Promote international monetary cooperation;
Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade;
Promote exchange stability;
Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments; and
Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
The IMF is accountable to the governments of its member countries. At the top of its organizational structure is the Board of Governors, which consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from each member country.
The Board of Governors meets once each year at the IMF-World Bank Annual Meetings.
Twenty-four of the Governors sit on the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) and normally meet twice each year.
The IMF's day-to-day work is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board, which represents the entire membership, this work is guided by the IMFC and supported by the IMF staff.
The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chairman of the Executive Board and is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors.
Introduction to IMF, The Bretton Woods Agreement, Objectives of IMF, Functions of IMF, Members of IMF, Governance and Organizational Structure of IMF, Resources of Funds, Application of Funds by IMF, Advantages to India from IMF.
Introduction to IMF, The Bretton Woods Agreement, Objectives of IMF, Functions of IMF, Members of IMF, Governance and Organizational Structure of IMF, Resources of Funds, Application of Funds by IMF, Advantages to India from IMF.
The IMF is one of most influential International Financial Institution committed for the reducing global poverty by meeting the challenges and opportunities of globalization. Hence, It urges on its member countries continued cooperation on transparent monetary and economic policies, honest government, and the establishment of rule of law. Although the IMF has been contributing to the economic development of developing countries including Bangladesh, we need to deeply examine the recommendations before accept the Fund’s assistance because of some controversial events has arisen before.
The IMF is one of most influential International Financial Institution committed for the reducing global poverty by meeting the challenges and opportunities of globalization. Hence, It urges on its member countries continued cooperation on transparent monetary and economic policies, honest government, and the establishment of rule of law. Although the IMF has been contributing to the economic development of developing countries including Bangladesh, we need to deeply examine the recommendations before accept the Fund’s assistance because of some controversial events has arisen before.
This is a critical analysis of IMF and its importance and influence in modern day international trade and marketing. Prepared for an International Marketing Assignment.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that was initiated in 1944 at the Bretton Wodds Conference and formally created in 1945 by 29 member countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) & The World Bank GroupAbdul Basit Adeel
What is The International Monetary Fund?
What is The World Bank Group?
What is the fundamental difference between them?
What is the functional structure of both institutions?
What is the working mechanism of both institutions?
Do they have any legal authority over states?
What happens when a state defaults?
What was the case with Argentina when she defaulted on IMF and World Bank as well as other foreign debts in 2001?
Detailed Text: http://slidesha.re/1uk4jEC
Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central AsiaIMF
The May 2010 Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia reports on the implications for the region of global economic developments and presents key policy challenges and recommendations. A resumption of capital inflows and the rebound in crude oil prices have aided the recovery in the oil-exporting countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The group of oil-importing countries is expected to show marginal increase in growth in response to a pickup in trade, investment, and bank credit. A key challenge for these countries is to enhance competitiveness to raise growth rates and generate employment. In the Caucasus and Central Asia, exports have begun to pick up, the decline in remittances appears to be slowing or reversing, and capital inflows have turned positive. For 2010, a recovery across the region is projected as the global economy, and in particular Russia, picks up speed. Overall, prospects for the region are improving and the regional impact of the Dubai crisis and events in Greece has been limited so far. Nevertheless, a repricing of sovereign debt cannot be excluded, adding a degree of uncertainty to the outlook.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Balance of Payment Account
Introduction to Basic Concept of IFRS.
International Monetary System: The International Financial System - Reform of International Monetary Affairs
- The Bretton Wood System and the International Monetary Fund, Controversy over Regulation of International
Finance, Developing Countries' Concerns, Exchange Rate Policy of Developing Economies.
Understanding How Value is Created Within Organizations.
Creating value is a matter of fundamental importance to companies, because it addresses the economic logic of why the organization exists in the first place.
The concept of value chains was developed by Michael E. Porter as early as 1979.
A value chain is a set of activities that an organization carries out to create value for its customers
The way in which value chain activities are performed determines costs and effects on profits
Porter proposed a general-purpose value chain that companies can use to examine all of their activities, and see how they're connected.
The idea of the value chain is based on the process view of organizations.
How value chain activities are carried out determines costs and affects profits.
These activities can be classified generally as either primary or support activities that all businesses must undertake in some form.
Goods & Service Tax (GST) or the constitution (one hundred one amendment) bill. The introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) would be a very significant step in the field of indirect tax reforms in India. By amalgamating a large number of Central and State taxes into a single tax, it would mitigate cascading or double taxation in a major way and pave the way for a common national market.
From the consumer point of view, the biggest advantage would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods, which is currently estimated to be around 25%-30%. Introduction of GST would also make Indian products competitive in the domestic and international markets. Studies show that this would have a boosting impact on economic growth. Last but not the least, this tax, because of its transparent and self-policing character, would be easier to administer.
This is a very important concept, so try to share it with as many people as you can.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
The aim of economic integration is to lessen costs for both consumers and producers, in addition to increase trade between the countries taking part in the agreement.
A primary economic objective of integration is to raise:
a) real output and income of the participants
&
b) rate of growth
by increasing specialization and competition by facilitating desirable structural (linkages) changes.
Strategic management is a set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the longrun performance of a corporation.
It includes environmental scanning (both external and internal), strategy formulation (strategic or long-range planning), strategy implementation, and evaluation and control.
The study of strategic management, therefore, emphasizes the monitoring and evaluating of external opportunities and threats in light of a corporation’s strengths and weaknesses.
The trade theory that first indicated importance of specialization in production and division of labor is based on the idea of theory of absolute advantage which is developed first by Adam Smith in his famous book The Wealth of Nations published in 1776.
Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation’s import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves. While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, the gains may not be mutually beneficial. Comparative advantage focuses on the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges.
Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country producing it.
Countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries
In economics, principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
international trade has existed throughout history (for example Uttarapatha, Silk Road, Amber Road, salt roads), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
To understand the pattern in international trade, Different trade theories are postulated. Some famous trade theories are:
Mercantilism
Absolute Advantage Theory
Comparative Advantage Theory
Hecksher-Ohlin Factor endowment theory
Product Life Cycle Theory
New Trade Theory
Porter’s Diamond Theory for competitive advantage
Restrictions on imports – tariff barriers, quotas or non-tariff barriers.
Accumulation of foreign currency reserves and gold and silver reserves. (known also as bullionism)
Granting of state monopolies to particular firms especially those associated with trade and shipping.
Subsidies of export industries to give competitive advantage in global markets.
Government investment in research and development to maximize efficiency and capacity of domestic industry.
Allowing copyright / intellectual theft from foreign companies.
Limiting wages and consumption of the working classes to enable greater profits to stay with the merchant class.
Control of colonies, e.g. making colonies buy from Empire country and taking control of colonies wealth.
England Navigation Act of 1651 prohibited foreign vessels engaging in coastal trade.
All colonial exports to Europe had to pass through English first and be re-exported to Europe.
Under British Empire, India restricted in buying from domestic industries and were forced to import salt from the UK. Protests against this salt tax, led to ‘Salt tax’ revolt led by Gandhi.
In seventeenth Century France, the state promoted a controlled economy, with strict regulations about the economy and labour markets
In the modern world, mercantilism is sometimes associated with policies, such as.
Undervaluation of currency e.g. government buying foreign currency assets to keep the exchange rate undervalued and make exports more competitive.
Government subsidy of industry for unfair advantage. China has been accused of offering too much subsidised investment for industry, leading to over supply of industries such as steel – meaning other countries struggle to compete.
Surge of protectionist sentiment, e.g. tariffs on imports.
Copyright theft
Established in 1968 as a prefabrication plant to produce exported leather goods.
Joint-stock company, employees in the company hold 49% and 51% is holded by the state.
Specializes in producing genuine and imitation leather products.
Manufactures products for exporting.
Manufactures products based on foreign partners preferences.
Gloves, shoes, briefcases & Men's Wallet, women's sandals & shoes, small key bags
EU is one of the best practical examples of regional integration (RI)
European Union (EU) is presently facing a number of crises.
Great Britain exited from EU
Greece crisis
German Hagemony
Trade negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP) trade deals have provided more fuel to the fire of this ongoing debate.
Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in the northern part of India that serves as the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana. As a union territory, the city is ruled directly by the Union Government and is not part of either state. Chandigarh and adjoining cities of Mohali (Punjab) and Panchkula (Haryana) are together called Chandigarh Tricity.
The city of Chandigarh was one of the early planned cities in the post-independence India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design.[7] The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most of the government buildings and housing in the city, however, were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry. In 2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh as one of the perfect cities of the world in terms of architecture, cultural growth and modernisation.[8][9]
The city experiences extreme climate and uneven distribution of rainfall. The roads in Chandigarh are surrounded by trees and it has the third highest forest cover in India at 8.51% following Lakshadweep and Goa.[10][11]
The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories by per capita income in the country.[12] The city was reported to be the cleanest in India in 2010, based on a national government study.[13][14] In 2016, Chandigarh was declared as the second cleanest city of India under Swachh Bharat Survekshan.[15] The union territory also heads the list of Indian states and territories according to Human Development Index.[16] In 2015, a survey by LG Electronics, ranked Chandigarh as the happiest city in India over the happiness index.[17][18] The metropolitan of Chandigarh-Mohali-Panchkula collectively forms a Tri-city, with a combined population of over 2 million.[19] This is the first smoke-free city in India.[20]
Chandigarh has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission. However, it was not selected in the list of first 20 smart cities of India.
Multimodal transport is essentially an international through-transport combination with various modes of transport such as ship, rail, truck, airplane, etc., primarily through the use of containers.
Multimodal Transport: Where the carrier organising the transport takes responsibility for the entire door-to-door transport and issues a multimodal transport document.
A multimodal transport operator (MTO) acts as a principal and therefore as a “carrier”, because the MTO contracts with the shipper to carry goods by one or more modes of transport as may be necessary. The MTO has accepted total responsibility and liability to perform the transport contract; he has become the sole interface point for the shipper’s transport function.
Patanjali Ayurved Limited is an Indian FMCG company
Located in the industrial area of Haridwar
Manufactures mineral and herbal products.
Patanjali is the fastest growing fast-moving consumer company in India.
Self-independence of India from Swadeshi.
To promote Indian product.
Make a largest retail chain in all over India both rural and urban market
To Provide reasonable price for farmers
To fulfill the demand of customers across the India on reasonable price.
To Support Indian industries by creating demands of Swadeshi products.
To generate employment for youth, skilled/unskilled and professionals.
To establish Ayurveda and create biggest market chain for herbal products.
To Strengthen Indian economy by replacing foreign products with Swadeshi products.
It involves 12 countries: the US, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Peru.
The pact aims to deepen economic ties between these nations, slashing tariffs and fostering trade to boost growth.
Member countries are also hoping to foster a closer relationship on economic policies and regulation.
The agreement could create a new single market something like that of the EU.
Pretty big indeed. The 12 countries have a collective population of about 800 million - almost double that of the European Union's single market. The 12-nation would-be bloc is already responsible for 40% of world trade.
The deal is a remarkable achievement given the very different approaches and standards within the member countries, including environmental protection, workers' rights and regulatory coherence - not to mention the special protections that some countries have for certain industries
Officially known as the Republic Of Senegal
country in West Africa.
economical and political capital is Dakar.
westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World, or Eurafrasia.
The climate is Sahelian, but there is a rainy season.
8th century - Present-day Senegal is part of the Kingdom of Ghana.
1677 - French take over island of Goree from the Dutch, the start of nearly 300 years of French oversight.
1756-63 - Seven Years' War: Britain takes over French posts in Senegal, forms colony of Senegambia. France regains its holdings during American Revolutionary War of 1775-83.
1960 - Senegal becomes an independent country.
2000 - Opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade wins second round of presidential elections, ending 40 years of Socialist Party rule.
2004 - Casamance Movement of Democratic Forces (MFDC) and government sign pact aimed at ending secessionist struggle in the southern province of Casamance. Violence continues, however until rebel leader Salif Sadio declares a unilateral ceasefire in 2014.
2012 - Macky Sall wins presidential elections and his coalition wins the parliamentary elections. MPs abolish the upper house, the Senate, and the post of vice president in an effort to save money for flood relief. Critics say the aim is to weaken the opposition.
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost sovereign state in Africa.
It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometers of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho.
South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions.
Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, which is among the highest number of any country in the world.
South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 a day.
The dabbawala are an extraordinary association of more than 5000 individuals in Mumbai.
"Dabba" simply signifies "lunch box"; "walla" implies transporter or convey man. Put them together and you get "Lunch box transporter".
For this situation it alludes to a stackable tin box utilized for hot meals called the tiffin.
Millions in Mumbai commute everyday to earn a living. Banks, colleges, hospitals, government offices, private offices, factories and ports are all spread across different parts of the city.
In a country where hot and freshly cooked home food is the most preferred for consumption, carrying of lunch boxes is a big burden for the working populace.
Be that as it may, this issue is unbelievable in this metro city because of the presence of the 100 year old association of "Dabbawalas".
These Dabbawalas deliver lunch boxes for about 2 lakh people at their work places on time.
The work doesn’t end here.
They also carry the empty lunch boxes back to the homes of the customers.
The unbelievable part is they make only one mistake in sixteen million transactions and have been consistently good at it for all the time of their operations.
This credibility earned them a six sigma designation by the Forbes magazine and ISO 9001 accreditation.
The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested annually by franchise teams representing Indian cities.
The title sponsor of IPL is Vivo Electronics, thus the league is officially known as the Vivo Indian Premier League.
The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and ranks sixth among all sports leagues.
In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube.
The brand value of IPL was estimated to be US$3.2 billion in 2014. According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹11.5 billion (US$182 million) to the GDP of Indian economy.
Until 2014, the top three teams in the tournament qualified for the Champions League Twenty20. However, the Champions League Twenty20 tournament was discontinued in 2015 and has been defunct since.
In economics, Gresham's law is a monetary principle stating that "bad money drives out good".
For example, if there are two forms of commodity money in circulation, which are accepted by law as having similar face value, the more valuable commodity will disappear from circulation.
In an influential theoretical article, Rolnick and Weber (1986) argued that bad money would drive good money to a premium rather than driving it out of circulation. However, their research did not take into account the context in which Gresham made his observation. Rolnick and Weber ignored the influence of legal tender legislation which requires people to accept both good and bad money as if they were of equal value.They also focused mainly on the interaction between different metallic monies, comparing the relative "goodness" of silver to that of gold, which is not what Gresham was speaking of.
The experiences of dollarization in countries with weak economies and currencies (for example Israel in the 1980s, Eastern Europe and countries in the period immediately after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, or South American countries throughout the late 20th and early 21st century) may be seen as Gresham's Law operating in its reverse form (Guidotti & Rodriguez, 1992), because in general the dollar has not been legal tender in such situations, and in some cases its use has been illegal.
The history of agriculture in India dates back to the Rigveda. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7% of the GDP (gross domestic product) in 2013, about 50% of the workforce. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.India exported $39 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013, making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter.Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
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what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. FAST FACTS OF
IMF
1. Membership: 188 countries
2. Headquarters: Washington, D.C.
3. Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries or groups of countries
4. Staff: Approximately 2,630 from 147 countries
5. Total quotas: US$334 billion (as of 9/4/15)
6. Additional pledged or committed resources: US $903 billion
7. Committed amounts under current lending arrangements (as of 8/27/15): US$164 billions of
which US$145 billion have not been drawn.
8. Biggest borrowers (amount outstanding as of 9/3/15): Portugal, Greece, Ukraine, Ireland
9. Biggest precautionary loans (amount agreed as of 9/3/15): Mexico, Poland, Colombia,
Morocco
10. Surveillance consultations: 125 consultations in 2012, 130 in 2013 and 132 in 2014
11. Technical assistance: 274 person years in FY2013, 285 in FY2014 and 288 in FY2015
3. AIMS OF IMF
1. Promote international monetary cooperation;
2. Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international
trade;
3. Promote exchange stability;
4. Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments;
and
5. Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members
experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
4. GOVERNANCE &
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
The IMF is accountable to the governments of its member countries. At
the top of its organizational structure is the Board of Governors, which
consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from each
member country.
The Board of Governors meets once each year at the IMF-World Bank
Annual Meetings.
Twenty-four of the Governors sit on the International Monetary and
Financial Committee (IMFC) and normally meet twice each year.
The IMF's day-to-day work is overseen by its 24-member Executive
Board, which represents the entire membership, this work is guided by
the IMFC and supported by the IMF staff.
The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chairman of
the Executive Board and is assisted by four Deputy Managing
Directors.
7. THE QUOTA
SYSTEM
Each member of the IMF is assigned a quota, based broadly on
its relative size in the world economy, which determines its
maximum contribution to the IMF’s financial resources. Upon
joining the IMF, a country normally pays up to one-quarter of
its quota in the form of widely accepted foreign currencies (such
as the U.S. dollar, euro, yen, or pound sterling) or Special
Drawing Rights (SDRs). The remaining three-quarters are paid
in the country’s own currency.
Quotas are reviewed at least every five years. In 2010, the 14th
General Review of Quotas was completed, and the IMF’s
members agreed that the Fund’s quota resources should be
doubled to SDR 476.8 billion.
The Fourteenth General Review of Quotas was completed two
years ahead of the original schedule in December 2010, with a
decision to double the IMF’s quota resources to
SDR 477 billion.
8. GOLD HOLDINGS
The IMF’s gold holdings amount to about 90.5 million troy ounces
(2,814.1 metric tons), making the IMF one of the largest official
holders of gold in the world. However, the IMF’s Articles of
Agreement strictly limit the use of this gold. If approved by an
85 percent majority of total voting power of member countries, the
IMF may sell or accept gold as payment by member countries but it is
prohibited from buying gold or engaging in other gold transactions.
In December 2010, the IMF concluded the sale of 403.3 metric tons of
gold (about one-eighth of its holdings) as authorized by the Executive
Board in September 2009. The limited gold sale was conducted under
strong safeguards to avoid market disruption and all gold sales were at
market prices, including direct sales to official holders.
SDR 4.4 billion of profits from the sale of its gold were used to
establish an endowment as part of the IMF’s new income model,
designed to put the institution’s finances on a sustainable footing.A
proportion of the gold sales is used to subsidize concessional financing
for low-income countries.
10. WHEN CAN A
COUNTRY BORROW
FROM THE IMF?
A member country may request IMF financial assistance
if it has a balance of payments need (actual or potential)
—that is, if it cannot find sufficient financing on
affordable terms to meet its net international payments
(e.g., imports, external debt redemptions) while
maintaining adequate reserve buffers going forward. An
IMF loan provides a cushion that eases the adjustment
policies and reforms that a country must make to correct
its balance of payments problem and restore conditions
for strong economic growth.
11. THE CHANGING
NATURE OF IMF LENDING
The volume of loans provided by the IMF has fluctuated
significantly over time. The oil shock of the 1970s and
the debt crisis of the 1980s were both followed by sharp
increases in IMF lending. In the 1990s, the transition
process in Central and Eastern Europe and the crises in
emerging market economies led to further surges of
demand for IMF resources. Deep crises in Latin America
and Turkey kept demand for IMF resources high in the
early 2000s. IMF lending rose again in late 2008 in the
wake of the global financial crisis.
12. THE PROCESS
OF IMF LENDING
Upon request by a member country, IMF resources are usually
made available under a lending “arrangement,” which may,
depending on the lending instrument used, tipulate specific
economic policies and measures a country has agreed to
implement to resolve its balance of payments problem. The
economic policy program underlying an arrangement is
formulated by the country in consultation with the IMF and is
in most cases presented to the Fund’s Executive Board in a
“Letter of Intent” and is further detailed in the annexed
“Memorandum of Understanding”. Once an arrangement is
approved by the Board, IMF resources are usually released in
phased installments as the program is implemented. Some
arrangements provide strong-performing countries with a one-
time up-front access to IMF resources and thus not subject to
policy understandings.
13. IMF LENDING
INSTRUMENTS
Over the years, the IMF has developed various loan
instruments that are tailored to address the specific
circumstances of its diverse membership. Low-income
countries may borrow on concessional terms through the
Extended Credit Facility (ECF), the Standby Credit
Facility (SCF) and the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF)
(seeIMF Support for Low-Income Countries).
Concessional loans carry zero interest rates until the end
of 2016.
14. NON-CONCESSIONAL
LENDING
Non-concessional loans are provided mainly through Stand-By
Arrangements (SBA), the Flexible Credit Line (FCL), the
Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL), and the Extended Fund
Facility (which is useful primarily for medium-term needs). The
IMF also can provide emergency assistance via the Rapid
Financing Instrument (RFI) to all its members facing urgent
balance of payments needs. All non-concessional facilities are
subject to the IMF’s market-related interest rate, known as the
“rate of charge,” and large loans (above certain limits) carry a
surcharge. The rate of charge is based on the SDR interest rate,
which is revised weekly to take account of changes in short-term
interest rates in major international money markets. The
maximum amount that a country can borrow from the IMF,
known as its access limit, varies depending on the type of loan,
but is typically a multiple of the country’s IMF quota. This limit
may be exceeded in exceptional circumstances. The Stand-By
Arrangement, the Flexible Credit Line and the Extended Fund
Facility have no pre-set cap on access.
15. STAND-BY
ARRANGEMENTS (SBA)
Historically, the bulk of non-concessional IMF assistance
has been provided through SBAs. The SBA is designed to
help countries address short-term balance of payments
problems. Program targets are designed to address these
problems and disbursements are made conditional on
achieving these targets (‘conditionality’). The length of a
SBA is typically 12–24 months, and repayment is due
within 3¼-5 years of disbursement. SBAs may be
provided on a precautionary basis—where countries
choose not to draw upon approved amounts but retain the
option to do so if conditions deteriorate. The SBA
provides for flexibility with respect to phasing, with
front-loaded access where appropriate.
16. FLEXIBLE CREDIT
LINE (FCL)
The FCL is for countries with very strong fundamentals,
policies, and track records of policy implementation. FCL
arrangements are approved, at the member country’s request,
for countries meeting pre-set qualification criteria. The length
of the FCL is either one year or two years with an interim
review of continued qualification after one year. Access is
determined on a case-by-case basis, is not subject to access
limits, and is available in a single up-front disbursement rather
than phased. Disbursements under the FCL are not conditional
on implementation of specific policy understandings as is the
case under the SBA because FCL-qualifying countries have a
demonstrated track record of implementing appropriate
macroeconomic policies. There is flexibility to either draw on
the credit line at the time it is approved or treat it as
precautionary. The repayment term of the FCL is the same as
that under the SBA.
17. PRECAUTIONARY
AND LIQUIDITY LINE (PLL)
The PLL is for countries with sound fundamentals and policies, and a
track record of implementing such policies. PLL-qualifying countries
may face moderate vulnerabilities and may not meet the FCL
qualification standards, but they do not require the substantial policy
adjustments normally associated with SBAs. The PLL combines
qualification (similar to the FCL) with focused conditions that aim at
addressing the identified remaining vulnerabilities. Duration of PLL
arrangements range from either six months or one- to two years.
One-to-two year PLL arrangements are subject to semi-annual
reviews. Access under six-month PLL arrangements is limited to 250
percent of quota in normal times, but this limit can be raised to 500
percent of quota in exceptional circumstances where the balance of
payments need is due to exogenous shocks, including heightened
regional or global stress. One- to two-year PLL arrangements are
subject to an annual access limit of 500 percent of quota, and all PLL
arrangements are subject to a cumulative cap of 1000 percent of
quota. There is flexibility to either draw on the credit line or treat it
as precautionary. The repayment term of the PLL is the same as for
the SBA.
18. EXTENDED FUND
FACILITY (EFF)
This facility helps countries address medium- and longer-term
balance of payments problems reflecting extensive distortions
that require fundamental economic reforms. Its use has increased
substantially in the recent crisis period, reflecting the structural
nature of some members’ balance of payments problems.
Arrangements under the EFF are typically longer than SBAs—
normally not exceeding three years at approval. However, a
maximum duration of up to four years is also allowed,
predicated on the existence of a balance of payments need
beyond the three-year period, the prolonged nature of the
adjustment required to restore macroeconomic stability, and the
presence of adequate assurances about the member’s ability and
willingness to implement deep and sustained structural reforms.
Repayment is due within 4½–10 years from the date of
disbursement.
19. RAPID FINANCING
INSTRUMENT (RFI)
The RFI was introduced to replace and broaden the scope
of the earlier emergency assistance policies. The RFI
provides rapid financial assistance with limited
conditionality to all members facing an urgent balance of
payments need. Access under the RFI is subject to an
annual limit of 50 percent of quota and a cumulative limit
of 100 percent of quota. Emergency loans are subject to
the same terms as the FCL, PLL and SBA, with
repayment within 3¼–5 years.
20. CONCESSIONAL LENDING
The new concessional facilities for Low Income
Countries (LICs) became effective in January 2010 under the
Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) as part of a
broader reform to make the Fund’s financial support more
flexible and better tailored to the diverse needs of LICs (in
April 2013, these facilities for LICs were refined to improve the
tailoring and flexibility of Fund support). Access limits and
norms have been approximately doubled compared to pre-crisis
levels. Financing terms have been made more concessional, and
the interest rate is reviewed every two years (currently zero
percent until end-2016). All facilities support country-owned
programs aimed at achieving a sustainable macroeconomic
position consistent with strong and durable poverty reduction
and growth.
21. THE EXTENDED
CREDIT FACILITY (ECF)
The Extended Credit Facility (ECF) succeeds the Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) as the Fund’s
main tool for providing medium-term support to LICs
with protracted balance of payments problems. Financing
under the ECF currently carries a zero interest rate, with a
grace period of 5½ years, and a final maturity of 10 years.
22. THE STANDBY
CREDIT FACILITY (SCF)
The Standby Credit Facility (SCF) provides financial
assistance to LICs with short-term balance of payments
needs. The SCF replaces the High-Access Component of
the Exogenous Shocks Facility (ESF), and can be used in
a wide range of circumstances, including on a
precautionary basis. Financing under the SCF currently
carries a zero interest rate, with a grace period of 4 years,
and a final maturity of 8 years.
23. THE RAPID
CREDIT FACILITY (RCF)
The Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) provides rapid financial
assistance with limited conditionality to LICs facing an
urgent balance of payments need. The RCF streamlines
the Fund’s emergency assistance for LICs, and can be
used flexibly in a wide range of circumstances. Financing
under the RCF currently carries a zero interest rate, has a
grace period of 5½ years, and a final maturity of 10 years.
25. WHY IS IMF
SURVEILLANCE IMPORTANT?
In today's globalized economy, where the policies of one
country typically affect many other countries,
international cooperation is essential. The IMF, with its
near-universal membership of 188 countries, facilitates
this cooperation. There are two main aspects to the IMF’s
surveillance work: bilateral surveillance, or the appraisal
of and advice on the policies of each member country;
and multilateral surveillance, or oversight of the world
economy.
26. CONSULTING
WITH MEMBER STATES
IMF economists continually monitor members economies.
They visit member countries—usually annually—to exchange
views with the government and the central bank and consider
whether there are risks to domestic and global stability that
argue for adjustments in economic or financial policies.
Discussions mainly focus on exchange rate, monetary, fiscal,
and financial policies, as well as macro-critical structural
reforms. During their missions, IMF staff also typically meets
with other stakeholders, such as parliamentarians and
representatives of business, labor unions, and civil society, to
help evaluate the country’s economic policies and outlook.
27. Upon return to headquarters, the staff presents a report to the
IMF’s Executive Board for discussion. The Board’s views are
subsequently transmitted to the country’s authorities, concluding
a process known as an Article IV consultation. In recent years,
surveillance has become increasingly transparent. Almost all
member countries now agree to publish a Press
Release summarizing the views of the Board, as well as the staff
report and accompanying analysis. Many countries also publish a
statement by staff at the end of an IMF mission.
28. OVERSEEING THE
BIGGER WORLD PICTURE
Overseeing the bigger world picture The IMF also monitors
global and regional economic trends, and analyzes spillovers
from members’ policies onto the global economy. The key
instruments of multilateral surveillance are the regular
publications World Economic Outlook (WEO), Global
Financial Stability Report(GFSR), and Fiscal Monitor. The
WEO provides detailed analysis of the world economy and its
growth prospects, addressing issues such as the
macroeconomic effects of global financial turmoil. The GFSR
assesses global capital market developments and financial
imbalances and vulnerabilities that pose risks to financial
stability. The Fiscal Monitor updates medium-term fiscal
projections and assesses developments in public finances.
29. The IMF also publishes Regional Economic Outlook reports,
providing more detailed analysis for major regions of the world.
It cooperates closely with other groups such as the Group of
Twenty (G20) industrialized and emerging market economies,
since 2009 supporting the G20’s efforts to sustain international
economic cooperation through its mutual assessment process.
The IMF provides analysis of whether policies pursued by
member countries are consistent with sustained and balanced
global growth.
Since 2011, the IMF has prepared spillover reports analyzing key
global spillovers, , with a particular focus on the cross-border
impact of economic and financial policies in systemic economies
and other policy-relevant spillovers. And since 2012, it has
prepared Pilot External Sector Report, which analyze the external
positions of systemically large economies in a globally consistent
manner. Twice a year, the IMF also prepares a Global Policy
Agenda that pulls together the key findings and policy advice
from multilateral reports and defines a future agenda for the Fund
and its members.