This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It begins by defining biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical nature of living matter. Biochemistry has two branches-descriptive biochemistry which qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes cell components, and dynamic biochemistry which elucidates the nature and mechanisms of reactions between these components. The document then discusses the hierarchy of molecular organization within cells from basic precursors to macromolecules and organelles. It provides details on the structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as some of the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells like the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm.

1. Introduction
To
Biochemistry
Prepared by: Bushra Deshpande
(M.Pharmacy)
K.Y.D.S.C.T'S COP Sakegaon.
BHUSAWAL

2. Introduction
The term Biochemistry’ was first introduced
by a German chemist, Cari New berg, in
1903.
It may be defined as, “the science, of
chemistry, of living matter in its different
phases of activity”.
Biochemistry in its broad aspects the most
comprehensive of all the branches of
chemistry includes organic, inorganic and
physical chemistry to the extent.
• Which is related to the chemistry of living
things, both the plants and animals.

3. WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY?
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes
occurring in live organisms. Biochemists focus heavily on the role, function, and
structure of biomolecules.
STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE,
COMPOSITION, AND
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF
SUBSTANCES IN LIVING
SYSTEMS
BIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY
BIOCHEMISTRY
Origin
Formation
Function
Deficiency
Symptoms
ENZIMES, CARBOHIDRATES, PROTEINS, DNA, RNA , etc
DESCRIBE
IMP

4. Biochemistry is Super chemistry.
which Biochemistry includes the relationship of living organisms to their
environment, the process by exchange of chemical sub take place through the
digestion, absorption and excretion.
By which the absorbed materials are utilized for synthetic reactions leading to
growth, Replenishment of tissues & multiplication of the cell and species for the
metabolic breakdown of materials to supply energy.
• The mechanism which regulate with precision all these processes by means of
hormonal and neuro-regulatory stimuli- all these come under the biochemistry.
Hence, it is called super chemistry.
• Biochemistry has wide areas of cell biology and all of molecular biology.
• Biochemical genetics is the field that has stimulated a lively interest, is a field of
biochemistry.
• “Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain
genes onto their children.”
(such as characteristics, natural talents and genetic disorders.)

5. Objective of Biochemistry
To study and understand the structures and properties of
substances constituting the fretwork of cell and tissues.
To study the structures and properties of substances
which enter the cell as sources of energy or leave the cell
as waste products.
1. To study the catalytic activity of enzymes.
2. To study processes that convert diet into compound
which are characterizes of the cells of a given species
3. To study the manifold energy requiring process of the
living cell.
4. To study the chemistry of in heritance.

6. Scope Of Biochemistry
 Study of cell structure and its components.
 Chemistry of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids
 Chemistry of inorganic elements and their deficiency
 Study of enzymes
 Study of vitamins and their deficiency
 Immunochemistry
 Metabolism of carbohydrates and their metabolic
disorders.
 Metabolism of proteins and amino acids and their
metabolic disorders.
 Metabolism of lipids and their metabolic disorders.
 Water metabolism, their source, regulation etc.
 Chemistry of nucleic acid; Recombinant DNA- technology:
Nucleoproteins, and metabolism of nucleic acid
 Detoxification mechanism.
 Hormones and their biochemical role in the body

7. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN PHARMACY
Scope of biochemistry in day to day increase in life. Biochemistry is useful in medicine, clinical, nursing, agriculture,
nutraceuticals, pharmacy, botany as well as zoology fields
Cause Of Diseases
Screen Of Easy Diagnosis
Effective Treatment
Monitoring Pathological
Condition
 Assessing Response To
Treatment
Kidney function test
Liver function test
Blood test
Serum cholesterol test
Chemical reactions of drugs
 Quantity of drugs to be
prescribed
High yield of plant
Growth enhancement
Prevent plant diseases
Biochemical tests
 Adulteration
determination
Clinical Agriculture
Nursing
Nutraceuticals
 Food chemistry
 Nutrient content
 Food
adulteration
tests
 Stability study
 Physiology
 Pathology
 Nutrition deficiency
 Hormonal deficiency
Botany
Medicine
Pharmacy
Biochemistry

8. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN
PHARMACY
DRUG CONSTITUTION: Biochemistry gives an
idea of the constitution of the drug, its chances
of degradation with varying temperature, etc.
How modification in medicinal chemistry helps
improve efficiency, minimize side effects, etc.
THE HALF-LIFE: This is a test done on
biochemical drugs to know how long a drug is
stable when kept at so and so temperature.
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS: These tests help fix the
specific half-life or date of expiry of drugs.

9. • DRUG STORAGE: The storage condition
required can judge the value by the
biochemical test.
For example, many enzymes, hormones are
stored for dispensing.
• DRUG METABOLISM: It also gives an idea of
how drug molecules are metabolized by many
biochemical reactions in the presence of
enzymes. This helps to avoid drugs which have
a poor metabolism or those with excessive side
effects from being prescribed or dispensed to
the patient.

11. WHAT IS A CELL?
 A cell is the structural, functional and
biological unit of an organism.
 Cells are the basic building blocks of our
muscles, bones and other organs.
 All living things are made of cells.
 The human body is composed of cells.
 They are very small so we can not see
with our eyes.

12. HUMAN CELL
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
DNA
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Lysosome
Ribosome
1. Cell wall , Size and Shape
2. Cell Membrane
3. Nucleus
4. Cytoplasm
5. Vacuoles and Vesicles
6. Ribosomes
7. Endoplasmic Reticulum
8. Golgi Apparatus
9. Lysosomes
10.Mitochondria
Vacuoles and Vesicles
Golgi Apparatus

13. 1. CELL WALL
• The cell wall is a very flexible layer that
surrounds some types of cells.
• 0.1µm to 10µm
• It surrounds the cell membrane and provides
these cells with structural support and
protection
Cell Wall

14. 2.CELL MEMBRANE
• The cell membrane, also called the plasma
membrane
• Is found in all cells and separates the interior of the
cell from the outside environment.
• The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is
semipermeable.
• The cell membrane regulates the transport of
materials entering and exiting the cell.

15. 3. NUCLEUS
• The nucleus, occurs only in eukaryotic cells. It is the location for most of the nucleic acids
a cell makes, such as DNA and RNA.
RNA is formed in the nucleus using the DNA
base sequence as a template.
RNA moves out into the cytoplasm where it
functions in the assembly of proteins.

16. 4. CYTOPLASM
• The cytoplasm was defined earlier as the material
between the plasma membrane (cell membrane) and
the nuclear envelope.
• Fibrous proteins that occur in the cytoplasm, referred to
as the cytoskeleton maintain the shape of the cell as
moving the cell and controlling internal movement of
structures.

17. 5.Vacuoles and Vesicles
• Vacuoles are single-membrane organ that are
essentially part of the outside that is located within
the cell.
• Many organisms will use vacuoles as storage areas.
Vacuoles
Vesicles
 Vesicles are much smaller than
vacuoles and function in transporting
materials both within and to the
outside of the cell.

18. 6.Ribosomes
 Ribosomes are the sites of protein
synthesis.
 They are not membrane-bound and
thus occur in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
cell

19. 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Endoplasmic reticulum, is a mesh of
interconnected membranes that serve a
function involving protein synthesis and
transport.
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosome
 ER connects to the nuclear
envelope through which the
messenger RNA (mRNA) that is the
blueprint for proteins travels to
the ribosomes.

20. 8. Golgi Apparatus
CIS Face
Transport
Vesicle
Cisternae
LUMEN
Trans Face
A Golgi body, also known as a
Golgi apparatus,
Help process and package
proteins and lipid molecules,
especially proteins destined to be
exported from the cell.

21. 9.Lysosomes
 Lysosomes, are relatively large vesicles formed by the Golgi.
 Lysosome contents function in the extracellular breakdown of
materials.
 They contain hydrolytic
enzymes that could
destroy the cell.

22. 10. Mitochondria
 They function as the sites of energy
release and ATP formation
 Mitochondria are bounded by two
membranes.
 The inner membrane folds into a series
of cristae, which are the surfaces on
which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is
generated.
 The matrix is the area of the
mitochondrion surrounded by the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
Mitochondrion has been termed the powerhouse of the cell.

23. 1.What is biochemistry ?
2.What is objective of biochemistry?
3.What is scope of biochemistry in pharmacy ?
4.What is a cell? Explain describe a typical cell