Introduction for a project on shampoos..which i got from different sources..

1. Shampoo is a FMCG(Fast Moving Consumer Goods) hair care product used for the
removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and
other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to
remove the unwanted build-up without stripping out so much sebum as to make hair
unmanageable.
History
The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindustani champi, and dates to
1762. The shampoo itself originated in the eastern regions of the Mughal Empire
that ruled erstwhile India, particularly in the Nawab of Bengal where it was
introduced as a head massage, usually consisting of alkali, natural oils and
fragrances. Shampoo was first introduced in Britain by a Bengali entrepreneur
from Bihar named Sake Dean Mahomed. Later, he together with his Irish wife,
opened "Mahomed's Steam and Vapour Sea Water Medicated Baths" in Brighton,
England. His baths were like Turkish baths where clients received a treatment of
champi (shampooing). Very soon due to Sake Dean Mahomed fame as a bathing expert
he was appointed ‘Shampooing Surgeon‘ to both George IV and William IV.
Composition
Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant, most often sodium lauryl
sulfate and/or sodium laureth sulfate with a co-surfactant, most often
cocamidopropyl betaine in water to form a thick, viscous liquid. Other essential
ingredients include salt (sodium chloride), which is used to adjust the
viscosity, a preservative and fragrance.[9] Other ingredients are generally
included in shampoo formulations to maximize the following qualities.
‘pleasing foam
‘ease of rinsing
‘minimal skin/eye irritation
‘thick and/or creamy feeling
‘pleasant fragrance
‘low toxicity
‘good biodegradability
‘slight acidity (pH less than 7)
‘no damage to hair
‘repair of damage already done to hair
Many shampoos are pearlescent. This effect is achieved by addition of tiny
flakes of suitable materials, e.g. glycol distearate, chemically derived from
stearic acid, which may have either animal or vegetable origins. Glycol
distearate is a wax. Many shampoos also include silicone to provide conditioning
benefits.
Commonly used ingredients
‘Ammonium chloride
‘Ammonium lauryl sulfate
‘Glycol
‘Sodium laureth sulfate is derived from coconut oils and is used to soften water
and create a lather. There was some concern over this particular ingredient
circa 1998 about this chemical being a carcinogen, but that has been
disproved[citation needed].
‘Sodium lauryl sulfate
‘Sodium lauroamphoacetate is naturally derived from coconut oils and is used as
a cleanser and counter-irritant. This is the ingredient that that makes the
product tear-free.
‘Polysorbate 20 (abbreviated as PEG(20)) is a mild glycol based surfactant that
is used to solubilize fragrance oils and essential oils; meaning it causes
liquid to spread across and penetrate the surface of a solid (i.e. your hair).
‘Polysorbate 80 (abbreviated as PEG(80)) is a glycol used to emulsify (or
disperse) oils in water (so the oils don‘t float on top like Italian salad
dressing).
‘PEG-150 Distearate is a simple thickener.
‘Citric Acid is produced biochemically and is used as an antioxidant to preserve
the oils in the product. While it is a severe eye-irritant, the sodium
lauroamphoacetate counteracts that property. Citric acid is used to adjust the

2. pH down to approximately 5.5. It is a fairly weak acid which makes the
adjustment easier. Shampoos usually are at pH 5.5 because at slightly acidic pH
the scales on a hair follicle lay flat making the hair feel smooth and look
shiny. It also has a small amount of preservative action. Citric acid as opposed
to any other acid will prevent bacterial growth.
•Quaternium-15 is used as a bacterial/fungicidal preservative.
•Polyquaternium-10 has nothing to do with the chemical Quaternium-15. This
chemical acts as the conditioning ingredient, providing moisture and fullness to
the hair.
•Di-PPG-2 myreth-10 adipate is a water-dispersible emollient that forms clear
solutions with surfactant systems
•Methylisothiazolinone or MIT, a powerful biocide and preservative.
Specialized Shampoos
Dandruff[edit]
Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for those who have
dandruff. These contain fungicides which reduce loose dander by killing
Malassezia furfur.
Colored Hair[edit]
Many companies have also developed color-protection shampoos suitable for
colored hair.These are shampoos that contain gentle cleansers.
All-natural[edit]
Some companies use "all-natural", "organic", "botanical" or "plant-derived"
ingredients (such as plant extracts or oils), combining these additions with one
or more typical surfactants.
Baby[edit]
Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less
irritating and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if
it were to get into the eyes.
Solid[edit]
Solid shampoos or shampoo bars use as their surfactants soaps or other
surfactants formulated as solids. They have the advantage of being spill-proof.
They are easy to apply; one may simply rub the bar over wet hair, and work the
soaped hair into a low lather.
Dry shampoo[edit]
Powdered shampoos are designed to work without water. They are typically based
on powders such as starch, silica or talc, and are intended to physically absorb
excess sebum from the hair before being brushed out.
Antibacterial[edit]
Antibacterial shampoos are often used in veterinary medicine for various
conditions,[21][22] as well as in humans before some surgical procedures.[23]
[24]
Traditional use in India
In India, a variety of herbs and their extracts are used as shampoos. A very
effective shampoo is made by boiling soapnuts with dried Indian gooseberry and a
few other herbs. They leave the hair soft, shiny and manageable. Other products
used for hair cleansing are shikakai (Acacia concinna), soapnuts (Sapindus),
hibiscus flowers and arappu (Albizzia amara).
Why we chose Shampoo as our product

3. Shampoos are about as big a subject as there is in Hair Care, it is the single
biggest hair care product for sale and it is the single most asked about hair
care subject – so the importance is enormous. There are thousands of brands of
shampoos ranging from special baby shampoos all the way to –Shimmer Lights– a
shampoo made for the grey hair set and everything in between. They make them for
dandruff and for redheads, for men and for blonde–s, for African Americans and
Latina Americans... There's simply is not a category shampoos are not made for.
Daily hair care regimens were once as simple as: Wet hair, lather, rinse,
repeat. Today, however, your choices extend way beyond traditional shampoos and
conditioners.