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Introducing basic concepts
- 1. Introducing basic concepts 1 Richard Baker Professor of Clinical Gait Analysis
- 2. Goals • Outline basic concepts that we’ll be using for the rest of the day
- 6. 6 Stride length How far does one foot move each stride
- 7. 7 Stride length right stride length = left stride length
- 8. 8 Stride length Doesn’t matter which cycle you use
- 9. 9 Stride length Doesn’t matter which point on the foot you use
- 10. 10 Step length (symmetrical walking) How far is one foot in front of the other
- 11. 11 left step length = right step length IF gait symmetrical Step length (symmetrical walking)
- 12. 12 stride length =left step length + right step length Step length (symmetrical walking)
- 13. 13 Step length Doesn’t matter which cycle you use
- 14. 14 Step length Doesn’t matter which point on the foot you use
- 15. 15 Step length (asymmetric gait) How far is one foot in front of the other
- 16. 16 Step length (asymmetric gait) Left step length ≠ right step length
- 17. 17 Step length (asymmetric gait) Stride length = left step length + right step length
- 18. 18 Step length (asymmetric gait) Left stride length = right stride length
- 19. 19 Step length (asymmetric gait) Doesn’t matter which cycle you use
- 20. 20 Step length (asymmetric gait) Doesn’t matter which point on the foot you use
- 21. 21 Step width How far are the feet apart?
- 22. 22 Step width Not defined separately for left and right
- 23. 23 Step width Depends on point of foot chosen
- 24. 24 Cadence Strides per minute or steps per minute
- 25. 25 Cadence Cadence = 1/stride time
- 26. 26 Cadence Cadence ≠ 2/step time
- 27. 27 Cadence Not defined separately for left and right
- 28. 28 Walking speed Walking speed = stride length / stride time
- 29. 29 Walking speed Walking speed = stride length * cadence
- 30. Phases
- 31. 31 Stance and swing Stance SwingFoot contact Foot contact Foot off
- 33. According to Perry Loading response Initialcontact Mid-stance Terminal stance Pre-swing Initial swing Mid-swing Terminal swing 0% 2% 10% 30% 50% 60% 73% 87% 100% Timings only applicable for healthy walking
- 34. Issues with Perry Loading response Initialcontact Mid-stance Terminal stance Pre-swing Initial swing Mid-swing Terminal swing Initial contact isn’t a phase Loading occurs throughout first single support Mid-stance isn’t in the middle of stance Terminal stance isn’t at the end of stance Pre-swing emphasises continuity of gait cycle Why not pre-stance? Single support and swing are divided into a different number of phases
- 35. Adapting Perry Loading Mid-stance Pre-swing Initial swing Mid-swing Terminal swing First double support Single support Pre-stanceSecond double supportEarly Middle Late
- 36. Making graphs
- 38. 38
- 40. 40
- 41. 41 50% rule
- 42. Another example Hip Flexion -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 FlexExtdeg 20 40 60 80 What is hip flexion in mid-stance on the left (red) side? 5° flexion 30° What is hip flexion on the right (blue) side at the same time as mid-stance on the left (red) side? 30° flexion 50% 5°
- 46. Different aspect ratios 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg All graphs in this course have an aspect ratio of 3:4
- 47. Different scaling All graphs in this course have consistent scaling 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 60 0 Flx Ext deg 90 -90 Flx Ext deg 75 -15 Flx Ext deg 60 0 Flx Ext deg 90 -90 Flx Ext deg
- 48. Graph arrays (NormBF11 16.c3d) (NormBF11 16.c3d) Pelvic Tilt 60 0 Ant Pst Hip Flexion 70 -20 Flex Ext Knee Flexion 75 -15 Flx Ext Dorsiflexion 30 -30 Dor Pla Pelvic Obliquity 30 -30 Up Dwn Hip Adduction 30 -30 Add Abd Knee Adduction 30 -30 Var Val Ankle Rotation 30 -30 Int Ext Pelvic Rotation 30 -30 For Bak Hip Rotation 30 -30 Int Ext Foot Progression 30 -30 Int Ext Sagittal plane Transverse plane Coronal plane Pelvis Hip Knee Ankle
- 49. Graph arrays (NormBF11 16.c3d) (NormBF11 16.c3d) Pelvic Tilt 60 0 Ant Pst Hip Flexion 70 -20 Flex Ext Knee Flexion 75 -15 Flx Ext Dorsiflexion 30 -30 Dor Pla Pelvic Obliquity 30 -30 Up Dwn Hip Adduction 30 -30 Add Abd Knee Adduction 30 -30 Var Val Ankle Rotation 30 -30 Int Ext Pelvic Rotation 30 -30 For Bak Hip Rotation 30 -30 Int Ext Foot Progression 30 -30 Int Ext All graphs will be consistent throughout this course
- 50. “missing” graphs (NormBF11 16.c3d) (NormBF11 16.c3d) Pelvic Tilt 60 0 Ant Pst Hip Flexion 70 -20 Flex Ext Knee Flexion 75 -15 Flx Ext Dorsiflexion 30 -30 Dor Pla Pelvic Obliquity 30 -30 Up Dwn Hip Adduction 30 -30 Add Abd Knee Adduction 30 -30 Var Val Ankle Rotation 30 -30 Int Ext Pelvic Rotation 30 -30 For Bak Hip Rotation 30 -30 Int Ext Foot Progression 30 -30 Int Ext