The document defines data structures and different types of data structures including linear and non-linear data structures. It provides examples of primitive and non-primitive data as well as physical and logical data structures. It also describes arrays, including one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. The storage and addressing of these different array types is explained.
Heap Sort in Design and Analysis of algorithmssamairaakram
Brief description of Heap Sort and its types.it includes Binary Tree and its types. analysis and algorithm of Heap Sort. comparison b/w Heap,Qucik and Merge Sort.
Heap Sort in Design and Analysis of algorithmssamairaakram
Brief description of Heap Sort and its types.it includes Binary Tree and its types. analysis and algorithm of Heap Sort. comparison b/w Heap,Qucik and Merge Sort.
Array
Introduction
One-dimensional array
Multidimensional array
Advantage of Array
Write a C program using arrays that produces the multiplication of two matrices.
Introduction to Relational algebra in DBMS - The relational algebra is explained with all the operations. Some of the examples from the textbook is also solved and explained.
This is a presentation on Arrays, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
Linear Arrays, Arrays as ADT, Representation of linear arrays in memory, traversing linear arrays, inserting and deleting, multi-dimensional arrays, representation of polynomials using arrays, pointers, pointer arrays, records, record structures.
Queue is an abstract data structure, somewhat similar to Stacks. Unlike stacks, a queue is open at both its ends. One end is always used to insert data (enqueue) and the other is used to remove data (dequeue). Queue follows First-In-First-Out methodology, i.e., the data item stored first will be accessed first.
Infix to Postfix Conversion Using StackSoumen Santra
Infix to Postfix Conversion Using Stack is one of the most significant example of application of Stack which is an ADT (Abstract Data Type) based on LIFO concept.
Array
Introduction
One-dimensional array
Multidimensional array
Advantage of Array
Write a C program using arrays that produces the multiplication of two matrices.
Introduction to Relational algebra in DBMS - The relational algebra is explained with all the operations. Some of the examples from the textbook is also solved and explained.
This is a presentation on Arrays, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
Linear Arrays, Arrays as ADT, Representation of linear arrays in memory, traversing linear arrays, inserting and deleting, multi-dimensional arrays, representation of polynomials using arrays, pointers, pointer arrays, records, record structures.
Queue is an abstract data structure, somewhat similar to Stacks. Unlike stacks, a queue is open at both its ends. One end is always used to insert data (enqueue) and the other is used to remove data (dequeue). Queue follows First-In-First-Out methodology, i.e., the data item stored first will be accessed first.
Infix to Postfix Conversion Using StackSoumen Santra
Infix to Postfix Conversion Using Stack is one of the most significant example of application of Stack which is an ADT (Abstract Data Type) based on LIFO concept.
Data Structures and algoithms Unit - 1.pptxmexiuro901
it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,
Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse in Urdu.Education Front
The report on Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse.
By: Nadia Hassan, Chandni Yaqoob and Mudassar Iqbal.
School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab.
Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse In English.Education Front
The report on Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse.
By: Nadia Hassan, Chandni Yaqoob and Mudassar Iqbal.
School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Introduction To Data Structures.
1. Definitions
What is Data Structure?
“It is set of procedures to define, store, access and
manipulate data”
or
“The organized collection of data is called data structure”
or
“The logical or mathematical model of a particular
organization of data is called data structure”
2. Types of Data Structure
• Physical Data Structures
– The data structures that have actually or physically
same space in memory are called physical data
structures
– For example, one dimensional array
• Logical Data Structures
– The data structures which are treated, defined
and stored in their logical picture
– For example, Boolean data type
3. Types of Data
• Primitive
• Non-primitive
• Records and Files
• Primitive(Elementary Data Types)
– The data types which are processed or
manipulated as a single whole(i.e, alone)
– Example, integer, real, charater etc.
– They are also called built-in data types
4. Types of Data
• Non-Primitive(Structure Data Types)
– The items which are collection of other data
structures are called non-primitive items.
– If more than one values are combined in the
single name is called non-primitive data structures
– Example, Arrays, Stack, Queues etc.
• Types of non-Primitive Data Structures
– Linear
– Non-Linear
5. Linear Data Structures
The DS in which there is concept of linearity b/w the
components is called linear data structure. The
components exists in a certain sequence one after
another. They have some successor or predecessor
Example, Arrays, Stack, Queues etc.
6. Types of Linear Data Structures
• Physical Linear Data Structures
– The linear data structures whose successive
components occupy consecutive memory
locations are called physical linear DS.
– Example, Array
• Logical Linear Data Structures
– The linear DS whose components are accessed
in certain sequence but they are not necessarily
stored in consecutive memory locations.
– Example, Linked Lists
Queues and Stacks are both logical and physical linear data
structures
7. Non-Linear
• The data structure in which the order of data structure
does not matter and is not fixed
– Example Tree, Graph
• Record
The collection of fields is called record.
What is Domain?
– Set of possible values of an item is called its domain
– For example, set of possible values of Boolean type
is 2
8. Arrays
• A collection of consecutive locations having
same type that can be accessed randomly.
They are physical linear data structure
• Types of Arrays
– One Dimensional Array
– Two Dimensional Array
– Multidimensional Array
9. One Dimensional Arrays
• 1-dimensional Arrays are also called vectors
– Example, Int A[20];
– The elements of 1-d array are stored in consecutive
memory locations
– The start of array is called its base address
– Let BA denotes the base address of the array and
S denotes the size for each location, then the address
of ith location can be accessed as:
A(i)= BA + (i-1)* S
Generally
A(i)= BA + (i-lb)* S
10. 2-d Array
• Two dimensional array are used to store matrices
• There are two methods for storing 2-d Arrays
Row Major Order
Column Major Order
For Example int A[3][2];
Row Major Order
1 2 3 4 5 6
Column Major Order
1 3 5 2 4 6
11. Row-Major and Column-Major Order
• Consider 2-d array
– int A[M][N];
– To reach an element in ith row and jth column will
have to pass (i-1) rows and (j-1) columns. So address
formula will be as:
A(i,j)= BA+ [(i-1)*N + (j-1)]*S
• In column Major Order
A(i,j)= BA+ [(j-1)*M + (i-1)]*S
– If lower and upper bounds are given then
A(i,j)= BA+ [(i-L1)*(u2-L2+1) + (j-L2)]*S
A(i,j)= BA+ [(j-L2)*(u1-L1+1) + (i-L1)]*S
12. 3-d arrays
• The storage for 3-d array has two types
– Row- major order
– Column – major order
• In Row-Major order, first subscript varies more slowly
than second which varies more slowly than 3rd element
• In Column-Major order, 3rd subscript varies more
slowly than 2nd which does more slowly than first one.
– Example Int A[L][M][N]
• Row-major order
A(I,j,k)= BA+ [(i-1)*M*N +(j-1)*N+(k-1)]*S
• Column-major order
A(I,j,k)= BA+ [(k-1)L*M+(j-1)*M+(i]-1)]*S
13. N-Dimensional Array
• Consider n-dimensional array variable as
A[U1][U2]…….[Un]
• Row-major order
A(S1,S2,……Sn)= BA+ [(S1-1)U2*U3….Un+(S2-1)U3*U4….Un+(Sn-
1 -1)Un+(Sn-1)]*S
• Column-major order
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