Prepare thoroughly for interviews by dressing professionally, arriving early with well-organized materials, and removing distractions. Respect interviewees by listening without judgment, clarifying answers, and allowing time to respond comfortably. Guide the interview by following the study objectives, asking questions clearly, and confirming all important topics were discussed.

1. Secrets to a
Great Interview
Carolyn Cannuscio and Eve Weiss
With support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholars Program, the Mixed Methods Research Lab, The Leonard
Davis Institute of Health Economics, and the Center for Public Health Initiatives at the University of Pennsylvania and the Center for Health
Equity Research and Promotion at the Philadelphia VA Medical Center.
Visit the Health of Philadelphia Photo-Documentation Project Online at www.visualepi.com

2. The basics: presentation and professionalism
• Come early, leave on time
• Use your best social skills
Be mindful of the person’s privacy and time.
• Consider your self-presentation
Including how to dress, how to enter into interview setting, how and
where to sit, body language.

3. The basics: presentation and professionalism
• Know equipment and come prepared for it to work or fail
In other words, no matter how much faith you have in technology,
always bring a notebook and pen as a backup.
• Come prepared with your paperwork and have it well-
organized

4. The basics: presentation and professionalism
Maintain an appropriate distance and
be mindful of your body language.

5. The basics: presentation and professionalism
Dress professionally and come with your materials well-organized

6. The basics: presentation and professionalism
Remove clutter and objects that may create noise or cause a distraction

7. Respecting the interviewee
and getting what you want
• Your job as an interviewer is not simply to ask questions
Your job is to elicit the person’s story and to listen closely to that story.
• Probe for information…
but respect signals from the interviewee and know when to back off.
Defer to the interviewee if he or she expresses discomfort or concern
regarding any aspect of the interview.
• Remain neutral, don’t judge

8. Respecting the interviewee
and getting what you want
• If you don’t understand an answer, ask clarifying questions
Restating what you think you heard is one strategy. It’s ok to reveal that
you are not familiar with a term that is being used. Chances are, other
members of the team will also not understand.
• Be patient when the interviewee is responding
Give him/her time to think and answer slowly, if that’s their pace.
• Don’t forget to thank the interviewee for his or her time,
and for sharing his or her story with you

9. Guiding the interview
• Always be aware of the background question and
mission of the project.
This will help you tune into what is relevant and what is not. If
you’re not sure what the main point is, then ask the principal
investigator or your supervisor until you know. Don’t head to an
interview without clarity on this point.
• Know the interview guide inside and out before you
head into your first interview.
Also bring a clear, easily read copy of the interview guide, so that
you can glance at it to get on track.

10. Guiding the interview
• Pace yourself so that you allow time for all questions in
your guide
(Confirm at the start of the interview how long you expect the whole
process to take.)
• Guide the interview to useful terrain
You will encounter people who derail the interview, veering into areas
that fascinate them but barely pertain to the questions you ask. Keep the
mission in mind, and keep going back to it.
• Ask the question once, clearly, and then let the interviewee
answer

11. Guiding the interview
• Have a set of back-pocket questions and probes
You will meet all kinds of interviewees. Some may be hard to draw out,
so be creative in how you plan to elicit the information that you need.
Tell me more What was it like….
about the issue that is to be in that…
most important situation?
to you. Tell me about
a time when…

12. Guiding the interview
• Confirm that you’ve addressed all important questions
It’s ok at the end of the interview to tell the interviewee that you’d like to
take a minute look at the interview guide to make sure you’ve touched on
all questions.

13. Guiding the interview
• Always end by asking the interviewee if there
is anything more he or she would like to add
• Understand who is sponsoring the study and
how they intend to use the data
Make only promises that you can keep. For example, if
you know the data will be de-identified, state this clearly.
If the person may be recognizable in your report, be
honest about that.

14. Secrets to a
Great Interview
Carolyn Cannuscio and Eve Weiss
With support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholars Program, the Mixed Methods Research Lab, The Leonard
Health & Society Scholars Program, the Mixed Methods Research Lab, The Leonard Davis Institute
Davis Institute of Health Economics, for the Center for Public Health Initiatives at the University of Pennsylvania for the Center for Health
of Health Economics, and the CenterandPublic Health Initiatives at the University of Pennsylvania and the Centerand Health Equity Research and
Promotion at the Philadelphia VA Medical Center. VA Medical Center.
Equity Research and Promotion at the Philadelphia
Visit the Health of Philadelphia Photo-Documentation Project Online at www.visualepi.com