Lec 2 gait cycle
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This document discusses the variables of gait and factors that affect gait. It describes temporal variables like stance time, single-limb support time, and cadence. It also describes distance variables like stride length, step length, and step width. Finally, it discusses how factors like age, gender, height and psychological status can influence gait variables.
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GAIT
Gait
classification: stance phase, swing phase
stance phase: heel strike, foot flat, mid stance, heel off, toe off
swing phase: acceleration, mid swing, deceleration
characteristics: temporal variables, distance variables
temporal variables: stance time, single limb support time, swing time, double limb support time, stride duration, step duration, cadence, speed
distance variables: stride length, step length, step width, degree of toe out
Gait, Phases of Gait, Kinamatics and kinetics of gait
Intended for BPT 1st year undergraduate students.
Acknowledgement: Swathi Ganesh, my classmate during MPT prepared the slide which I modified for the purpose of teaching students.
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This document defines normal human gait and the gait cycle. It describes that normal gait involves a series of controlled falls that results in forward progression. The gait cycle is defined as a single sequence of limb functions from floor contact of one foot to the next floor contact of the same foot. Key phases and subdivisions of the gait cycle are explained, including stance, swing, single support and double support phases. The path and determinants of the center of gravity during gait are also summarized.
Spatial and temporal variables of gait
This document discusses the spatial and temporal variables of gait. It defines key gait variables such as step length, stride length, base width, single and double leg stance times, step and stride times, cadence and gait speed. It provides the normal ranges and methods for measuring these important gait parameters.
Gait analysis
The technology supporting the analysis of human motion has advanced dramatically. Past decades of locomotion research have provided us with significant knowledge about the accuracy of tests performed, the understanding of the process of human locomotion, and how clinical testing can be used to evaluate medical disorders and affect their treatment. Gait analysis is now recognized as clinically useful and financially reimbursable for some medical conditions. Yet, the routine clinical use of gait analysis has seen very limited growth. The issue of its clinical value is related to many factors, including the applicability of existing technology to addressing clinical problems; the limited use of such tests to address a wide variety of medical disorders; the manner in which gait laboratories are organized, tests are performed, and reports generated; and the clinical understanding and expectations of laboratory results. Clinical use is most hampered by the length of time and costs required for performing a study and interpreting it. A “gait” report is lengthy, its data are not well understood, and it includes a clinical interpretation, all of which do not occur with other clinical tests. Current biotechnology research is seeking to address these problems by creating techniques to capture data rapidly, accurately, and efficiently, and to interpret such data by an assortment of modeling, statistical, wave interpretation, and artificial intelligence methodologies. The success of such efforts rests on both our technical abilities and communication between engineers and clinicians.
I:\Kinemetics Of Gait2 Dh 2
This document describes the kinematics of human gait. It discusses gait terminology, the phases and events of the normal gait cycle, and average joint motion in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. It also compares the average peak range of motion between running and walking, and describes the kinematics of stair ascent gait.
Human Gait
definition
Phases of gait
variables of gait
joint movements at different planes
running gait
stairs gait
abnormal gait
Gait
Human locomotion, also known as gait, involves coordinated rotary movements of the body produced by alternating movements of the lower extremities. This carries the head, arms, and trunk (HAT), which makes up 75% of total body weight. There are two phases in one gait cycle for each extremity - the stance phase when the foot is in contact with the ground (60% of cycle) and swing phase when it is not (40% of cycle). Gait can be described using temporal variables like stance time and spatial variables like stride length.
Recommended
GAIT
Gait
classification: stance phase, swing phase
stance phase: heel strike, foot flat, mid stance, heel off, toe off
swing phase: acceleration, mid swing, deceleration
characteristics: temporal variables, distance variables
temporal variables: stance time, single limb support time, swing time, double limb support time, stride duration, step duration, cadence, speed
distance variables: stride length, step length, step width, degree of toe out
Gait, Phases of Gait, Kinamatics and kinetics of gait
Intended for BPT 1st year undergraduate students.
Acknowledgement: Swathi Ganesh, my classmate during MPT prepared the slide which I modified for the purpose of teaching students.
Gait (PMR)
This document defines normal human gait and the gait cycle. It describes that normal gait involves a series of controlled falls that results in forward progression. The gait cycle is defined as a single sequence of limb functions from floor contact of one foot to the next floor contact of the same foot. Key phases and subdivisions of the gait cycle are explained, including stance, swing, single support and double support phases. The path and determinants of the center of gravity during gait are also summarized.
Spatial and temporal variables of gait
This document discusses the spatial and temporal variables of gait. It defines key gait variables such as step length, stride length, base width, single and double leg stance times, step and stride times, cadence and gait speed. It provides the normal ranges and methods for measuring these important gait parameters.
Gait analysis
The technology supporting the analysis of human motion has advanced dramatically. Past decades of locomotion research have provided us with significant knowledge about the accuracy of tests performed, the understanding of the process of human locomotion, and how clinical testing can be used to evaluate medical disorders and affect their treatment. Gait analysis is now recognized as clinically useful and financially reimbursable for some medical conditions. Yet, the routine clinical use of gait analysis has seen very limited growth. The issue of its clinical value is related to many factors, including the applicability of existing technology to addressing clinical problems; the limited use of such tests to address a wide variety of medical disorders; the manner in which gait laboratories are organized, tests are performed, and reports generated; and the clinical understanding and expectations of laboratory results. Clinical use is most hampered by the length of time and costs required for performing a study and interpreting it. A “gait” report is lengthy, its data are not well understood, and it includes a clinical interpretation, all of which do not occur with other clinical tests. Current biotechnology research is seeking to address these problems by creating techniques to capture data rapidly, accurately, and efficiently, and to interpret such data by an assortment of modeling, statistical, wave interpretation, and artificial intelligence methodologies. The success of such efforts rests on both our technical abilities and communication between engineers and clinicians.
I:\Kinemetics Of Gait2 Dh 2
This document describes the kinematics of human gait. It discusses gait terminology, the phases and events of the normal gait cycle, and average joint motion in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. It also compares the average peak range of motion between running and walking, and describes the kinematics of stair ascent gait.
Human Gait
definition
Phases of gait
variables of gait
joint movements at different planes
running gait
stairs gait
abnormal gait
Gait
Human locomotion, also known as gait, involves coordinated rotary movements of the body produced by alternating movements of the lower extremities. This carries the head, arms, and trunk (HAT), which makes up 75% of total body weight. There are two phases in one gait cycle for each extremity - the stance phase when the foot is in contact with the ground (60% of cycle) and swing phase when it is not (40% of cycle). Gait can be described using temporal variables like stance time and spatial variables like stride length.
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This document defines and describes normal human gait and its phases and components. It discusses:
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- Parameters like stride length, step length, cadence, and base of support.
- Phases within the stance and swing portions of the gait cycle.
- Six determinants of gait that minimize energy expenditure and vertical displacement of the center of gravity during walking.
- Kinetics of gait including ground reaction forces and joint torques.
- Kinematic analysis which examines patterns and parameters of body motion during gait.
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2. The gait cycle and its phases (stance, swing) are described in detail along with events within each phase like initial contact, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid-swing and terminal swing.
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1. Gait analysis involves defining the gait cycle, examining joint kinematics and ground reaction forces during walking and running.
2. Key events in the gait cycle include initial contact, toe-off, and opposite initial contact. Gait is characterized by stance and swing phases for each leg.
3. Understanding external joint moments is important for analyzing normal and pathological gait, as weak muscles may not be able to resist abnormal moments. Adapting walking patterns can reduce damaging joint moments in conditions like quadriceps weakness.
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This document discusses gait analysis and abnormal gaits. It defines gait and the gait cycle. The normal gait cycle is divided into stance and swing phases. Abnormal gaits can be caused by neurological, systemic, or structural factors. Gait analysis is important for diagnosis, pre-surgical planning, and monitoring rehabilitation.
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1. Gait is the series of rhythmic, alternating movements of the trunk and limbs that result in forward body progression. It involves a repeated cycle of controlled falls as the body's center of gravity moves forward over a stable foot.
2. The gait cycle is defined as the period from initial contact of one foot to the subsequent initial contact of the same foot. It consists of the stance phase, where the foot is on the ground, and the swing phase, where the foot is off the ground.
3. Normal gait involves specific motion patterns at the hips, knees, ankles, and trunk to minimize the vertical and horizontal excursion of the body's center of gravity, thereby reducing energy
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The document summarizes key aspects of human walking (gait) including:
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- Gait parameters like velocity, cadence, stride length are described.
- Determinants of gait like pelvic rotation, knee flexion, and foot/ankle mechanics help minimize vertical displacement of the center of gravity and increase efficiency.
- Gait analysis methods including observational, quantitative techniques like kinetics, electromyography, motion capture are outlined.
Different pathological gaits like amputee, ataxic, and spastic gaits are also briefly discussed.
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The document describes the normal gait cycle, which is the period from one heel strike to the next of the same limb. The gait cycle consists of a stance phase, where the foot is in contact with the ground, and a swing phase, where the foot is not in contact. The stance phase makes up 60% of the gait cycle and can be further broken down into initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing. The swing phase is 40% of the gait cycle and includes initial swing, mid swing, and terminal swing subphases. Each subphase is characterized by specific angles of flexion or extension of the hip, knee, and ankle joints.
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The document discusses normal and abnormal human gait. It defines gait as locomotion produced by coordinated movements of the body segments. The phases and components of the gait cycle are described in detail, including stance, swing, initial contact, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid-swing and terminal swing. Temporal and distance variables that characterize gait are also outlined, such as stance time, single limb support time, double support time, stride length and step length. Factors that can influence gait variables are age, gender, height, joint mobility and muscle strength.
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This document defines and describes normal human gait and its phases and components. It discusses:
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This document defines terms used in gait analysis according to Rancho Los Amigos Observational Gait Analysis. It describes the eight phases of normal gait by detailing the position of the hip, knee, and ankle during each phase, including initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid swing, and terminal swing. The goal is to briefly explain what is happening in the lower limbs during gait.
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This document defines and describes various aspects of human gait including:
1. It provides definitions of gait from physiological, mechanical, and neurological perspectives. Gait involves coordinated movement of body segments to produce forward progression.
2. The gait cycle and its phases (stance, swing) are described in detail along with events within each phase like initial contact, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid-swing and terminal swing.
3. Prerequisites for walking including equilibrium, locomotion, musculoskeletal integrity and neurological control are outlined. Forces involved in gait production are also noted.
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The document discusses kinematics and gait analysis. It defines kinematics as the study of motion, including positions, angles, velocities and accelerations. Kinematic measurements provide a description of motion but not the causes. Gait is defined as forward body propulsion using coordinated lower limb movements. Six features that increase gait efficiency are described, such as pelvic tilt and rotation. Gait parameters including spatial measures like step length and temporal measures like stance duration are also outlined. Various methods for analyzing gait kinematics and kinetics are presented, including motion capture, electromyography, and force plates.
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1. Gait analysis involves defining the gait cycle, examining joint kinematics and ground reaction forces during walking and running.
2. Key events in the gait cycle include initial contact, toe-off, and opposite initial contact. Gait is characterized by stance and swing phases for each leg.
3. Understanding external joint moments is important for analyzing normal and pathological gait, as weak muscles may not be able to resist abnormal moments. Adapting walking patterns can reduce damaging joint moments in conditions like quadriceps weakness.
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Gait analysis involves studying normal walking patterns and identifying deviations. The normal gait cycle is divided into stance and swing phases for each limb. Gait analysis includes measuring spatial and temporal parameters like step length, stride length, and stance/swing times. It also analyzes joint angles and determines components like cadence and speed. Gait analysis is used clinically and in research to identify abnormal walking patterns.
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This document discusses gait analysis and abnormal gaits. It defines gait and the gait cycle. The normal gait cycle is divided into stance and swing phases. Abnormal gaits can be caused by neurological, systemic, or structural factors. Gait analysis is important for diagnosis, pre-surgical planning, and monitoring rehabilitation.
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1. Gait is the series of rhythmic, alternating movements of the trunk and limbs that result in forward body progression. It involves a repeated cycle of controlled falls as the body's center of gravity moves forward over a stable foot.
2. The gait cycle is defined as the period from initial contact of one foot to the subsequent initial contact of the same foot. It consists of the stance phase, where the foot is on the ground, and the swing phase, where the foot is off the ground.
3. Normal gait involves specific motion patterns at the hips, knees, ankles, and trunk to minimize the vertical and horizontal excursion of the body's center of gravity, thereby reducing energy
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Kinematic analysis of gait and joint
Gait analysis involves evaluating joint movements and forces during walking. There are two main types: kinematic analysis looks at body segment movements, while kinetic analysis determines acting forces. Gait consists of stance and swing phases divided into sub-phases based on joint positions. Qualitative analysis uses observational scales like Rancho Los Amigos, while quantitative analysis measures spatial and temporal parameters like stride length using instruments like footswitches, accelerometers, and video-based motion systems. Gait analysis is used to identify deviations, determine functional status, and evaluate treatment effectiveness.
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The document summarizes key aspects of human walking (gait) including:
- The gait cycle is divided into stance and swing periods, with distinct functional tasks in each.
- Gait parameters like velocity, cadence, stride length are described.
- Determinants of gait like pelvic rotation, knee flexion, and foot/ankle mechanics help minimize vertical displacement of the center of gravity and increase efficiency.
- Gait analysis methods including observational, quantitative techniques like kinetics, electromyography, motion capture are outlined.
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Objectives:
After completion of this presentation, it is expected that the students will be able to
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
Describe the distal end of the tibia and be able to identify:
• the shaft
• the sharp anterior border
• the subcutaneous anteromedial surface or “shin”
• the interosseous border
• the medial malleolus
• articular surfaces
Describe the distal end of the fibula and be able to identify:
• the shaft
• the interosseous border
• the lateral malleolus with grooves for peroneal tendons
• articular surface
Identify the key features of the seven tarsal bones:
• the calcaneus
calcaneal tuberosity
medial, lateral and anterior tubercles
the sustentaculum tali
peroneal trochlea
• the talus:
head
neck
body
dome
posterior tubercle with groove for flexor hallucis longus
• the cuboid with groove for peroneus longus on the plantar surface
• the navicular with tuberosity for the insertion of tibialis posterior
• the five metatarsals with fifth tuberosity for peroneus brevis
• the phalanges with 2 on big toe, 3 on others
• sesamoid bones at base of 1st metatarsals
Describe the structure, function and maintenance (bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments) of the arches of the foot:
medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse
Identify the attachments and understand the functions of the deep fascia:
• plantar aponeurosis
• fibrous septa of the sole
• extensor, flexor and peroneal retinaculae
Describe the components & function of the foot & ankle joints:
• ankle joint:
articular surfaces
fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
Ligaments (medial/deltoid, lateral/tri-fascicular)
Movements (plantar/dorsi flexion)
• subtalar joints:
• distal tibiofibular joint
• talo-calcaneo-navicular (mid-tarsal) joint
• tarso-metatarsal joints
• metatarsophalangeal
• interphalangeal
Recognise the shape, size and attachments of:
• the long plantar ligament
• the short plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid) ligament
Clinical Anatomy
Explain the relevant anatomy of:
• the differences between the superior and inferior tibiofibular joints
• fracture of the second & fifth metatarsals
• ankle sprain with fractured shaft of fibula
• the three degrees of ankle sprain
• the ratio of lateral to medial ankle ligament sprains
• plantar fasciitis and calcaneal spur
• pes planus
• hallux valgus and its predominance in females
• the ankle jerk and plantar reflex
Radiological Anatomy
Identify:
• the antero-posterior and lateral views of the distal tibia, fibula and foot bones
• the ankle joint space
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Lec 2 gait cycle
- 1. GAIT CYCLE PREPARED BY, DR. MADIHA ANEES (PT) LECTURER RMI-CRS MS-PT *, T-DPT, BS-PT 12/29/2016
- 2. 2
- 3. VARIABLES OF GAIT There are two basic variables which provide a basic description of human gait. • Time/ temporal variable • distance variables. Provide essential quantitative information about gait 3
- 4. FACTORS AFFECTING VARIABLES • Age, • Gender, • Height, • Size & shape of bony components, • Distribution of mass in body segments, • Joint mobility, • Muscle strength, • Type of clothing & footwear, • Habit, • Psychological status. 4
- 5. VARIABLES • Temporal variable – • Stance time • Single-limb & double-support time, • Swing time, • Stride and step time, • Cadence • Speed • Distance variable – • Stride length, • Step length and width • Degree of toe-out 5
- 6. • Stance time: • It is the amount of time that elapses during the stance phase of one extremity in a gait cycle. • Single-support time: • It is the amount of time that elapses during the period when only one extremity is on the supporting surface in a gait cycle. 6
- 7. • Double-support time: • It is the amount of time spent with both feet on the ground during one gait cycle. • The % of time spent increased in elderly persons and in those with balance disorders. • The percentage of time spent decreases as the speed of walking increases. 7
- 8. • Stride length: • It is the linear distance from the heel strike of one lower limb to the next heel strike of the same limb. 8
- 9. • Step length: • it is the linear distance from the heel strike of one lower limb to the next heel strike of opposite limb. 9
- 10. • Stride duration: • It refers to amount of time taken to accomplish one stride. • Stride duration and gait cycle duration are synonymous. • One stride, for a normal adult, lasts approx 1 sec 10
- 11. • Step duration: • It refers to the amount of time spent during a single step. • Measurement usually is expressed as sec/step. • When weakness or pain in limb, step duration may be decreased on the affected side and increased on the unaffected side. 11
- 12. • Cadence: • It is the no of steps taken by a person per unit of time. • It is measured as the no of steps / sec or per minute. Cadence = number of steps / time 12
- 13. • As one walks with increased cadence the duration of the double limb support decreases. • When the cadence of walking approaches 180 steps per minute, the period of double support disappears, and walking is transferred into running. 13
- 14. • Walking velocity: • It is the rate of linear forward motion of the body, which can be measured in meters or cm/second, meters/minute, or miles/hour. Walking velocity (meters/sec)=distance walked (meters)/time (sec) 14
- 15. • Speed of gait: • It is referred to as slow, free, and fast. • Free speed of gait refers to a person’s normal walking speed • Slow & fast speeds of gait refer to speeds slower or faster than the person’s normal comfortable walking speed, designated in a variety of ways. 15
- 16. • A fast speed of gait usually accompanied by increase cadence, stride length and decrease angle of toe out. 16
- 17. • Step width or width of the walking base: • It is the measure of linear distance between the midpoint of the heel of one foot and the same point on the other foot 17
- 18. STEP WIDTH OR WIDTH OF THE WALKING BASE: • Increase in the width of the walking base increase stability and the amount of side to side motion needed to bring the COG over the BOS during single limb support. 18
- 19. • In children, the COG is higher than the adult and a wide base of support is necessary for balance. • Normally, the mean width of the base of support falls within a range of 1 to 5 inches. 19
- 20. • Degree of toe-out (DTO): • It represents the angle of foot formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the centre of the heel and the second toe. • The angle for men is about 70 from the line of progression of each foot at free speed walking. • The dto decreases as the speed of walking increases in normal men. 20
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