The document introduces algorithms and provides examples of algorithms for insertion and deletion from an array, as well as matrix multiplication. It also provides the definition of a magic square and asks to write an algorithm to read integers for a square matrix and determine if it represents a magic square.

1. Algorithms
Introduction By:
Dr. Ghulam Rasool

2. Algorithm
• An algorithm is a well-defined list of steps for solving a
particular problem
• The efficiency of an algorithm depends on space and time

3. Insertion into an array Insert(A,N,K, item)
• A is array with N elements and K is a +ve integer such that
K<=N. This algorithm inserts an item into kth location in
array A
1 Set J=N
2 Repeat steps 3 and 4 while J>=K
3 Set A[J+1]= A[j]
4 Set J=J-1
5 Set A[k]= item
6 Set N=N+1
7 Exit

4. Deletion from array Delete(A, N, K, item)
1 Set item =A[K]
2 Repeat for j= K to N-1
Set A[j]= A[J+1]
3 Set N=N-1
4 Exit
Matrix Multiplication(A,B,C, M, N, P)
1 Repeat steps 2 to 4 for i = 1 to M
2 Repeat steps 3 to 4 for j= 1 to N
3 Set C[i][j]= 0
4 Repeat for k= 1 to P
Set C[i][j]= C[i][j]+ A[i][k] * B[k][j]
5 Exit

5. Assignment1b
• A magic square is a square matrix of integers
such that sum of every row, the sum of every
column and sum of each of the diagonal are
equal. For example
• Write an algorithm to read set of integers for
square matrix and then decide whether the
matrix represent a magic square or not.
4 15 14 1
9 6 7 12
5 10 11 8
16 3 2 13