1. The document provides an introduction and timeline review of e-research, outlining key definitions, characteristics, advantages, and history. 2. E-research is defined as research conducted using IT tools, infrastructure, and online collaboration to break down barriers between distributed researchers. 3. The timeline of e-research is reviewed from the 1960s to present day, covering developments like the creation of ARPANET and the internet, the world wide web, and social media platforms.

1. Introduction of E-research and its
Time Line Review
Presentor
Shishir Prasad
Aryal
Mphil 1st
Semester
Roll No:
75152101
Nepal Open
University9/8/2019 1
Facilitators
Dr. Dirgha Raj Joshi

2. e-Research: Meaning and Definition
e-Research: Characteristics
e-Research Cycle
Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Research
History of e-Research
E-Research in South Asian Context
References
Contents
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3. e-Research: Meaning and Definitions
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e - electronic, enhanced, empowered, enabled, exciting,
ebahgum - wonderment
e-Research : using IT tools, IT technology &
organizational Changes viz. online collaboration.
Research conducted relying on supporting infrastructure.
(Hardware, software, networking, human resources)
e-infrastructure: digital equipment, software, tools, websites, deployments, operational teams,
support services and training that provide computational services to research (Halfpenny, 2010)
e-Research – e-Science – cyberinfrastructure – the Grid
e-Research: Matter of breaking down the barriers between researchers, be
they geographical, cultural or technical (Appelbe, Bannon, 2007)

4. e-Research : Characteristics
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Characteristic e-Research Traditional Research
Participants Diversely skilled, distributed
research team
Individual researcher or small
local research team
Data General, stored and accessible
from distributed location
Locally generated, stored and
accessible
Computation and
Instrumentation
Large scale, or on demand
computation or access to shared
instruments
Batch compute jobs or jobs run
on researcher's own computers
or research instruments.
Networking Reliant on the internet and
middleware
Not reliant on the internet
Dissemination of
Research
Via websites and specialized web
portal
Via print publications or
conference presentation.
Source: Appelbe, B., & Bannon, D. (2007)

5. 9/8/2019 5
1.
Collaboration
2. Literature
Review
3. Secondary
Data
• A. Quantitative B. Qualitative
4. Collecting
Data
• A. Quantitative B. Qualitative
5. Analyzing
Data
6.
Dissemination
e-Research
Cycle

6. Need Not to Travel Physical Distance for Field Visit and Data
Collection.Time and Resource Saving.(O’brien, 2005)
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e-Research : Advantages
Forms Can be Distributed to Thousands of Respondents within a
Minute.Research Fields and Research Participants can be Connected
at AnytimeFrom anywhere Around the Globe. (Rana, 2018)
Robust Tools for Coding, Theme And Quotation Formation, (Pangeni,
2017)
It is highly Beneficial for the Improvement of Students Several Aspect of
Knowledge, Skill and Attitudes. (Joshi, 2016)
Significant Impacts on our Daily Lives and Has Changed the Very
Landscape of human existence. (Shakya & Rauniar, 2002).

7. e-Research: Disadvantages
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Time and Devotion Required to Learn an
Additional Skill to Handle the Tools.
Chances of Fraud/Fake Entry, Bad Data and No
Response.
Undesirable Responding Patterns
Currently Available Software Tools Such as Nvivo, Webqda,
AtlasTi Etc. may Not Assist for Meaning Making Process
Poor Technology and Slow Internet

8. e-Research: Issues
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1. Virtual Field :
Loss of
Originality
2. e-
Participants:
Crisis of Identity
3. e-Data : Big
Data
4. Analysis and
Interpretation:
Logic for Duality
5. Cyber Ethics:
Piles of Issues

9. e-Research: Time line Review. Cont …
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Before: 1970s
1965: Two computers communicate
1968: Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract.
1969: The first message is "LO," which was an attempt
During: 1970 to 1980
1972: introduces network email.
1973: Global networking becomes a reality . The term Internet is born.
1974: The first ISP is born with the introduction known as Telenet.
1974: Publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP.
1976: Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first email.
1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.

10. e-Research: Time line Review. Cont …
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During: 1980 to 1990
1981: Networking services to university computer scientists.
1982: TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET.
1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar .edu,
.gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming websites.
1984: The first to use the term "cyberspace."
1985: The first registered domain.
1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online
1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco
ships its first router.
1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up
access to the Internet.

11. e-Research: Time line Review. Cont …
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During:1990to2005.Age
ofWeb1.0
1990:TimBerners-Lee,a
scientistatCERN,
developsHyperText
1991:CERNintroduces
theWorldWideWebto
thepublic.
1992:Thefirstaudioand
videoaredistributedover
theInternet.Thephrase
"surfingtheInternet"is
popularized.1993:Thenumberofwebsites
reaches600andtheWhiteHouse
andUnitedNationsgoonline.
1994:NetscapeCommunications
isborn.MicrosoftcreatesaWeb
browserforWindows95.
1994:
Yahoo!iscreated
1995:Compuserve,
AmericaOnlineand
Prodigybegintoprovide
Internetaccess.
1995:Thefirstonline
datingsite,
Match.com,launches.

12. e-Research: Time line Review. Cont …
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During:1990to
2005.AgeofWeb
1.0
1996:Thebrowserwar,
primarilybetweenthetwo
majorplayersMicrosoftand
Netscape,heatsup.CNET
buystv.comfor$15,000.
1996:A3Danimation
dubbed"TheDancing
Baby"becomesoneof
thefirstviralvideos.
1997:Netflixisfoundedby
ReedHastingsandMarc
Randolphasacompanythat
sendsusersDVDsbymail.
1997:PCmakerscanremoveor
hideMicrosoft’sInternetsoftware
onnewversionsofWindows95,
thankstoasettlementwiththe
JusticeDepartment.Netscape
announcesthatitsbrowserwillbe
free.
1998:TheGooglesearch
engineisborn,changing
thewayusersengage
withtheInternet.
1998:TheInternetProtocol
version6introduced,toallowfor
futuregrowthofInternet
Addresses.Thecurrentmost
widelyusedprotocolisversion4.
IPv4uses32-bitaddresses
allowingfor4.3billionunique
addresses;IPv6,with128-bit
addresses,willallow3.4x1038
uniqueaddresses,or340trillion
trilliontrillion.

13. e-Research: Time line Review. Cont …
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During: 1990 to 2005. Age of Web 1.0
1999: AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster arrives on the Internet, much to
the displeasure of the music industry.
2000: Web sites such as Yahoo! and eBay are hit by a large-scale, highlighting the vulnerability of the Internet.
2001: Stop users from sharing copyrighted material before it can go back online.
2003: Myspace, Skype and the Safari Web browser debut.
2003: The blog publishing platform WordPress is launched.
2004: Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins. Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser.
2005: YouTube.com launches. The social news site Reddit is also founded.

14. e-Research: Time line Review. Cont …
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During: 2004 to 2016. Age of Web 2.0
2004: Facebook goes online and
the era of social networking begins.
Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox
browser.
2005: YouTube.com
launches. The social
news site Reddit is
also founded.
2006: AOL changes its business model,
offering most services for free and
relying on advertising to generate
revenue. The Internet Governance
Forum meets for the first time.
2006: Twitter launches. The company's
founder, Jack Dorsey, sends out the very
first tweet: "just setting up my twttr."
2009: The Internet marks
its 40th anniversary.
2010: Facebook reaches
400 million active users.

15. e-Research: Time line Review. Cont …
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During: 2016 Plus. Age of Web 3.0
2012: Stop Online Piracy Act and the Protect Intellectual Property Act,
2013: A monitoring program capable of tapping the communications
2013: bank online
2015: Instagram
2016: Google unveils Google Assistant, a voice-activated personal assistant program

16. ICT in SAARC Countries
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1. India bought its first computer in 1956 HEC-2M and was installed at
Calcutta's Indian Statistical Institute.
2. The first computer in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) IBM 1620
series, installed in 1964 at the Dhaka center of the Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission (later theBangladesh Atomic Energy Commission).
3. The first computer in Nepal was IBM 1401 in lease for the
population census of 1972 (2028 BS).
4. The first ever electronic computer in Sri Lanka which was installed at
the State Engineering Corporation, exactly 40 years ago in 1967
5. Afghan airline Ariana… supported by the company
Sherkate Nasaji Afghan, an IBM 360/30 was bought in 1972
6. The first computer in Maldives in 1983 to assist the govt in collecting important census data
and better plan the nation's development (https://medium.com/@mapmeld/first-computer-by-
country-81fa47963234)

17. e-Research: Conclusion
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E-Research is useful to
explore any
researchable issue on
and about ICT,
(computer technology,
the World Wide Web
or the Internet.)
In education, e-
Research is better
option in the field of
open/distance
education, and the
Internet mediated
teaching and learning
context.
The connection of e-
Researcher with non-
technological aspects
of life for wellbeing of
humanity through
research is always
important.
Future : Research is
no Research without
e-Research.

18. e-Research: Reference
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Appelbe, B., & Bannon, D. (2007). eResearch - Paradigm shift or propaganda? Journal of
Research and Practice in Information Technology, 39(2), 83–89.
Development, A., & Fung, H. P. (2014). Effects of Information and Communication
Technology ( ICT ) on Social Science AFRICA DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES RESEARCH
INSTITUTE ( ADRRI ). (July 2013).
E-research as Intervention.pdf. (n.d.).
Halfpenny, P. (2010). What is e-Research ? (January).
Joshi, D. R. (2016). Status of Use of ICT by Secondary School Students of Nepal.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD.
Joshi, D. R. (2017). Influence of ICT in Mathematics Teaching. International Journal For
Innnovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field.
O’Brien, L. (2005). E-Research: an imperative for strengthening institutional partnerships.
Educause Review.
Pangeni, S. K. (2017). Issues in E-research: Log in/out virtual fields. Turkish Online Journal
of Distance Education, 18(3), 156–167.
Qazzaz, B. (n.d.). ICT in Education in Palestine. In Science. Retrieved from
http://www.apdip.net.
Rana, K. B. M. (2018). ICT in rural primary schools in Nepal: Context and teachers’
experiences. (January), 312. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324715393%0AICT
Shakya, S., & Rauniar, D. (2002). Information Technology Education in Nepal: An Inner
Perspective. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 8(1),
1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2002.tb00049.x

19. Thanks
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