of knowledge
organisation of subjects matter into subject e.g., language, maths and natural
science.
PURPOSE : To develop rational minds
: To train students to do research.
23. CURRICULUM DESIGN
It refers to a process of critical question to frame(plan) learning and teaching,
it involves the various ways in which we arrange curriculum components (parts)
it is a way for teachers to plan instruction
When teachers design curriculum, they identify what will be done, who will do
it, and what schedule to follow.
PURSPOSE
To improve student learning
SUBJECT –CENTRED CURRICULUM DESIGN
The teacher focused on the subject rather than individual
It decides what should be studied and how should it be studied.
It not focused on learning styles for students
LEARNER-CENTERED CURRICULUM DESIGN
is meant to empower learners and allow them to shape their education through
choices.
Students are allowed to choose assignments, test and etc.
The teacher is focused on students.
24. CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
It is defined as planned, purposeful, progressive and systematic process to
create a positive improvement in the educational system.
PURPOSE: is to ensure that students receive integrated, coherent learning
experiences that contribute towards their personal, academic and
professional learning and development.
DEVELOPING THE CURRICULUM( PERRENIAL QUESTIONS)
1. What do i want my students to learn?
2. How do i deliver the content?
3. How should I know whether students learnt?
NB: Perennial questions- are questions that appear over.
25. ROLES OF A TEACHER
Assessor
Learning mediator
Subject specialist
Scholar, researcher and lifelong learner
Community, citizenship and pastoral role
Leader, administrator and a manager.
Interpreter and designer of learning programme and materials
26. ASSESSOR
You must assess all activities and moderate
Invent some assessment method
Keep record of your assessment
27. LEARNING MEDIATOR
Show sensitivity towards learners differences
You must be an inspiration to your leaners
You must stand between your leaners and the content to ensure smooth
communication.
28. SUBJECT SPECIALIST
A teacher must be well grounded with knowledge about that subject
A teacher must manage both assessment, summative and formative assessment
and keep record of the students progress.
29. SCHOLAR, RESEARCHER AND A
LIFELONG LEARNER
As a teacher you are expected to persue your ongoing academic, occupation
and professional growth.
You must be able to move with updated school’s curriculum.
30. CUMMUNITY, CITIZENSHIP AND
PASTORAL ROLE
As a teacher you must develop a sense of respect and responsibility towards
others
You must always keep learners updated about information related to
HIV/AIDS.
You must have a supportive relationship with the parents.
31. LEADER, ADMINISTARTOR AND
MANAGER
As a teacher you must have leadership skills which include managing your
classroom.
As a teacher you must participate in school decision making structures
32. INTERPRETER AND DESIGNER OF
LEARNING PROGRAMME AND MATERIAS
Teachers must be able to understand and interpret already existing learning
programmes and be able to design and customise their.
33. TEACHING, LEARNING & ASSESSMENT
WITHIN THE APPROACHES TO CURRICULUM
DEFINITION OF ASSESSMENT
The act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality or
importance of something or the judgement or decision that is made.
E.g. making judgement of the project given to the learners
Value- how important is it.
LEARNING CYCLE
Teaching- provide support for new learning to occur
Assessment- collect information about the progress of learners,
judge
Evaluate- what can students do, what does student need to do.
Planning- plan your assessment, select your approach, grouping
and resources.
34. CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT
Curriculum and assessment are inseparable
( you assess based on curriculum)
The curriculum must be written in such a manner as to support effective
assessment practice.
35. MAJOR TYPES OF ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING (FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT)
is ongoing assessment that allows teachers to monitor students on a day-to-
day basis and modify their teaching based on what the students need to be
successful
It does not include grading
It requires teachers to ascertain(know) students' prior knowledge
Is designed to assist educators and students in improving learning
It is used to identify students ‘at risk’
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING (SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT)
It is used to alert the teachers, learners and parents about how each student
completed their tasks and activities.
It provides information about student achievement.
Checks what has been learned to date
It include grading.
36. ASSESSMENTS CONTINUES………………..
ASSESSMENT AS LEARNING
It develops and support students metacognitive skills.
metacognitive skills(planning how to approach a learning task,
using appropriate skills and strategies to solve a problem )
Students learn to make sense of information, relate it to
prior knowledge and use it for new learning.
Helps students to take more responsibility about their
learning and to monitor their future.
is used to plan future learning goals
37. PURPOSE OF THE ASSESSMENT
TEACHING AND LEARNING
Is used to improve students learning
Is used to improve teachers teaching
FOR SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT
If you don’t assess the government wont know the progress of the school.
To determine the next teaching and learning steps.
Parents, families and communities can be kept updated about the progress
being made.
For parent to play active role.
38. ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING: PRINCIPLE
Learning to learn
Teaching students how to learn.
Building students assessment capability.
Teaching students to know to be assessed.
Engagement and motivation.
39. LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR SUCCESS OF
TEACHING AND LEARNING THEORIES
Accommodates diversity in leaners background and learning styles
Encourage and foster learners responsibility
Allows effective and collaborative learning
Fosters the involvement of learners in learning activities
Support the effective use of wide range of resources, including technology and
media.
40. TEACHING THEORIES
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE( HOWARD GARDENER)
Invites a great deal of creativity in learning and teaching
Departure from traditional theory of Paulo Freire which was called “ Banking
method” where the teacher deposits the knowledge to learners and learners
must receive, memorize and repeat.
Differentiate learning experience to accommodate multiple modalities
Multiple intelligence invite limitless possibilities for teaching and learning.
41. TEACHING THEORIES CONTINUES………………..
BLOOMS TAXONOMY 1956
Assist in development of goals, objectives and lesson plans
Systematic process of thinking and learning
Helps form challenging questions to help students gain knowledge and
critical thinking skills
EDUCATIONAL CATEGORIES
Create- students create ideas and information using what they have learned
Evaluate- students make decisions based of reflective criticism and
assessment
Analyze- students divide the learned information into parts to make it more
understandable
Applying- students make use of information learned differ from the one in a
context
Understanding- students grasp meaning of information by interpreting and
translating of what has learned.
Remembering- the learner is able to recall, restate and remember the
learned information.
42. ZONE PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD) &
SCAFFOLDING ( LEV VYGOSKY)
ZPD( ZONE PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT)
ZPD Is the gap between what a students is and is not able to complete
independently. The teacher need to support the leaner to understand or
complete tasks.
Are range of tasks that an individual cannot do alone but can complete when
assisted by a more skilled teacher.
SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding instruction refers to specialized teaching strategies geared
towards supporting learning when students are first introduced to a new
subject.
Is the act of adjusting the level of support provided in order to best meet
each child’s abilities.
43. SCHEMA & CONSTRUCTIVISM ( Jean Piaget)
Individuals create meaning through action and experience
Invites teachers to ask their students what they already know before the
lesson
Constructivists classroom learn best by doing rather than absorbing knowledge
44. BEHAVIOURSISM (BF Skinner)
The leaner needs reinforcement like rewards to keep interest
The behaviors can be used to measure and record success
Behavior is a response to an external stimulus
45. SPIRAL CURRICULUM
Brunner suggest that teachers revisit topics annually and add a bit of
difference every year
Spiral curriculum can help students to link a topic to a range of concepts as it
is revisited
47. BASIC ELEMENTS OF CURRICULUM
Objective/aims/goals
Content/learning experiences
Evaluation/it is concerned with assessment
Methods/strategies or techniques to be followed.
48. FOUR EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES
PERENNIALISM
Perennialism in education is the idea that school must focus of the curricula that is everlasting.
word perennialism derived from the word “perennial” which means lasting for many years. So
perennialism is focused on things that have lasted for many years.
AIMS OF EDUCATION
The aim is to teach ideas that are everlasting
ROLE OF EDUCATION
Teachers help students think with reason.
FOCUS IN THE CURRICULUM
It focuses on classical subjects and liral analysis.
49. ESSENTIALISM
Essentialists believe that there is a knowledge that must be transmitted to
students in a systematic, disciplined way.
AIM OF EDUCATION
To promote the intellectual(clever) growth of a person
To educate a competent(skillful) person.
ROLE OF A TEACHER/EDUCATION
Teacher is the sole authority in the subject
50. PROGRESSIVISM
They believe that the education must focus on the whole learner not content
or the teacher
AIMS OF EDUCATION
To promote democratic and social living
ROLES OF EDUCATION/TEACHER