The document provides information on several international economic institutions established in the mid-20th century:
The IMF was established in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. The World Bank was established in 1944 to provide development financing. UNCTAD was established in 1964 as a permanent UN organ to promote international trade. The WTO, established in 1995, oversees global trade agreements and settles disputes. The IFC, affiliated with the World Bank, was established in 1956 to promote private sector growth in developing countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system and enforces economic policy on member countries. The IMF aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate development through loans and aid that liberalize economies. It monitors members' economic policies and provides short-term loans to help countries address balance of payments issues. The IMF is funded mainly through member quota subscriptions and has about 187 member countries.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 to provide a forum for developing countries to discuss economic development issues. UNCTAD aims to maximize trade, investment, and development opportunities for developing nations. It works on issues like protectionism, commodity and manufacturing trade, aid, and international monetary reform. UNCTAD has 195 member states and 400 staff, and reports to the UN General Assembly and Economic and Social Council. It convenes global conferences every four years.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), also known as the World Bank, is an international financial institution established in 1944 to finance post-war reconstruction and development. It is headquartered in Washington D.C. and has 188 member countries. The IBRD provides long-term loans, policy advice, technical assistance to middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries for sustainable projects focused on reducing poverty and promoting economic growth. It raises most of its funds through debt issuances on global capital markets. Key activities include projects focused on education, health, infrastructure, private sector development, and environment protection.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries that works to promote global financial stability and monetary cooperation. It was established in 1945 and is headquartered in Washington D.C. The IMF monitors economic policies, provides loans to countries experiencing financial issues, and assists countries in strengthening their economies through technical assistance and training.
Introduction to IMF, The Bretton Woods Agreement, Objectives of IMF, Functions of IMF, Members of IMF, Governance and Organizational Structure of IMF, Resources of Funds, Application of Funds by IMF, Advantages to India from IMF.
The IMF has played a role in shaping the global economy since World War II. It is an organization of 188 countries conceived at a 1944 UN conference to avoid competitive currency devaluations. The IMF's core responsibilities are to ensure monetary stability, secure exchange rates and payments systems, foster financial stability, and reduce poverty. It functions as a short-term lender of last resort providing currency reserves and advice to member countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system and enforces macroeconomic policies among its member countries. It aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate development through liberalizing economic policies. The IMF monitors members' economies, provides financial assistance through loans, and offers technical support to strengthen members' financial systems and reduce poverty. It works collaboratively with other international institutions on global economic and monetary issues.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system and enforces economic policy on member countries. The IMF aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate development through loans and aid that liberalize economies. It monitors members' economic policies and provides short-term loans to help countries address balance of payments issues. The IMF is funded mainly through member quota subscriptions and has about 187 member countries.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 to provide a forum for developing countries to discuss economic development issues. UNCTAD aims to maximize trade, investment, and development opportunities for developing nations. It works on issues like protectionism, commodity and manufacturing trade, aid, and international monetary reform. UNCTAD has 195 member states and 400 staff, and reports to the UN General Assembly and Economic and Social Council. It convenes global conferences every four years.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), also known as the World Bank, is an international financial institution established in 1944 to finance post-war reconstruction and development. It is headquartered in Washington D.C. and has 188 member countries. The IBRD provides long-term loans, policy advice, technical assistance to middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries for sustainable projects focused on reducing poverty and promoting economic growth. It raises most of its funds through debt issuances on global capital markets. Key activities include projects focused on education, health, infrastructure, private sector development, and environment protection.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries that works to promote global financial stability and monetary cooperation. It was established in 1945 and is headquartered in Washington D.C. The IMF monitors economic policies, provides loans to countries experiencing financial issues, and assists countries in strengthening their economies through technical assistance and training.
Introduction to IMF, The Bretton Woods Agreement, Objectives of IMF, Functions of IMF, Members of IMF, Governance and Organizational Structure of IMF, Resources of Funds, Application of Funds by IMF, Advantages to India from IMF.
The IMF has played a role in shaping the global economy since World War II. It is an organization of 188 countries conceived at a 1944 UN conference to avoid competitive currency devaluations. The IMF's core responsibilities are to ensure monetary stability, secure exchange rates and payments systems, foster financial stability, and reduce poverty. It functions as a short-term lender of last resort providing currency reserves and advice to member countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system and enforces macroeconomic policies among its member countries. It aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate development through liberalizing economic policies. The IMF monitors members' economies, provides financial assistance through loans, and offers technical support to strengthen members' financial systems and reduce poverty. It works collaboratively with other international institutions on global economic and monetary issues.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries that was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. The IMF aims to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and reduce poverty. It provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises or balance of payment issues. The IMF is funded through quotas paid by member countries, and its headquarters are located in Washington D.C.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization of 188 member countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. Formed in 1944, the IMF provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises in order to correct payment imbalances. In exchange for loans, the IMF requires countries to implement policy reforms aimed at stabilizing their economies. The IMF is governed by a Board of Governors and led by a Managing Director.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries that works to facilitate global monetary cooperation and financial stability. It provides policy advice and financing to member countries facing economic difficulties. The IMF was created in 1945 at the Bretton Woods conference to avoid competitive currency devaluations and promote international trade. It is governed by the 189 member countries and aims to foster global economic growth, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, and reduce poverty worldwide.
The IMF was conceived at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference to establish a framework for postwar economic cooperation and avoid competitive currency devaluations that worsened the Great Depression. The IMF formally began in 1945 with 29 members and its first loan was to France in 1947. The IMF's purpose is to ensure stability of the international monetary system and promote sustainable economic growth. It provides loans, technical assistance, policy advice and surveillance to its 188 member countries. The IMF's governance includes the Board of Governors and Executive Board. The IMF's role has evolved over time in response to changes like the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s.
Promote international monetary cooperation;
Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade;
Promote exchange stability;
Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments; and
Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
The IMF is accountable to the governments of its member countries. At the top of its organizational structure is the Board of Governors, which consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from each member country.
The Board of Governors meets once each year at the IMF-World Bank Annual Meetings.
Twenty-four of the Governors sit on the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) and normally meet twice each year.
The IMF's day-to-day work is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board, which represents the entire membership, this work is guided by the IMFC and supported by the IMF staff.
The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chairman of the Executive Board and is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors.
The IMF is an organization of 186 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. It provides policy advice and financing to help countries achieve macroeconomic stability. The IMF tracks global economic trends, warns of potential problems, and shares expertise to help countries address economic difficulties. It supports members through policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance. The IMF aims to ensure the stability of the international monetary system and help members promote growth and alleviate poverty.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was conceived in 1944 and established in 1945 with 45 founding member countries. The IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries and oversees the global financial system by monitoring members' macroeconomic policies. It aims to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development through loans that require liberalizing economic policies. The IMF provides short-term loans to countries having balance of payments problems and is headquartered in Washington D.C.
The IMF was conceived in 1944 and established in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It works to improve the economies of its 189 member countries through surveillance of their economic policies, technical assistance and training, and lending. The IMF monitors global and national economies, provides short-term loans to countries with balance of payments problems, and makes policy recommendations to promote financial stability, employment, trade, and development.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the UN body dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. It was established in 1964 and has 194 member countries. UNCTAD aims to help developing countries make informed decisions to reduce global economic inequality and promote sustainable development. It undertakes research, provides a forum for discussions, and offers technical assistance on issues related to trade, investment, technology, and the specific needs of developing, landlocked, small island, and least developed nations.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. It aims to strengthen member economies by making funds available, promote exchange stability, facilitate balanced trade growth, lessen disequilibrium in international balances of payments, and reduce poverty by enabling sustainable growth. The IMF monitors members' economies and policies, provides loans to countries with depleted reserves, stagnant economies, and rising bankruptcies, and keeps records of members' allocations and holdings of Special Drawing Rights, a supplementary reserve asset.
The document provides information about the World Bank, including its objectives, organization, and subsidiaries. It discusses the formation of the World Bank at Bretton Woods in 1944 to aid post-war reconstruction. The main subdivisions of the World Bank are described: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Details are given about the purpose and functions of each organization.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The IMF is one of most influential International Financial Institution committed for the reducing global poverty by meeting the challenges and opportunities of globalization. Hence, It urges on its member countries continued cooperation on transparent monetary and economic policies, honest government, and the establishment of rule of law. Although the IMF has been contributing to the economic development of developing countries including Bangladesh, we need to deeply examine the recommendations before accept the Fund’s assistance because of some controversial events has arisen before.
it is an usefull information and material for the students who is preparing their studies
it about WTO ,stucture,scope,trade agreements functions etc.,
The IMF monitors and makes policy recommendations regarding the international monetary system. It provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises or issues with their balance of payments. The IMF works to ensure stability in the international monetary system to facilitate balanced economic growth and development.
The IMF was created in 1944 to help countries maintain stable international monetary systems and provide temporary financial assistance. It aims to promote global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. The IMF gains funds through membership fees paid by member countries and uses those funds to provide loans to countries experiencing economic troubles.
The IMF was established in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It aims to foster global economic growth, provide emergency loans to countries with balance of payments issues, and offer advice to support members' economic development. The IMF is funded mainly through member quota subscriptions and its activities have helped members achieve greater monetary stability, reconstruction after World War 2, and increased international trade.
The International Development Association (IDA) was established in 1960 and is headquartered in Washington D.C. It provides concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest developing countries. IDA has 173 member countries and supports projects in 82 countries, especially related to health, education, infrastructure, agriculture, and economic development. Eligibility for IDA support depends on a country's poverty level, inability to access private capital markets, and policy performance. Currently, IDA provides assistance to 82 eligible countries, including 64 IDA-only countries and 18 blend countries that receive some support from IDA and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was formed in 1945 with 29 original member countries. It now has 188 member countries and is headquartered in Washington DC. The IMF aims to promote international economic cooperation, trade, employment, and exchange rate stability. Almost all countries are members except for a few like North Korea, Cuba, and Palestine. Members must make payments and follow IMF rules. In return, members receive economic information and assistance with banking, fiscal policy, exchange rates, and financial issues to increase trade and investment. The current IMF Managing Director is Christine Lagarde.
The World Bank project proposal aims to improve water quality in Lake Taihu through dredging contaminated sediments, testing improved dewatering methods, and treating discharge water with ClearBlue 104 to reduce bacteria. The proposal outlines objectives to map dredge areas, evaluate new dredging and dewatering technologies, and make recommendations to support long-term water quality monitoring. Pilot tests will dredge sediments, measure water quality impacts, and evaluate dewatering options like geotextile bags to inform full-scale implementation plans.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries that was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. The IMF aims to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and reduce poverty. It provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises or balance of payment issues. The IMF is funded through quotas paid by member countries, and its headquarters are located in Washington D.C.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization of 188 member countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. Formed in 1944, the IMF provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises in order to correct payment imbalances. In exchange for loans, the IMF requires countries to implement policy reforms aimed at stabilizing their economies. The IMF is governed by a Board of Governors and led by a Managing Director.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries that works to facilitate global monetary cooperation and financial stability. It provides policy advice and financing to member countries facing economic difficulties. The IMF was created in 1945 at the Bretton Woods conference to avoid competitive currency devaluations and promote international trade. It is governed by the 189 member countries and aims to foster global economic growth, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, and reduce poverty worldwide.
The IMF was conceived at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference to establish a framework for postwar economic cooperation and avoid competitive currency devaluations that worsened the Great Depression. The IMF formally began in 1945 with 29 members and its first loan was to France in 1947. The IMF's purpose is to ensure stability of the international monetary system and promote sustainable economic growth. It provides loans, technical assistance, policy advice and surveillance to its 188 member countries. The IMF's governance includes the Board of Governors and Executive Board. The IMF's role has evolved over time in response to changes like the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s.
Promote international monetary cooperation;
Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade;
Promote exchange stability;
Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments; and
Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
The IMF is accountable to the governments of its member countries. At the top of its organizational structure is the Board of Governors, which consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from each member country.
The Board of Governors meets once each year at the IMF-World Bank Annual Meetings.
Twenty-four of the Governors sit on the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) and normally meet twice each year.
The IMF's day-to-day work is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board, which represents the entire membership, this work is guided by the IMFC and supported by the IMF staff.
The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chairman of the Executive Board and is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors.
The IMF is an organization of 186 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. It provides policy advice and financing to help countries achieve macroeconomic stability. The IMF tracks global economic trends, warns of potential problems, and shares expertise to help countries address economic difficulties. It supports members through policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance. The IMF aims to ensure the stability of the international monetary system and help members promote growth and alleviate poverty.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was conceived in 1944 and established in 1945 with 45 founding member countries. The IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries and oversees the global financial system by monitoring members' macroeconomic policies. It aims to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development through loans that require liberalizing economic policies. The IMF provides short-term loans to countries having balance of payments problems and is headquartered in Washington D.C.
The IMF was conceived in 1944 and established in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It works to improve the economies of its 189 member countries through surveillance of their economic policies, technical assistance and training, and lending. The IMF monitors global and national economies, provides short-term loans to countries with balance of payments problems, and makes policy recommendations to promote financial stability, employment, trade, and development.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the UN body dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. It was established in 1964 and has 194 member countries. UNCTAD aims to help developing countries make informed decisions to reduce global economic inequality and promote sustainable development. It undertakes research, provides a forum for discussions, and offers technical assistance on issues related to trade, investment, technology, and the specific needs of developing, landlocked, small island, and least developed nations.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. It aims to strengthen member economies by making funds available, promote exchange stability, facilitate balanced trade growth, lessen disequilibrium in international balances of payments, and reduce poverty by enabling sustainable growth. The IMF monitors members' economies and policies, provides loans to countries with depleted reserves, stagnant economies, and rising bankruptcies, and keeps records of members' allocations and holdings of Special Drawing Rights, a supplementary reserve asset.
The document provides information about the World Bank, including its objectives, organization, and subsidiaries. It discusses the formation of the World Bank at Bretton Woods in 1944 to aid post-war reconstruction. The main subdivisions of the World Bank are described: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Details are given about the purpose and functions of each organization.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The IMF is one of most influential International Financial Institution committed for the reducing global poverty by meeting the challenges and opportunities of globalization. Hence, It urges on its member countries continued cooperation on transparent monetary and economic policies, honest government, and the establishment of rule of law. Although the IMF has been contributing to the economic development of developing countries including Bangladesh, we need to deeply examine the recommendations before accept the Fund’s assistance because of some controversial events has arisen before.
it is an usefull information and material for the students who is preparing their studies
it about WTO ,stucture,scope,trade agreements functions etc.,
The IMF monitors and makes policy recommendations regarding the international monetary system. It provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises or issues with their balance of payments. The IMF works to ensure stability in the international monetary system to facilitate balanced economic growth and development.
The IMF was created in 1944 to help countries maintain stable international monetary systems and provide temporary financial assistance. It aims to promote global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. The IMF gains funds through membership fees paid by member countries and uses those funds to provide loans to countries experiencing economic troubles.
The IMF was established in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It aims to foster global economic growth, provide emergency loans to countries with balance of payments issues, and offer advice to support members' economic development. The IMF is funded mainly through member quota subscriptions and its activities have helped members achieve greater monetary stability, reconstruction after World War 2, and increased international trade.
The International Development Association (IDA) was established in 1960 and is headquartered in Washington D.C. It provides concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest developing countries. IDA has 173 member countries and supports projects in 82 countries, especially related to health, education, infrastructure, agriculture, and economic development. Eligibility for IDA support depends on a country's poverty level, inability to access private capital markets, and policy performance. Currently, IDA provides assistance to 82 eligible countries, including 64 IDA-only countries and 18 blend countries that receive some support from IDA and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was formed in 1945 with 29 original member countries. It now has 188 member countries and is headquartered in Washington DC. The IMF aims to promote international economic cooperation, trade, employment, and exchange rate stability. Almost all countries are members except for a few like North Korea, Cuba, and Palestine. Members must make payments and follow IMF rules. In return, members receive economic information and assistance with banking, fiscal policy, exchange rates, and financial issues to increase trade and investment. The current IMF Managing Director is Christine Lagarde.
The World Bank project proposal aims to improve water quality in Lake Taihu through dredging contaminated sediments, testing improved dewatering methods, and treating discharge water with ClearBlue 104 to reduce bacteria. The proposal outlines objectives to map dredge areas, evaluate new dredging and dewatering technologies, and make recommendations to support long-term water quality monitoring. Pilot tests will dredge sediments, measure water quality impacts, and evaluate dewatering options like geotextile bags to inform full-scale implementation plans.
This document summarizes key concepts relating to international trade and monetary systems. It discusses Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage, showing how countries can benefit from specializing in goods they have a cost advantage in producing. It then discusses Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, noting trade can occur even if one country has an absolute advantage in all goods. The document also summarizes the gold standard system, its breakdown during WWI, and the establishment of the IMF to help restore order and facilitate international trade and payments. It describes how the IMF uses tools like SDRs and country quotas to achieve its goals.
The document discusses the history and role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to stabilize exchange rates and assist countries with payment imbalances. The IMF provides policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance to its 188 member countries. The IMF is governed by quotas paid by each member and is led by a Managing Director. It supports global monetary cooperation, balanced trade, exchange rate stability, and helps eliminate payment imbalances and poverty in developing countries.
The IMF plays several key roles in the global economy and with its member countries. It aims to ensure exchange rate and financial stability, gives policy advice, provides financing during economic crises, and helps set international standards. For poorer countries, the IMF assists with development goals through concessional loans and debt relief. In India, the IMF has provided economic assistance and consultancy over the decades. However, some criticize that IMF policies can burden poorer nations with debt and that it lacks accountability.
This is a critical analysis of IMF and its importance and influence in modern day international trade and marketing. Prepared for an International Marketing Assignment.
This document provides information on several international institutions:
- UNCTAD deals with development issues and trade, established in 1964 with 194 member states, aims to promote equitable global development.
- IMF was established in 1945 with goals of monetary cooperation and financial stability, has 187 member countries and provides loans and policy advice.
- IBRD offers loans to middle-income countries for development projects and is part of the World Bank Group.
- WTO established in 1995 as the successor to GATT, has 167 members and oversees global trade rules and agreements through negotiation and dispute resolution.
The Post 1930 Era saw major global economic disruptions from the Great Depression and World War II. Countries responded by raising trade barriers and devaluing currencies to compete for exports. This led to a breakdown in international cooperation and a decline in world trade. At a conference in Bretton Woods in 1944, representatives agreed to establish the IMF to oversee the international monetary system and support countries facing economic difficulties through lending and other programs. The IMF formally began operations in 1947 with 29 member countries.
The document summarizes the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including its creation, mandate, functions, governance, and lending policies. The IMF was established in 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It monitors global economic and financial conditions and provides loans to countries experiencing economic difficulties. The IMF is governed by its 185 member countries and aims to foster global economic growth, employment, and trade.
Marketing involves identifying and meeting human needs through exchange between buyers and sellers. There are three key elements in the marketing process: marketers, products being marketed, and target markets. The goal of marketing is to establish long-term, profitable relationships with customers by delivering superior value compared to competitors. This is achieved through understanding customer needs and wants, creating appropriate products and services, and engaging in effective exchanges to satisfy customers.
UNCTAD and IMF are both intergovernmental organizations that work to promote international trade and economic development.
UNCTAD was established in 1964 and is focused on trade, investment and development issues affecting developing countries. Its goals are to maximize trade opportunities for developing nations. IMF was established in 1945 and works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. It provides loans to countries and monitors economic policies.
Both organizations have governing boards and hold conferences. UNCTAD addresses issues through various commissions and secretariat. IMF lends through facilities based on country needs. They publish reports on economic trends to further their missions of promoting sustainable global economic growth.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries that works to promote global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. It provides policy advice and financing to members facing economic difficulties. The IMF also assists developing countries to achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. It monitors the global economy and alerts members to potential problems. The IMF aims to ensure stability of the international monetary and financial system.
International Financial Institution, IMF, IBRD,IFC,IDAMohammed Jasir PV
International Financial Institution- International Monetary Fund—functions-- Special Drawing Rights - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-- International Finance Corporation-- International Development Association
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY - B.A. ECONOMICS- IV SEMESTER - INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS - UNIT – V: Evolution, Role and Functions of International Institutions - IMF, IBRD, GATT, WTO and ADB.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty. The IMF provides policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance to help member countries. Key functions include surveillance of members' economic policies, lending to address balance of payment issues, and technical assistance. The IMF has helped Pakistan's economy through various loans totaling billions of dollars since the 1980s.
This document provides an overview of several international economic organizations including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), and others. It describes the origins, objectives, and functions of each organization, including providing loans and financial assistance for development projects, maintaining monetary stability and facilitating international trade. The World Bank focuses on development projects, IMF works to ensure exchange rate stability, and WTO aims to liberalize trade and resolve disputes between members.
This document provides an overview of several international economic organizations including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), and others. It describes the origins, objectives, and functions of each organization, including their roles in international development, trade, investment, and monetary cooperation. The World Bank focuses on development projects, IDA provides concessional loans to poorer nations, and IFC supports private sector investment. IMF promotes global monetary cooperation and stable exchange rates. WTO liberalizes trade and resolves disputes between member states.
CLASS PRESENTATION ON MANAGING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY SINCE WORLD WAR II.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
The document provides an overview of several international financial institutions (IFIs) including the World Bank Group, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and regional development banks. It describes the objectives of IFIs as reducing poverty, supporting sustainable development, and promoting regional cooperation. It then details the specific purposes and functions of the World Bank and IMF, established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, in providing financing and advice to member countries. Key aspects covered include lending and conditionality, the IMF's role in surveillance and technical assistance, and the SDR reserve currency.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was conceived in 1944 and established in 1945 with the goal of promoting global monetary cooperation and securing financial stability. It provides loans and technical assistance to countries experiencing economic crises or balance of payments issues. The IMF works to enforce liberalizing economic policies as conditions for assistance. India has utilized IMF loans during its economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s and continues to benefit from IMF technical assistance and training.
The document provides information on several international financial institutions and organizations:
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) promotes international monetary cooperation and trade. Headquartered in Washington D.C., it has 189 member countries and oversees short-term lending to address members' balance of payments issues.
The World Bank aims to reduce poverty and promote shared prosperity. Based in Washington D.C., it provides long-term loans for development projects across 173 countries.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) facilitates global trade through negotiations and dispute resolution. With 164 members, it works to liberalize trade, ensure fair competition, and help developing countries.
SUMMER 2023 CLASS PRESENTATION ON INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFIS)...GeorgeKabongah2
The economic health of every country is a proper matter of concern to all its neighbors, near and far — U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the opening of Bretton Woods
International financial institutions (IFIs) are established by multiple countries and subject to international law. The largest IFIs include the World Bank Group, International Monetary Fund, regional development banks, and export credit agencies. They work to reduce global poverty, promote sustainable development, and support regional cooperation. The World Bank specifically focuses on developing countries, providing loans, advice, and training. Other IFIs like the IMF help maintain global financial stability and facilitate international trade.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were established to promote international monetary cooperation and economic development. The IMF oversees the global financial system and provides loans to countries facing payment imbalances. The World Bank focuses on poverty reduction through long-term loans for infrastructure and development programs. Both institutions have faced criticism for the conditionalities attached to loans and negative social impacts, though developing countries often have no alternative to accessing their funds in times of crisis. Reforms have aimed to make IFI policies more sensitive to country-specific economic and social conditions.
The document provides information about the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It states that the IMF was created in 1945 as part of the Bretton Woods system to promote international monetary cooperation and global trade. It has 189 member countries and works to secure financial stability, facilitate trade, and reduce poverty worldwide. The IMF engages in surveillance of members, provides lending, and builds members' capacity through activities like training and research.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for capital programs aimed at reducing poverty. It aims to promote foreign investment, international trade, and facilitate capital investment. It comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The IBRD finances private sector projects and companies, while the IDA provides long-term, interest-free loans to the world's poorest countries.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and financial assistance to developing countries for capital programs with the goal of reducing poverty. It makes decisions guided by promoting foreign investment, international trade, and facilitating capital investment. It was founded in 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire and opened in 1946. The World Bank comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association, and is part of the larger World Bank Group which also includes the International Finance Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.
The World Bank Group consists of 5 organizations that work to reduce poverty and support development. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is the World Bank Group's lending arm for middle-income developing countries. It was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference to help European nations recover from World War 2. The IBRD provides loans, guarantees, risk management, and advisory services to support productivity, economic growth, and living standards.
The IMF provides short-term loans to countries experiencing balance of payments issues to help promote economic growth. It was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference along with the World Bank to foster international cooperation and monetary stability between member countries. The IMF currently has 189 member countries and works to secure global financial stability through surveillance, policy advice, and lending programs.
49317076 ppt-on-international-financial-institutionsKIIT University
The document discusses several international financial institutions (IFIs), including the World Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank, and International Finance Corporation. It provides details on the establishment dates, objectives, membership, sources of funding, and functions of each institution. The World Bank aims to promote global development and reduce poverty. The IMF works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, and facilitate international trade. The Asian Development Bank focuses on lending and investment in Asia while the IFC provides private sector financing in developing countries.
Ppt on role of international financial institutionsnainagupta
International financial institutions (IFIs) are established by multiple countries and subject to international law. The three most prominent IFIs are the World Bank Group, International Monetary Fund, and regional development banks. The World Bank Group aims to reduce poverty through sustainable development projects and loans. It consists of 5 organizations focused on development assistance, financing, and dispute settlement. The IMF works to stabilize exchange rates and support global monetary cooperation. Regional development banks like the Asian Development Bank and African Development Bank provide financing to their respective regions.
This document summarizes a presentation on e-commerce given to a class. It discusses what e-commerce is, its impact on markets and the economy, how it relates to e-business, the benefits it provides, its various forms and drivers. It also covers phases of e-commerce transactions, security threats, and how e-commerce can be classified based on the type of transactions between consumers, businesses, governments and peers. The presentation was given by a group of 6 students to their class on marketing and retail management.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses how businesses are focusing on revenue models and analyzing business processes in the second wave of e-commerce. It defines key terms like e-commerce, e-business, business models, and revenue models. The chapter also covers the history of e-commerce, categories of e-commerce, advantages and disadvantages, and challenges of conducting international e-commerce like cultural and legal differences.
This document provides an overview of Mumbai University, the application of computers in education, information and communication technology (ICT) in education, optical mark recognition (OMR), and the history and mechanism of OMR. Mumbai University was introduced in 1857 and has two campuses located in Mumbai, India. It offers various degrees and was ranked 41st in the world and 5th in India in 2013. ICT and computers play a vital role in the education sector by providing quick access to information, connecting dispersed regions, and catering to individual differences. OMR is a scanning technology used to read and evaluate questionnaires, surveys, and tests with pre-printed answer fields. It has advantages such as simplicity and high speed but cannot recognize hand
The document provides information on several international economic institutions established in the mid-20th century:
The IMF was established in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. The World Bank was established in 1944 to provide development financing. UNCTAD was established in 1964 as a permanent organ of the UN to promote international trade and accelerate economic development in developing countries. The IFC was established in 1956 as an affiliate of the World Bank to promote private sector growth in developing countries.
Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment In Retail Sector In IndiaHitesh Kukreja
The document discusses the potential negative impacts of allowing foreign direct investment in India's retail trade sector. It notes that retail trade provides self-employment and jobs for many Indians. However, when large foreign companies enter retail markets in other countries, they often drive many small shops out of business. If FDI in retail is permitted in India, it could lead to widespread unemployment among traders and related workers like transporters and suppliers. The document urges the government to instead support domestic retailers and consider how other countries have regretted allowing large foreign retailers to dominate local markets.
The document outlines the process of portfolio management over 6 steps: 1) Learn basic finance principles 2) Set objectives 3) Formulate strategy 4) Plan for revisions 5) Evaluate performance 6) Protect the portfolio. It discusses traditional investments like security analysis and portfolio construction. Portfolio management aims to reduce risk rather than increase returns. The manager's job is to create the best collection for each client per their unique needs within the constraints of the investment policy statement.
- The document discusses FDI in the retail sector in India, including the opportunities and challenges. It provides an overview of the retail sector and policies related to FDI.
- The retail sector is one of the largest industries globally and is a major employer in India. However, the organized retail sector in India is still quite small at around 5% compared to the unorganized sector.
- Allowing FDI in retail is expected to bring benefits like improvements in supply chain management, technology, skills and employment. However, there are also concerns around the impact on small retailers and employment. A calibrated approach is recommended to allow FDI in the sector.
The document outlines the process of portfolio management over 6 steps: 1) Learn basic finance principles 2) Set objectives 3) Formulate strategy 4) Plan for revisions 5) Evaluate performance 6) Protect the portfolio. It discusses traditional investments like security analysis and portfolio construction. Portfolio management aims to reduce risk rather than increase returns. The manager's job is to create the best collection for each client per their unique needs within the constraints of the investment policy statement.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created in 1944 with the goal of stabilizing exchange rates and assisting in reconstructing the global payment system. It currently has 186 member countries and works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote employment and economic growth, and reduce poverty. The IMF provides loans to countries experiencing foreign exchange crises and engages in economic consultation. While it aims to safeguard global monetary stability, some criticize it for having a "one-size-fits-all" approach and not adequately considering the impact of its policies on poverty.
Impact of Foreign Direct Investment In Retail In IndiaHitesh Kukreja
The document discusses the impact of allowing foreign direct investment (FDI) in India's retail sector. It notes that India's retail sector is currently dominated by small family-owned shops that employ millions of people. However, if FDI in retail is permitted, large foreign retail corporations will likely capture a significant share of the market as they have done in other countries. This could threaten the survival of India's local retail shops and cause widespread job losses for those employed in the retail sector supply chain, from farmers and transporters to shopkeepers. The document warns that permitting FDI in retail risks harming India's local retail ecosystem and entrepreneurs.
- The document discusses FDI in the retail sector in India, including the opportunities and challenges. It provides an overview of the retail sector and policies regarding FDI in retail.
- The retail sector is one of the largest industries globally and is a major employer in India. However, the organized retail sector in India is still quite small at around 5% compared to the unorganized sector. Allowing FDI in retail could provide benefits like improving supply chain infrastructure and skills development.
- There are also challenges like competition with local retailers, employment issues, and an underdeveloped organized retail sector. Stakeholders have differing views on the appropriate level of FDI and regulations to put in place. Overall, FDI
This document discusses various financial measures taken by the Indian government and their potential impacts. It outlines amendments to banking acts to allow preference shares and reduce statutory reserves. A 0.1% transaction tax is proposed to reduce cash transactions. Measures also include reducing tax slabs, corporate taxes, and proposals for derivatives markets. Impacts may include increased bank lending and reduced non-performing assets. Infrastructure investment in Mumbai is also outlined, which could strengthen the city's infrastructure and economy through job creation and consumption. Sectors seen as investment opportunities include cement, pharma, automobiles and FMCG.
The document outlines Credit Ratings Methodology, which involves analyzing both business risk profile and financial risk profile. The business risk profile analysis examines factors like industry trends, competitive forces, and company position, while the financial risk profile analysis evaluates liquidity, cash flow adequacy, accounting practices, and governance risk. Credit ratings help investors and companies by assessing the creditworthiness and risk of default for issuers and their securities.
This document summarizes the roles of various financial institutions in capital markets. It discusses how investment banks underwrite new stock and bond issuances, advise on mergers and acquisitions. It also outlines how security brokers execute trades and provide investment products and services. The document notes how venture capital firms provide funding to startup companies in exchange for ownership stakes and representation on their boards.
The document discusses the stock market boom of the late 1990s and its impact on the US economy. It finds that the stock market boom between 1995 and 2000 added significantly to economic growth during that period, with estimates that GDP growth was 1.5% higher each year due to the wealth effects of rising stock prices. However, it also led to issues like a lower personal saving rate, a higher trade deficit, and made the economy more vulnerable when the bubble burst in 2001-2002. The document concludes that without the stock boom, the 1990s expansion would not have looked as strong and the 2001 recession may not have occurred.
The document is a portfolio management report submitted by a group of students to their professor. It includes:
1) An introduction to the need for financial planning and goal setting.
2) Examples of asset allocation strategies for conservative, moderate, and aggressive investors.
3) A discussion of different asset classes for investment.
4) Three examples of investor profiles with proposed asset allocations.
This document discusses various financial measures taken by the Indian government and their potential impacts. It outlines amendments to banking acts and regulations to allow preference shares and reduce statutory reserve requirements. It also discusses proposed reductions in tax rates, introduction of gold ETFs and derivatives markets, and increased government borrowing and infrastructure investment. The overall view is that these measures could increase liquidity, volumes, and lending while potentially strengthening sectors like cement, pharma, and automobiles for investment.
The document discusses how economic growth and changes in factors of production, technology, and tastes can impact international trade. It examines different types of factor growth, technical progress, and their effects on production possibilities and trade. Growth can lead to increased, decreased, or unchanged trade volumes depending on whether production and consumption effects are pro-trade or anti-trade. In large countries, growth impacts welfare through terms-of-trade and wealth effects, and can potentially cause immiserizing growth under certain conditions. Growth and changes in both trading nations will shift their production possibilities and can influence trade volumes and terms of trade.
The document outlines Credit Ratings Methodology, which involves analyzing both business risk profile and financial risk profile. The business risk profile analysis examines factors like industry trends, competitive forces, and company position, while the financial risk profile analysis evaluates liquidity, cash flow adequacy, accounting practices, and governance risk. Credit ratings help investors and companies by assessing the creditworthiness and risk of default for issuers and their securities.
This document provides an overview of communism through a class project submitted by a group of students. It defines communism as a system where people share work and pay equally. It discusses the key beliefs and goals of communism, including equality and classlessness. It also examines the formation and history of the Soviet Union, the relationship between the US and USSR during the Cold War, and how the industrial revolution helped spread communist ideas.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. INTRODUCTION
As a result of the World War II, most of the economies of Europe
were badly shattered. The major economists of the 1940s, particularly
John Maynard Keynes, were greatly affected by the economic crisis
that engulfed the world and sought to reconstruct the world economy
after the end of World War II. Thus, under the intellectual leadership
Keynes, 44 nations of the world gathered in 1944 at Bretton Woods,
New Hampshire, Where it was agreed to organize the world economy
around three corner stonesInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)
International bank For Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Trade Organization (ITO)
4. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND(IMF)
Established on December 27, 1945 with 29 countries.
Began financial operations on March 1, 1947.
Headquarters in Washington D.C.
The IMF has a membership of 185 countries.
All members of the United Nations Organization, except
the former USSR, are members of the IMF.
The IMF provides financial assistance to
members to help them to correct balance of
payments problems in a manner that promotes
sustained growth.
5. OBJECTIVE
Promote international monetary cooperation.
Shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in
the international balances of payments of members.
Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international
trade.
Promote Exchange stability and maintain orderly exchange
arrangements among members.
Assist in establishing a multilateral system of payments.
6. MANAGEMENT OF IMF
BOARD OF GOVERNORS
EXECUTIVE BOARD
MANAGING DIRECTOR
STAFF OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS
ADVISORY BODIES:
1. International monetary And Financial Committee of the Board of Governors.
2. The Development committee.
7. RESOURCES OF IMF
1. QUOTAS AND SUBSCRIPTION BY MEMBERS: A members total
subscription is equal to its quota. The quota of each member is
payable in the following manner:
(I) 15% of the quota or 10 % of its gold and Dollar holdings payable in
gold or Dollars.
(II) The rest in members own currency.
2. BORROWINGS: The IMF is authorized under its articles of agreement
to supplement its ordinary resources by borrowing.
The fund may seek the amount it needs in any currency and from any
source. Two sources of supplementary financing now exist:
(I) General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB)
(II) New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB)
8. FUNCTIONS OF IMF
It serves as a short term credit institution.
The fund provides a mechanism for improving short term balance
of payments position.
The fund provides machinery for international consultations.
It provides a reservoir of the currencies of the members countries
and enables members to borrow one another’s currency.
It promotes orderly adjustment of exchange rates to promote
exchange stability.
9. EFFECT OF IMF ON INDIA
India is the founder member of IMF and has played an important
role in the formulation of fund policies .India has stood for
liberalization of fund’s lending and has criticized fund’s scale of
charge in respect of drawing.
Drawls from IMF
Date
Facility
SDR
(million) July-Sept. 1990
Rt
487
23.01.91
FCT
552
23.01.91
CCFF
717
22.07.91
CCFF
166
16.09.91
CCFF
469
15.11.91
UCT
85
02.01.92
UCT
185
02.07.92
UCT
462
09.12.92
UCT
462
FEB.93
UCT
231
MAY.93
UCT
231
–
10. BENEFITS TO INDIA
Freedom
to Rupee
Membership
Importance
Technical
of the World bank
of India in international field
advice and training
12. WORLD BANK
IBRD or World Bank was established in July 1944.
With an authorized capital of $10 billion, divided into 100,000 shares of
$100,000 each.
183 member Countries
Every member of the IMF is also a member of the world bank.
It is concerned with assisting its member
countries to achieve sustained economic
growth. It functions as an intermediary for
the transfer of financial resources from the
more developed to the less developed countries.
13. OBJECTIVES
To assist in the reconstruction and development of the territories of the
members by facilitating the investment of capital for productive purposes.
To promote private foreign investment by means of guarantees or participations
in loans and other investments made by private investors and to supplement
private investment when private capital is not available on reasonable terms.
To promote the long range balanced growth of international trade and
maintenance of equilibrium in the balance of payments.
To encourage loans made or guaranteed so that the more useful and urgent
projects will be dealt with first.
To conduct its operations so as to bring about a smooth transference from a
war-time to peace-time economy.
14. FUNCTIONS OF WORLD BANK
It grants long term and medium term loans.
The bank gives loans to member governments.
The bank gives technical advice to the borrowers and for this purpose engages
experts.
Economic and social research.
The bank promotes foreign investments by guaranteeing loans made by other
organizations.
Setting up a number of subsidiary organizations for further finance e.g.., IDA,
IFC
15. MANAGEMENT
The World Bank is managed in the same way as the IMF, except the Head
Officer of the Bank is called the President. The Governors and the Executive
Directors of the two organization are frequently the same men and women.
16. RESOURCES
Each member of the world bank has capital subscription that is similar to its
quota in the Fund.
The member countries subscribed to it in accordance with there economic
position and the size of the quota in the IMF.
A member’s total subscription in the capital of the Bank was originally divided
into three parts:
(i) 2% of the subscription to be paid in gold or US dollars
(ii) 18 % of the subscription to be paid in member’s own currency and the
remaining 80% subject to call as and when required to meet the Bank’s
obligations.
17. ASSISTANCE TO INDIA
Largest beneficiary of the IBRD-IDA assistance.
Although the World Bank assistance to India is very large in absolute terms, the
per capita assistance has been low.
19. PREVIEW
WTO, the first and the most powerful world trade regulating
agency.
Before the WTO came into existence international trade in
merchandise was guided by the rules and provisions of the
GATT.
The GATT rules, however, could not absorb the complexities of
world trade, which has been growing steadily since the Bretton
Woods days, both in terms of commodity coverage and the
nature of regulators applied by the regional trade blocs.
GATT was biased in the favor of developed countries and was
appropriately called the “rich men’s club”.
In the Uruguay round of negotiations, WTO was proposed and
the proposal became a reality on Jan 1st, 1995.
20. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
Formation – 1 January 1995
Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland
Membership - 151 member states
Official languages- English, French ,Spanish
Director general- Pascal Lamy
Budget 175 million Swiss francs
Staff 625
The WTO is the umbrella organization responsible
for overseeing the implementation of all agreements that
have been negotiated just before it came into existence. It
is responsible for the settlement of disputes among its
members.
21. STRUCTURE OF WTO
MINISTERIAL
CONFERENCE
COMMITTEE ON TRADE AND
ENVIRONMENT
GENERAL
COUNCIL
TRADE POLICY
REVIEW BODY
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
BODY
COUNCIL FOR TRADE
IN GOODS
COUNCIL FOR TRADE
IN SERVICES
COUNCIL FOR TRADE-RELATED
ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS
APPELLATE
BODY
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
PANELS
22. OBJECTIVES
Raising standard of living and incomes, promoting full employment, expanding production
and trade, and optimum utilization of world’s resources.
Introduce sustainable development- A concept which envisages that development and
environment can go together.
Taking positive steps to ensure that developing countries, specially the least developed
ones, secure a better share of growth in world trade.
23. FUNCTIONS
The WTO shall facilitate the implementation, administration and operation and
further the objectives of the Multilateral trade agreements.
The WTO shall provide the forum for negotiations among its members
concerning them multilateral trade relations in matters dealt with under the
agreements.
The WTO shall administer the ‘ Understanding on Rules and Procedures
governing the settlement of disputes’ .
The WTO shall administer the ‘ Trade Review Mechanism’.
Technical assistance and Training For developing countries.
24. INDIA AND WTO
INDIA”S COMMITMENT TO WTO:Tariff lines
Quantitative Restrictions (QR)
Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
Trade Related Investment Measures
General agreement On Trade in Services.
Customs Valuation Rules.
25. INDIA AND WTO
BENEFITS TO INDIA:Benefits from reduction of tariffs on the products of exports of interest to India.
Improved prospects for agricultural exports as a result of likely increase in th
world prices of agricultural products due to reduction in domestic subsidies and
barriers to trade .
Increase in the export of textiles and clothing due to the phasing out of the
MFA (Multi Fiber Arrangement) since 2005.
Advantages from greater security and predictability of the international trading
system due to the revamped dispute settlement procedures and the
agreements on safeguard, subsidies and anti-dumping measures.
Compulsion imposed on us to be competitive in the world market.
26. INDIA AND WTO
DISADVANTAGES TO INDIA:-
It is to be noted that TRIPs Agreement goes against the Patent Act Of India, 1970 in
almost all important areas.
Increased outflow of foreign exchange due to commitments undertaken in the field of
TRIMs and Services.
Tariff reductions on goods of exports of interest to India are very small.
Meagre prospects of increase in agricultural exports due to the very limited extent of
agricultural liberalization.
India will be the under the tremendous pressure to liberalize her services industries.
28. UNCTAD
Established in 1964 as the permanent organ of the UN General assembly.
The Conference, which is a plenary body of large number of countries, meets normally at
intervals of 4 years.
The UNCTAD was designed to serve as a
forum in which trade related development
issues could be discussed and analyzed to lead
to the negotiations of international
understanding on issues that were in disputes .
29. PRINCIPLES
Every country has the sovereign rights freely to dispose of natural resources i
the interest of the economic development and well-being of its own people and
freely to trade with other countries.
Economic relations between countries including trade relations shall be based
on respect for the principles of sovereign of states, self-determination of people,
and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
There shall be no discrimination on the basis of differences in socio-economic
systems and the adoption of trading methods and the policies.
30. FUNCTIONS
To promote international trade with a view to accelerate the economic development.
To formulate principles of and policies on international trade and related problems of
economic developments.
To negotiate multinational trade agreements.
To make proposals for putting its principles and policies into effect.
The major activities of UNCTAD includes research
and support of negotiations for commodity agreements
technical elaboration of new trade activities designed to
assist developing countries in the areas of trade and
capital.
31.
During its eleven rounds so far, the UNCTAD has made vital
recommendations. Prominent among them are stabilization of exports
earnings, specially of primary goods exporting countries, improvement
in the market access for the goods of the developing countries,
increase in the flow of development finance, preferential treatment for
least developed countries, and framing of code of conduct for
international shipping.
32. INTERNATINOL FINANCE
CORPORATION
Established in 1956, affiliated to World Bank.
Membership in World Bank is prerequisite for membership in IFC.
The corporation has its own operating and legal staff, but draws upon the bank
for administrative and other services.
The mission of IFC is to contribute to the world
Bank group’s overall purpose of reducing poverty and
improving living standard by playing a leading role in the
development of a sustainable private sector.
33. OBJECTIVES
To assist in the economic development of less developed country by
promoting growth in private sector.
To stimulate the flow of private capital into productive private, mixed
private/ public private enterprise.
To act as catalyst bringing together entrepreneurship, investment
capital and production.
To provide the provision for essential infrastructural development to
attract investment flows.
To encourage the growth of productive private investment and saving.
34. PRINCIPLES
The IFC makes its investments in partnership with private investors
from the capital exporting country or from the country in which the
enterprise is located.
It is envisaged that the Corporation’s investments will never be more
than half of the capital requirements of the enterprise.
The minimum investment IFC will make in an enterprise is fixed at US
$ 1,00,000 or its equivalent, but no upper limit is fixed.
The enterprises eligible for loans from the Corporation should be
predominantly industrial and contribute to the economic development
of the country.
Rate of interest in each case would be matter of negotiation depending
on the risks and other investments.
35. IFC AND INDIA
The IFC has assisted a number of projects in India.
The Corporation has identified five priority areas in India where it plans
to beef up its activities.
Capital markets Development
Direct foreign investment
Access to foreign markets
Equity Investments in new and expanding companies
Finance capital investments and infrastructure.