Introduction of computer Book

Introduction to computer
IMTIAZ ALI J
Lecture 1 date; 07-01 2014
Whatis computer?
Computer is an electronic device that process
data converting it into information that is useful
to people.
Purpose
1 to store the amount of data
2 save time
3 provide information
4 communications
5 computer data

IMTIAZ ALI J
Lecture 2, 3 data 08-01 -2014
Parts of computer system
There are four parts of computer system
1 hardware 2 software 3 data 4 user
Hardware
 The mechanical device that makes up the computer is called
hardware.
 Hardware is any part of computer that you can touch.
 A computer is hardware consist of interconnected electronic device
that a use to control the compute’s operation, input or output.
 The generic term device refers to any piece of hardware.

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Software
Software is a set of instruction that makes the computer performs the
task.
 Software tells the computer what to do.
 The term program refers to any piece of software.
Data
 Data consist of individual fact or piece of information.
 The computer primary job is to process these tiny pieces of data in
various ways, converting them into useful information.
user
Peoples are the computer operator are also
called user.
Information processing cycle

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 Computer converts data into information-various action on the
data.
For example a computer might perform a mathematic
operation on two no’s and display the result or perform logical
operation.
 the operation are part of the process called “ information
processing cycle” which is set of steps the computer follow to
receive data, process the data, according to instruction form a
program, display the resulting information to the user and store
data.
Input
 During this part of cycle the computer accept data from the source,
such as user or a program for processing.

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Processing
 During this part of cycle the computer processing component
performs action on the data, based on instruction, from the user or
program.
Output
 Computer may be required to display the result of its processing
For example, result appear in text, number or graphic on the
computer screen or sound or the speaker, output through printer, or
through network or internet.
Storage
 In this step, the computers store the result of its processing on the
disk, tape, or some kind of storage medium.
Essential computerhardware.
1 processor 2 memory 3 input and output 4TH is storage.
Processing device

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 The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is
processing to perform this transformation.
Computer use two components
The processor and memory
 Processor is like a brain of computer; it organizes and carried out
instructions that come from either the user or the software.
 Processor consist of one or more specialized chips called
“microprocessor” which are silvers of silicon or other material
attached with many tiny electronic circuits.
Micro processor
 To process data or complete on instruction
from a user or a program, the computer passes
electricity through the circuit.
 The microprocessor is plugged into
computer’s motherboard
 The mother board is rigid rectangular card containing the
circuitry that connects the process to the other hardware.

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 The mother board is an example of a circuit board.
 The personal computer’s processor is usually single chips or set
of chips on circuit board.
 The CPU (central processing unit) refers to computer processor.
Memory devices
 Memory is one or more set of chips
that store data and / or program
instruction temporarily or permanently.
 Memory has two categories Ram and Rom or volatile and non
volatile.
 RAM (random access memory) or volatile memory is like an
electronic scratch pad inside the computer.
ROM
 ROM holds data and program
instruction temporally while CPU
work.

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RAM
 When program is launched, it is
loaded and run from the memory as
the program needs data it is loaded
into memory for faster access. As new data outer into the
computer, it is also store temporarily.
 Data is both written to or read from this memory also called read
written memory.
 Ram is volatile meaning that it loses it content when the
computer shut of or power failure.
 Stores data is bytes(kb, MB ,GB)
 Rom (read only memory) or non volatile memory; stores data
permanently, it never loses its content.
 When ever computers turned on it check rom for direction that
help it startup and for information about its hardware device.

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Input or output devices
Input device
 Input device accept data and instruction form the user or from
another computer system.
Ex; mouse, keyboard, track ball, touchpad, joystick, scanner,
digital camera, microphone.
Output device
 Output device returned process data to the user or another system.
Ex; monitor, printer, speaker,
 Some devise are both input and output like touch screen.
 Communication devices are also both input and output device.
Storage devices
 The purpose of storage devices is to hold data permanently even
computer turn off.
 Storage devices operate much slower than memory chips but
storage is much cheaper than memory.

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Software
There are two type of software
1. System software
2. Application software
System software
 System software is any program that controls the
computers hardware or that can be use to maintain the
comPuter.
Basic types of system software are
Operating system
 Tells the computer how to
use its own components it
acts is an interpreter among hardware application
program and the user.

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(Dos window, xp, 2000, vista)
Network operating system
 Allows computer to
communicate and
share data across a
network while
controlling network operation and over sees the
network security.
Utility
 Utility is a program that makes the computer to use or
perform highly specialized function utilities are use to
manage hardware , trouble shooting hardware,
problems and perform other tasks that so may not able
to do.

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Application software
 Tells the computer how to accomplish specific task,
such as word processing or drawing for the user
 word processing software for creating text based
document (ms word)
 spread sheets software for creating number i.e. ( ms
excel)
 DBMS software for building and manipulating large
data sets (ms access)
 presentation software for creating and presenting
electronic slide shows (ms power point)
 graphic program for designing or main pulating photo
graphs video , (adobe photo shop)

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 multimedia application
 entertainment and education software
 Web designs tools and web browser.
 Games
LECTURE NO # 6 DATA 23 – 1 2012
Categories of computer
There are two categories of computer
1. Computer for individual user
2. Computer for organization
Computer for individual user
 desktop computer
 work station
 Notebook computer
 Tablet computer
 handled Pcs
 Smart phone

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 Are all examples of personal computer pcs a term that refers to
any computer system that is designed for use by a single
computer?
 Personal computers are also called micro computer; because
they are among the smallest computers created for people to
use.
 The term pc most often used to describe desktop computer
 Many kinds of computer can by shared by multiple user but can
be use by one personate.
Desktop computer
 Most common type of personal
computer a pc that is designed to
sit on a desk or table.
 desktop Pcs or familiar item in home schools are work places
 The main computer of desktop Pc is system unit, which is the
case that houses the critical parts such as its processing and
storage devices.

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 There are two common design for desktop computer.
1 horizontal oriented system
2 vertical oriented system
1 horizontal oriented system
 Horizontal oriented system the desktop pc follows the
traditional design, with the monitor staked on the top of the
system unit.
2 vertical oriented system
 The desktop pc has a tower design with a system unit that sits
upright and can be placed on either the desk or the floor.
Work station
 Is a specialized single
user computer that
typically has more power
and featured than desktop
Pcs?

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 Work station computers are favored by engineers and designer
who need a high performance system.
 Work stations often have large, high resolution monitors and
accelerated graphic cards.
 Provides handling capabilities making them suitable for
advanced architecture and animation and video editing
Note book computer
 Have the power and feature of desktop pcs
but are light and portable.
 They are also called laptop computers.
 Note book computer can operate attending current or special
batteries because of their portability note book pcs are fall into
category of devices mobile computer.
 System small enough to be carried by their user.
Tablet Pcs
 Is the newest development in portable,

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full features computers?
 It offers all the functionality of note book pc, but they are lighter
in weight and can accept in put from special pen called stylus or
digital pen that is used to tap or writer directly on the screen.
 Many tablet Pcs have built in microphone and special software
that inputs user’s voice.
 Tablet Pcs can be connected to the network
LECTURE NO 7, 8
Handled Pcs
 Handled personal computers are computing
device fit in your hand.
 popular type is personal digital and assistant (PDA)
 A PDA is no larger than a smaller appointment book and
normally used for special applications such as taking notes,
displaying telephone no and address and keep tracks or dates
and agenda.
 New cellular phones likes nokia 9500 features of PDA.

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Smart phone
 Smart phone phone that provides
advance features and hardware, also
gives miniatures keyboard.
Like ipone htc, nokia
Computer or organization
Network services
 In many company, worker use their
desktop system to access a central share
computer and peripheral devices.
 Large corporate networks a use hundred
of services.
 Workers may be connected to the same network, get using it for
very different task.
 Many users can access their organization network and internet
where they go.

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Main frame computer
 Mainframe computer are used by large
organization such as insurance companies
banks.
 In traditional environment, each user
accesses the mainframes resources through
devise called terminal dumb and intelligent
terminal.
 dumb terminal does not process it simply input/ out out devices
 Intelligent terminal can perform some process but usually does
not store.
 Hundreds, even thousand of mainframe user may use terminate to
work with the central computer.
 Mainframes are often housed alone in special room away from
their user.
Mini computer

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 First released in 1960 minicomputer are smaller size also called
mid range computer.
 Like mainframe minicomputers can bundle much more input and
out then Pcs can.
 User can access a central minicomputer through a terminal or
standard pc.
Supper computer
 Are most powerful computer made the
system can process huge environment of
data and can perform one trillion calculations per second.
 Some super computer can house thousand of processor.
 Use for handling large and complex problem.
LECTURE NO# 9, 1O DATE 25-1 -2012
Generation of computer or evolution of computer
 mechanical era 1623 to 1900
1st generation 1937 to 1953
 it is also called vacume tube

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2nd generation 1954 to 1962
 It is also called transistor
3rd generation 1963 to 1972
 It is also called integrator circuit
4th generation 1972 to 1984
5th generation 1984 to 1990
6th generation 11991 to now
Lecture no # 11, date 31-1 2012
Mechanical era
 The development were introduced in the field of science form
2000bc.
 Chines developed first mechanical orchestra.

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 In 3000 BC abacus first device sued for arithmetic calculation
was developed.
First generation
 the first large sale electronic computer,
ENIAC( electronic numerator integrator
and computer )become operational 1946
 It contains application 1800 vacuum tube
having weight 30 tons and occupied about 1500 square feet of
floor space also to perform scientific calculation in 9 mille
second.
 1950 Univac (universal automatic computer) was price $ 500,
000.
 Assembly language was used.
Second generation

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 By the early in 1960 transistor and some other solid state device
that were much smaller than vacuum tubes were being used for
the much of the computer circuitry.
 Magnetic disks were launched.
 2nd generation machined tends to be smaller, more reliable and
significantly faster than 1st generation computer.
3rd
generation
 During this period the integrated
circuit a complete electronic circuit
on silicon chips replaced
transistorized circuitry.
 the sued of magnetic tape was wide spread and computer began
to support such capabilities as multiprogramming ( processing
several programming simultaneously)
 The size of computer continuous to decreased.
Fourth generation

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 In 1971 first electronic computer were introduce that used large
scale integrated (LSI) and very large scale integrated (VLSI)
thousand to million of transistor on tiny chips for main memory
and logic circuitry.
 The micro process introduced in 1971.
 Useful software pushed the micro commuter into the mainstream.
LECTURE NO# 12, 13 date 1-2-2012
Need of computer in society
 business
 Industry
 medical
 education
 Banking
 Science and technology
 Liberies
 Government
 Politics

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 Defense
 Legal system
 Recreation and environment
 Music
 Movie
 Game
 Trave and torsion
Black diagram of computer
1. memory unit
2. control unit
3. Arithmetical logical unit
4. input / output unit
Input device
 Keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, microphone,
joystick, trackball, touch screen, bar code reader, digitizer ,
optical character recognition (OCR)

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Voice synthesizer
Touch pad
Key board
 key board is the main
tool of feeding or
entering data to a
computer
 it is designed as a type writer key board
Standard key board divided into following areas
1. alphanumeric key pad or standard type writer key
2. numeric
3. function
4. special function key
5. controlling key

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1. Alphanumeric keypad
 In key board it is the main area from (a to z)
English alphabet and also fourth row up to key
board is also contain ( 0 to 9)
2. Numeric keypad
 Behind the alphanumeric keypad is numeric keypad
(0 to 9) with operator (+ - * /)
Function keypad
 These keys from (f1 to f12) program can give these
keys different function although f1 is almost used to
provide ( help for user)
Special functional key
 between alphanumeric and numeric key pad we find
special function key, these are ( page up , page
down, home keys, end key, insert, data and arrow
also called cursor movement keys
Controlling keys

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 These are at different places of key board like, enter,
clrt, alt esc, printsereen, scroll ball, num lock, back
space etc.
Lecture no# 14,15 date 28-2-2012
Painting device
1. Mouse
 It is an input device that can move around on a
flat surface and contract the pointer
 The pointer is a screen object usually an arrow is
used to select the access menus, and interact
with program file or DTA, appear on the screen.
The mechanical mouse
 Is the most common type of
pointing device contains small
rubber ball that produce through a file in button of mouse
 the ball rolls inside the case when sue mouse the around an a
flat surface

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 Inside the mouse tellers and sensor sends signal to the mouse
around and a flat surface.
 Another type is optical moue is non mechanical type of
mouse emits a beam of light from its ends side.
 It uses the light reflection to judge the distance direction
speed of its mouse offer two main benefit.
 The mouse helps to move cursor on the screen quickly
without use user movement keys.
 Though mouse user easy to use menus, dialog box and
command s of operating system.
Lecture no# 16, 17 date 29 – 2 - 2012
Track balls
 It is painting device that works like
upside down mouse.
 User put finger or thumb on an exposesed balls, then place other
finger on the button.
 To move pointer around the screen roll the ball with the index
finger or thumb.

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 It gains popular with advent of laptops.
Track pad
 It is a stationary pointing device that many people find less tiring
to use than moue.
 The movement of a finger across a small touch sensitive surface is
translated into pint movement on the computer screen.
 Note book model futures built in track pad.
Devise for hands
Pens

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 Many tables pcs, pda and tablets use pen for data input this device
is called styles.
 User holds the pens and writer on a special pad or directly on the
screen.
Touch screen
 Accepts input by users to place finger tip
directly on the screen.
Games controller
Having two categories
1 game pad
2 joy stick
Joy stick
 Joysticks have been around for long time and can be used with
application other then games
Game pad

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 Games pad is small flat device that usually provide two sets of
control or for each hand, very flexible use to control many kings
of games
Lecture no 16 and 17 date
Optical input device
Bar code reader
 It is a flat pad model which is
commonly found in super markets
department stores.
 This device reads bar codes appears in the product packages like
feeder.
 many features use bar odes to identify million of feed product
Image scanner and optical character recognition.
Image scanner converts the printer images into electronic form by
shining light on to the image and sensing intensity of light reflection to
every point.

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 Control scanner uses flitter to separate corrupt menu of code into
primary additive color.
Optical character recognition (OCR)
 When user scanned text documents user want to use OCR
software to translate image into text that user an edit
Audio/video input device.
Audio input device
Microphones
 Much pc useful for audio and video conferring
over the internet
 A sound card is special device inside the
computer which translate analog audio signal form microphone
into digital codes.
 the computer can store to process there signal digitizing
 translating voice to text is a capability known as “ speech
recognition “

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Midi
 Musical instrument digital interface use to connect
musical instrument to computer.
Video
Pc video camera
 Application such as video conferencing
enable people to use full motion video
images, which are captured by pc videos
camera, called web came. It transmits video
or using to limited number of user over a network.
Pixel
 Is one or more dot that expresses a portion of a
image
Digital scanner.

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 Loop like traditional film camera. It digitized the image compress
it and sores in special memory corn.
Lecture no # 18, 19 date 13-3 2012 monitor and its type
Lecture no# 20,21,22 ,23, missing due to mid term
Lecture no # 24, 25 date 27- 3-2012
CPU
There are two part of CPU
ALU and CU
There are two part of ALU
1. arithmetic operator and
2. logical operator
CU (control memory)
 Computer resources manage by CPU, cu direct
flow of data through CPU, to and from device.
 cu is logical hub of computer it carried out command, it contains
list of instruction expressed as microcode
ALU (arithmetic logic unit)

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 Arithmetic operation includes addition
subtraction multiplication and division.
2. logical operation includes comparison
(= < >= ) and not or
3. ALU includes group of registers high speed memory location
built in directly not cpu that are used to hold data currently being
processed.
Machine cycle
 CPU execute series of steps called
machine cycle
Fetching decode execute store
 fetching and decoding an instruction to play a sound

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System bus
Play sound sent over to Cpu
 execution cycle play the cycle
Step1 play sound sent form ram to CPU
 cu breaks the command into instruction set that cpu can handle
Step 2
 Command is sent over system bus to sound card
Ram
play
sound
Cpu instruction
1
2
3

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 cpu performance measured millions of instruction per second
(PIPS)
 new cpu measure billion of instruction per second (BIPS)
Pipelining
 Is process perform by newer processor in pipelining control unit
being, a new machine cycle that is executes new instruction cycle
is completed
Multitask
 Modern operating system supports running of manning program
 Cpu asked to perform task for more than one program
Hyper threading
 For this cpu and operating system creates threat cpu executes or
threat from program at one time new processes support hyper
threading allows multiple to threads to execute at once
Factor effecting processing speed
register
 memory and computing power

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 computer’s internet clock
 cache memory
Register
 are used to store binary information, typically used as a
temporary storage , size of registers some time called “word
size” indicates amount of date with which the computer at given
time 32 bit or 64 bit computer refer to size for register in process
Memory and computing power
 Amount of Ram in computer profound effect on the commuter’s
power more Ram make computer fast
Computer’s internal clock
 Every computer has a system clock, when electricity is applied,
the molecules in crystal vibrate and speed of vibration is
measured hertz (HZ) in measured cycle per second a clock cycle
is a single. tick or time pt takes too turn off transistor and buck on
again
Bus

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 A bus is a path between the components of a computer
 There are two buses; internal (system) bus and the external
(expansion) bus
System bus or internal bus
 resides on the mother boards and connect
the cpu to other device that resides on
mother board
Expansion bus or external bus
 connect external device such as keyboard mouse, modem and
printers so on to the cpu
 Cables from disk drive and other terminal devices and plugged
into bus
 system bus has two parts (data and address bus)
Data bus
 Is an electrical path CPU memory and
other devices on the mother board no of

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wires effect speed at which data can travel between hardware
component
 Each wire can transfer one bit of data at a time
 16 bit bus transfer 2 byte
 New computer have 64 bit front side bus and bytes at a time
Address bus
 Is a set of wire that connect cpu and ram it carries only memory
address
Lecture no# 26 date 28-3-2012
Bus standard
 ISA
 local bus
 PCI
 AGP
 USB

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 IEEE1394
 Pc card
 Bus standard
Common bus technologies are
Industry standard prearchitecture (ISA) bus pc 16 bit data bus, leased
1980 used to attach slower device (such as modem and input device)
to the CPU
Local bus
 Was develop to attach faster device to CPU
Peripheral computer interconnect (PCI)
 Is a type of local bus designed by Intel to make easier, used to
connect audio, video, and graphic computer
Accelerated graphic port (AGP)
 Incorporates a special architecture that allow the video card to
access system ram directly, increase the graphic performance
Universal serial bus (USB)

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 Found all modern machine USB or hot swappable bus. it support
127 device to connect cpu
IEEE1394 (fire sire)
 Port were found Macintosh computers
Pc card
 Bus exclusively available in laptop
Cache memory
 Moving data between ram and cup’s register is one of the time
consuming operation a cpu must perform simply ram is much
slower than cpu
 Partial solutions of this problem in include cache memory.
 Cache is faster than RAM and used indifferent was.
 When program is running and CPU needs to read piece of data
from ram CPU checks first whether data is cache or not
 If data is not there it read from ram but also load copy of data in
cache, so next time it reads from the cache

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Type
Level 1
 Cpu resident cache as much as 256 12 bit
Level2
 To add more speed to modern cpu l2 cache found on mother
board, having memory 512kb
 1024 kb and up to 2mb
Level3
 Found on every high end complier
 L1 holds instruction that have recently run
 L2 holds potential up coming instruction
 L3 holds many possible instruction
Lecture no# 27 date 29 -3-2012
Standard computer port
Mouse and keyboard ports
 USB ports
 Serial port; are connected to external modem

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 Parallel port connect older printer
 Audio port; for head phone and desktop speaker.
 Network port
 Modern port; connect computer to telephone lines
 Monitor port; three arrows on the right side
Serial and parallel ports
 Parallel interface is a connection of eight or more wires through
which data bits on flow simultaneously; for ex; printer.
Serial interface
 Data bit are transmitted one at a time through signal wires.
 Inside computer a chip (UART) universal a synchronous receive
transmitter converts parallel data into serial data
Specialized expansion port
 SCSI (small computer system interface) fast high and hard disk
drives offers SCSI interface, scanner, tape drives and optical
storage also.
 USB(universal serial bus)

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 IEEE1934 (fire wire)
Midi; Musical instrument digit interface
 Expansion stools and borders
 Expansion stool are extension of computer to add new
component.
 Pc card initially called PCMCIA card personal computer card
international association.
 plug and play

Introduction of computer Book

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Introduction of computer Book