1. University of Management and technology Department of Language & Linguistics Program: MS Applied Linguistics Research Ethics Presented to: Prof Dr ZafarIqbal Presented by: ID# 100884006

2. Ethical Obligations related to Researcher The ethical researcher Normal misbehavior ASA code of ethics Principle A: professional competence Principle B: integrity Principle C: professional and scientific responsibility Principle D: respect for people's rights, dignity, and diversity Principle E: social responsibility General issues 1. Cause no “harm” Techniques to avoid harm: debriefing 2. Informed consent 3. Respect subjects’ privacy 4. Avoid conflicts of interest 5. Ethical reporting 6. Data protection Data protection Case Studies

3. The Ethical Researcher "Many people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character." Albert Einstein

4. Ethical research requires ethical researchersDavid Dickson (29 April 2002)

5. Normal Misbehavior (de Vries, Anderson, & Martinson, 2006) Serious (but rare) scientific infractions/misconducts F.F.P. Falsification: manipulation of research data and processes in order to reflect or prevent a certain result. Fabrication: the publication of deliberately false or misleading research the making up results and recording or reporting them. Plagiarism: the act of taking credit or attempting to take credit for the work of another (Wikipedia)

6. Beyond fabrication and plagiarism: The little murders of everyday science. Commentary on “six domains of research ethics” (Michael J. Zigmond and Beth A. Fischer) comments on F.F.P. that these “little murders” are far less serious….they can do great harm, not the least because they can set the stage for far great crimes”

7. Ethical Issues related to researcherand Ethical Obligations Ethical Standards in the American Sociological Association’s Code of Ethics Adopted from: Essentials of Research Methods: A Guide to Social Science Research by Janet M. Ruane Online tutorial: http://www2.asanet.org/members/ecostand.html#7 Ethical Standards Sections 1 - 11.08

8. ASA Code of Ethics General principles Principle A: professional competence Principle B: integrity Principle C: professional and scientific responsibility Principle D: respect for people's rights, dignity, and diversity Principle E: social responsibility

9. A: Professional Competence Researcher must be bound to research within the area or field of his education Researcher should “maintain awareness of current scientific and professional information in their fields of activity, and undertake continuing efforts to maintain competence in the skills they use.” (ASA)

10. B: Integrity “honest, fair, and respectful of others in their professional activities—in research, teaching, practice, and services” They avoid endangering their own or others' professional welfare They must avoid false, misleading, or deceptive statements

11. C: Professional and scientific responsibility value the public trust show respect even when disagree consult with colleagues in order to prevent or avoid unethical conduct

12. D: Respect for people's rights, dignity, and diversity Avoid bias They avoid “any forms of discrimination based on age; gender; race; ethnicity; national origin; religion; sexual orientation; disability; health conditions; or marital, domestic, or parental status” (ASA)

13. E: Social Responsibility Researchers are “aware of their professional and scientific responsibility to the communities and societies in which they live and work” (ASA) They “apply and make public their knowledge in order to contribute to the public good” (ASA)

14. General issues

15. Researcher should not Cause “Harm” to subjects Any research activity that harms or poses unreasonable risks to subjects. Researcher must safeguard the physical, psychological and emotional well-being or beneficence of participants. 1

16. Technique to avoid harm The debriefing sessionPre-study sessions ( debriefing letter) Post-study sessions Goals : 1) clarification 2) remove stress 3) obtain reactions Debriefing Provision of clear and coherent information to participants about purpose methods demands risks inconvenience discomforts possible outcomes (including publication)

17. Information sheet (Human Ethics and the Official Information Act 1982) A Pakistani University 24 November 20xx Dear ………, I am a student at University of management and Technology and conducting research on “ _______________________________________” I would appreciate your participation in my research. Your name was drawn randomly or ……….. or supplied by the authority of your institution or ……….The research involves a one hour interview, which I will conduct at your organization. The interview will involve questionnaire related to vocabulary testing. The answers will be taped. You will be free not to answer any question or to terminate the interview at any time you wish. I will make you a call to get an appointment if you agree to be interviewed. At the time of interview I will ask you to sign a form consenting to be taped and explain what would happen to the tapes in the course of my research. I will also discuss your rights to the material on the tapes. I assure you that your privacy and anonymity will be respected and protected in which no real names or identifiable places will be included in data analysis and research reports. When I have finished the research I will send you a copy of the results of the research. If you, at any time have any complaints about this project no……. please feel free to call or write to, The Secretary, Human Ethics Committee, Research Division, University……… ( telephone, fax, email detail etc). Sincerely yours, Student's name Lecturer's name

18. Informed consent Two types 1. Direct 2. Substitute (3rd party) If the person has a legal guardian, needs substitute “Informed consent form” ******** ( sample to be shown ) 2

19. 3 Researcher should Respect subjects’ Privacy access to information Invasion to privacy 3 issues Sensitivity of information being requested Location or setting of research Disseminating(publicizing)or the disclosure of data and study findings Promise of anonymity Promise of confidentiality

20. 4 Researchers should avoid Conflicts of Interest This dictum seems unnecessary in code of ethics Truth: all researchers are influenced by their social context and they become ‘hired gun’ “Conflicts of interest arise when sociologists' personal or financial interests prevent them from performing their professional work in an unbiased manner.” (ASA)

21. Conflict of interest … ( In a review of 159 articles published in the British Medical Journal between 1997 & 2001, researchers found that studies were more likely to show a positive result from an experimental intervention if the study was funded by a for-profit organization. Such positive results were missing from studies funded by non-profit organizations , by Kjaergard & Als-Nielsen 2002) source: Essentials of research methods 2005 How to avoid Adherence to Professional Standards Disclosure Avoidance of Personal Gain Decision making in the Workplace Decision making Outside of the Workplace

22. Ethical Reporting: The truth and Nothing but the Truth? Fair and accurate reporting of research findings Researcher must be the trustworthy source of knowledge Decisions regarding measurement, sampling, research design, analysis, funding and more important findings and statistics 5

23. Data Protection The Data Protection Act 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000 It defines rules for processing personal information and applies to paper records as well as those held on computers Issues: acting fairly and lawfully not keeping the information longer than necessary making sure that the data is accurate and kept secure. 6

25. Aga Khan University ’s Policy on Research MisconductFirst Approved on: November 15, 2007 Misconduct in research is defined to include any one or more of the following acts: 1. Fabrication and/or falsification 2. Plagiarism 3. ‘conflict of interest’ 4. misuse of institutional or sponsor’s funds 5. Deliberate destruction of one’s own or others’ research data or records or research related property. 6. Violation of (or non-compliance with) the code of ethics …

26. School of Science and Technology ‐ University of Management and TechnologyCourse Outline ‐ MS 215 Engineering Ethics (Section ‐ C) • Introduction to ethical concepts • Ethics and professionalism • Moral reasoning and codes of ethics • Moral frame works • Commitment to safety, risk and liability • Workplace responsibilities and rights • Honesty, Integrity and Reliability • Environmental ethics • Responsibility for research integrity • Fair credit in research and publication Are Pakistani Universities providing codes of Ethics to their researchers ?????????????????????????????????????????????

27. Case studies: Objection, accusation, rejection of thesis in Pakistan

28. Case study 1 : Revelations in KU plagiarism probe DAWN NEWS (Tuesday, 03 Nov, 2009) “Three of its senior teachers found guilty of plagiarism, the details of two inquiries have revealed that these were the cases of “word to word and line to line reproduction”. “…MrNoori had indeed plagiarized Dr Doori’s whole work with minor alterations…” An article, ‘Grapefruit juice — drug interactions’ which was published in Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences in 2005 The paper was published in British Journal of Clinical Pharmacy in 1998 and was authored by David J.Bailey, M.O. Arnold and J.DavidSpance.

30. Case Study 2 ISLAMABAD: The Chairperson of the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Islamabad has been accused of plagiarism in her PhD thesis. May 4, 2010 Reportedly, chapter three and four of Dr Shaheen’sPh.D thesis are the exact copy of a paper published from Iran. However, Doctor Shaheen has denied allegations of plagiarism, saying she has provided references for these chapters. The HEC has asked the University of Karachi to probe into the allegation and cancel Doctor Shaheen’s degree at once if plagiarism is confirmed. Still in vain…

31. Case study 3 M.Phil student of the Quaid-i-Azam University accused his dean of faculty of stealing his research paperIslamabad: A landmark intellectual property rights case has gone to the Islamabad High Court in which an M.Phil student of the Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU) has accused his dean of faculty and professor of stealing his research paper and getting it published in an internationally-circulated journal in his own name.

32. Online access You can get information through these addresses: Field linguistics: a beginner's guide By Terry Crowley http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BlQUzdITBPMC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=researches+in+linguistics+and+ethical+issues&source=bl&ots=mNHph66rdf&sig=28IBYMKIGtWPq-WnwLuh6UrVX-M&hl=en&ei=M0rpTL_NEsnCswbVv-3BCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false Guidelines for ethical conduct of research in Linguistics McGill University, Department of Linguistics http://www.mcgill.ca/files/linguistics/research_ethics.pdf

33. THANKYOU

34. Tutorial ASA code of ethics Principle A: professional competence Principle B: integrity Principle C: professional and scientific responsibility Principle D: respect for people's rights, dignity, and diversity Principle E: social responsibility General issues 1. Cause no “harm” Techniques to avoid harm: debriefing 2. Informed consent 3. Respect subjects’ privacy 4. Avoid conflicts of interest 5. Ethical reporting