The document provides an introduction to biochemistry, outlining its definition, importance, and scope, along with details on cellular structures, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It emphasizes the role of biochemistry in understanding living organisms, diagnosing metabolic disorders, and synthesizing new molecules. Key cellular components such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes are described along with their respective functions.

1. Introduction to Biochemistry
Presented By: MS. Chaudar A.P
M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical chemistry)
pes Modern College of Pharmacy (for ladies), moshi,pune

2. Learning Outcomes
Definition of Biochemistry
Importance
Scope of Biochemistry
Cell and structure of cell
Prokaryotic cell & Eukaryotic cell
Metabolism, Catabolism,
Anabolism, Overall anabolism

3. Introduction to Biochemistry
• The term was introduced by German Chemist Carl
Newberg in 1903.
• It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning
of the 20th century when scientists combined
chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the
chemistry of living systems by studying :
• A. The structure and behavior of the complex
molecules found in biological material and
• B. The ways these molecules interact to form cells,
tissues and whole organism

4. Introduction to Biochemistry
• Biochemistry has become the language of medicine as
it builds the basis of drug action, drug synthesis and
prevention of diseases.
• It includes the study of chemical nature of all living
matter from the smallest virus and microorganism to
the most complex and highly evolved human being.
• Knowledge of biochemistry is used to control diseases,
abnormal metabolism and the treatment of deficiencies.

5. Definition of Biochemistry
Define the term biochemistry.
The study dealing with the chemistry of living
organism in its different phases of activity is
called as biochemistry.
The science that is concerned with the structures,
interactions, Transformations of biological
molecules.
Biochemistry deals with the structures, functions,
interactions of biological macromolecules.

7. State importance/ Significance of biochemistry
• It deals with study of living system and its
working.
• Study of nature and working of biomolecules.
• Diagnosis of various metabolic disorder.
• Study of various deficiency diseases.
• Helps in synthesizing new molecules.

8. Scope of Biochemistry

9. 1) Study of cell structure and its components.
2) Chemistry of inorganic elements and their deficiency symptoms.
3) Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Protein and amino acids and Lipids.
4) Metabolism and their metabolic disorders of Carbohydrates,
Lipids, Protein and Amino acids
5) Study of Enzymes.
6) Chemistry of Nucleic acids Recombinant DNA technology,
Nucleoproteins and metabolism of nucleic acid.
7) Study of vitamins and their deficiency symptoms
8) Immunochemistry
9) Detoxification mechanism.
10) Hormones and their biochemical role in the body.
11) water metabolism their source regulation etc
Scope of Biochemistry

10. What is cell?
CELL AS A BASIC UNIT
 The cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of life or
living organism,
 It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is the functional unit
of all known living organisms.
 It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing,
and is often called the building block of life. Some organisms,
such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell).
 Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. Humans
have about 100 trillion cells;

11. Types of Cell
 The cells of the living kingdom may be divided into
Two categories:
 1. Prokaryotes (Greek: pr before; Carver nucleus);
Lack a well defined nucleus and possess relatively
simple structure. These include various bacteria.
 2. Eukaryotes (Greek: eu true; karvon nucleus):
possess a well defined nucleus and are more complex
in their structure and function. The higher organisms
(animals and plants) are composed of eukaryotic cells.

13. Parts/Organelles/Intracellular organs of cell
Biologically differentiated structures and living materials of Cytoplasm.
Essential for different bio-synthetic activities of the cell. Include:
(1) Cell membrane
(2) Endoplasmic reticulum-Rough and smooth
(3) Mitochondria
(4) Golgi apparatus
(5) Centrosome with centrioles
(6) Ribosomes (free and attached)
(7) Lysosomes
(8) Peroxisomes
(9) Filaments
(10) Microtubules
(11) Vesicles

14. Non Organelles
(1) Protein
(2) Fat
(3) Carbohydrate (Glycogen)
(4) Water
(5) Inorganic materials
(6) Pigments like Melanin, lipofuscin
(7) Cellular Products: Yolk & Secretory granules

15. Nucleus
• Nucleus is called as very important cell organelle of the cell. There is
porous, double membrane around it. It is control all the function of the
cell hence the nucleus is called as the brain of the cell.
• It is responsible for storing the cell's hereditary material or the DNA. It is
responsible for coordinating many of the important cellular activities such
as protein synthesis, cell division, growth and a host of other important
functions.

16. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in
general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to
function.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small,
round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins.

17. Lysosomes
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains
digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved with various cell
processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may
be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
Lysosomes are also mainly called "suicidal bags."

18. Ribosomes
A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and
protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The
ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and
translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino
acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

19. Golgi Apparatus
A Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell organelle that
helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially
proteins destined to be exported from the cell. The Golgi apparatus,
or Golgi complex, functions as a factory in which proteins received
from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their
eventual destinations

20. Mitochondria
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular)
that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's
biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is
stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

21. Define & Explain metabolism
• All biochemical changes that occur in biological
system are grouped together as metabolism.
• Metabolism is divided into two categories:
• Catabolism: It’s a degradative process concerned
with the breakdown of complex molecules to
simpler ones along with release of energy.
• Anabolism : Includes the biosynthetic reactions of
formation of complex molecules from simple
ones and requiring energy.

22. Frequently asked Questions
1. Define term Biochemistry. Give scope of biochemistry.
2. Define cell. Draw neat labeled diagram of a typical
animal cell & give two functions of mitochondrion.
3. Give the functions of
i) Mitochondria
ii) Endoplasmic reticulum
iii) Nucleus
iv) Golgi Apparatus/ complex
v) Ribosome and Liposomes

23. Thank you