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1. Name: Maricris P. Nebiar
Date: November 28, 2020
Instructor: Ms. Odessa V. Balmes
Code: MC2-KZb
Course: BSN 1B
Activity 1:
Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
1. Define the following terms:
a. Catalysis: It is the increase in the velocity of a chemical reaction or
process produced by the presence of a substance that is not consumed in
the net chemical reaction or process; negative catalysis denotes the
slowing down or inhibition of a reaction or process by the presence of such
a substance.
b. Organelle: Any of the organized cytoplasmic structures of distinctive
morphology and function present in all eukaryotic cells, including such
structures as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, Golgi
apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as chloroplasts in plants
and cilia and flagella in protozoa and one of the specialized parts of a
protozoan or tissue cell; mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, nucleus and
centrioles, granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles,
microsomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane, and certain fibrils, as well as
plastids of plant cells.
c. Vacuole: It is a membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of most cells,
especially plant cells, containing water and dissolved substances such as
salts, sugars, enzymes, and amino acids. And a small extracellular cavity
or space within a tissue a clear space in the substance of a cell,
sometimes degenerative in character, sometimes surrounding an
englobed foreign body and serving as a temporary cell stomach for the
digestion of the body.
d. Polymer: A substance formed by joining smaller molecules. For example,
plastic, acrylic, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, nylon, etc.
e. Genetic Code: It is the genetic information carried by the specific DNA
molecules of the chromosomes; specifically, the system whereby particular
combinations of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA molecule control
the insertion of one particular amino acid in equivalent places in a protein

2. molecule. The genetic code is almost universal throughout the prokaryotic,
plant, and animal kingdoms. There are two known exceptions: In ciliated
protozoans, the triplets AGA and AGG are read as termination signals
instead of as L-arginine. This is also true of the human mitochondrial code,
which, in addition, uses AUA as a code for L-methionine (instead of L-
isoleucine) and UGA for L-tryptophan (instead of a termination signal). And
is the arrangement of nucleotides in the polynucleotide chain of a
chromosome; it governs the transmission of genetic information to
proteins, i.e., determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide
chain making up each protein synthesized by the cell. Genetic information
is coded in DNA by means of four bases: two purines (adenine and
guanine) and two pyrimidines (thymine and cystosine). Each adjacent
sequence of three bases (a codon) determines the insertion of a specific
amino acid. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine.
2. List five (5) differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cell
Size is 0.1- 5.0 um Size is 5-100 um
Nucleus is absent Nucleus is present
Membrane-bound nucleus absent. Membrane-bound Nucleus is present.
One chromosome is present, but not true
chromosome plastids
More than one number of chromosomes is present.
Unicellular Multicellular
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes absent Lysosomes and Peroxisomes present
Microtubules absent Microtubules present
Endoplasmic reticulum absent Endoplasmic reticulum present
Mitochondria absent Mitochondria present
Cytoskeleton absent Cytoskeleton present
Ribosomes smaller Ribosomes larger
Vesicles present Vesicles present
Golgi apparatus absent Golgi apparatus present
Chloroplasts absent; chlorophyll scattered in
the cytoplasm
Chloroplasts present in plants
Submicroscopic in size Flagella is present and
made up of only one fiber
Microscopic in size, membrane-bound
Cell wall chemically complexed Cell wall is present in plants and fungi and chemically

3. simpler
Vacuoles absent Vacuoles present
Permeability of Nuclear membrane is not
present
Permeability of Nuclear membrane is selective
Sexual reproduction is absent Sexual reproduction is present
Endocytosis and exocytosis are absent. Endocytosis and exocytosis occurred
It may have pili and fimbriae. Pili and fimbriae are absent
Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm Transcription occurs inside the nucleus.
Examples: Bacteria and Archaea Examples: Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

4. 3. Which organelles contain DNA? It is Nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts all
contain DNA. The DNA found in mitochondria and in chloroplasts differs from that found
in the nucleus.
Which organelles are sites of energy yielding reactions? It is the Mitochondria
because it carries out a high percentage of the oxidation (energy-releasing) reactions of
the cell. They are the primary sites of ATP synthesis.
Which organelles are surrounded by a double membrane? The Nuclei,
mitochondria, and chloroplasts are all enclosed by a double membrane.
4. What are the advantages of being eukaryotic?
In the nucleus, organelles and the outer wall of the cell, the major structural
variations lie. Such variations give rise to unique eukaryote benefits and capacities that
prokaryotes do not have. As a consequence, prokaryotes remain single-cell species that
are basic. While there are also single-cell eukaryotes, some eukaryotes have made use
of these benefits to grow into higher plants and animals. Two benefits are provided to
eukaryotes by the inclusion of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells. An extra protective
enclosure of the DNA represents the nucleus. Consequently, eukaryotic DNA is less
vulnerable to mutations. The nucleus also enables better regulation of reproduction.
There are several points in the intricate nucleus-based reproductive processes that can
serve as a stop to the other cells in the body to coordinate growth and cell multiplication.
Organelles are incorporated into eukaryotic cells and functions are concentrated in their
own interior spaces. This suggests that in eukaryotic cells, processes such as energy
generation and waste removal are much more effective than in prokaryotes. When
mitochondria provide the energy of the cell, based on the position they play in the body,
cells may have more or less mitochondria. Without organelles, everything needs to be
achieved by the entire prokaryotic cell and the productivity ratio is smaller. In complex
eukaryotes, the lack of a cell wall is the benefit of allowing eukaryotic cells to assemble
themselves into structures such as lungs, limbs, plant stems, and fruit. Depending on
their neighboring cells, these cells work together and separate themselves. Such near
encounters can be avoided by a cell wall. While prokaryotic cells in simple structures
often clump together, they do not distinguish the way eukaryotic cells do in complex
organisms. The capacity to shape advanced, multicellular species is the main structural
advantage of eukaryotes over prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have the capacity to
shape complex structures or populations, while eukaryotes can live as both single-cell
and multicellular organisms.
5. Assume that a scientist claims to have discovered mitochondria in bacteria. Is
such a claim likely to prove valid? Explain your answer in not more than five
sentences.
No because Bacteria lack eukaryotes' membrane-binding nuclei; their DNA forms a
tangle known as a nucleoid, but there is no membrane across the nucleoid and as in
eukaryotes, the DNA is not bound to proteins. Whereas eukaryote DNA is organized
into linear parts, bacterial DNA forms loops of chromosomes. Bacteria contain plasmids,

5. or short loops of DNA, that can be spread either by sex (yes, sexual bacteria) or viruses
from one cell to another. This ability to exchange genes with all humans makes bacteria
extremely adaptable; beneficial genes can be transmitted very easily across bacterial
species, such as those for antibiotic resistance. It also makes bacteria favored by
molecular biologists and genetic engineers; it is easy to introduce new genes into
bacteria. And bacteria, as eukaryotes do, do not contain membrane-bound organelles
such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. However, photosynthetic bacteria can be filled
with closely packed folds of their outer membrane, such as cyanobacteria. This
membranes have the benefit of increasing the possible region of the surface on which
photosynthesis can take place.